Physics

Chapter: 9
|Mechanical Properties of Fluids|
 Guidelines to Attend Live Class

❑ ALL NECESSARY ITEMS REQUIRED DURING THE CLASS MUST BE WITH YOU. (PEN, PENCIL,

NOTEBOOK, BOOK, WATER BOTTLE ETC.)

❑ REGULARITY AND PUNCTUALITY IS NECESSARY.

❑ ACTIVELY PARTICIPATE IN THE CLASS DISCUSSION.

❑ HOLD YOUR QUESTION DURING THE CONCEPT EXPLANATION. YOU CAN ASK YOUR

QUESTIONS IN THE CLASS ONCE THE CONCEPT IS FULLY EXPLAINED OR FEEL FREE TO ASK

ANYTIME AFTER THE CLASS.

Introduction
Introduction
 SOLIDS FLUIDS

• Solids don’t flow. • liquids can flow • Gases can flow

• Solids have a definite • Liquids have definite volume under • Gas have no definite volume but
volume under atmospheric atmospheric pressure. fills the entire volume of the
pressure container
• Liquids make free surface • Gases don’t make free surface

• The change in volume due • The change in volume due to • The change in volume due to
to external pressure is very external pressure is more than change in external pressure is
small (negligible) thus they solids but still much less than gases much more than solids or liquids
are considered (still negligible). They too are (not negligible) thus they are
incompressible considered incompressible considered as compressible

• A solid can resist an applied • Liquids deforms continuously under • Gases deforms continuously under
shear force by deforming its the influence of shear stress, no the influence of shear stress, no
shape matter how small is its shape. matter how small is its shape.

• Maximum intermolecular • Intermolecular forces are weaker • Minimum intermolecular forces

forces than solids but stronger than gases
INTRODUCTION FLUID MECHANICS
INTRODUCTION FLUID MECHANICS
Ideal Fluid
Density of Pure Liquid
Mass per unit volume of a substance is defined as density

Units -(SI system)

- (CGS system)

Density is a positive scalar quantity

Density of Pure Liquid
- litre to m3 Conversion

To remember
𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

𝜌𝐻𝑔

𝜌𝐴𝑖𝑟
Density of Liquid Mixture
If two immiscible liquids of mass m1 and m2 and density 𝜌1 and 𝜌2 are mixed together then
density of mixture is given by :

𝑚1 , 𝜌1

𝑚2 , 𝜌2
Density of Liquid Mixture
If two immiscible liquids of volume V1 and V2 and density 𝜌1 , and 𝜌2 are mixed together
then density of mixture is given by :

ℎ1 , 𝜌1 , 𝐴1

ℎ2 , 𝜌2 , 𝐴2
Specific Weight or Weight Density (w)
It is defined as the ratio of the weight of the substance to its volume or the weight
acting per unit volume of the fluid

SI Unit : N/m3
Dimensions : [ML-2T-2]
Specific weight of pure water is 9.81 kN/m3 at 4°C
Relative Density
It is defined as the ratio of the density of the given fluid to the density of pure water at
4°C.

• Relative density is a unitless and dimensionless positive scalar quantity.

• Being a dimensionless/unitless quantity R.D. of a substance is same in both SI and
CGS system
Specific Gravity
It is defined as the ratio of the specific weight of the given fluid to the specific weight
of pure water at 4°C.

The specific gravity of a liquid is numerically equal to the relative density of that liquid
and for calculation purposes they are used interchangeably
FLUID STATICS
Thrust Force
Pressure
Pressure
Pressure
Pressure
• Pressure is a scalar quantity. This is because hydrostatic pressure is transmitted equally
in all directions when force is applied, which shows that pressure is not associated with a
definite direction.

• SI UNIT : Pascal (Pa) ; 1 Pa = 1 N/m2

• Dimensions : [ML-1T-2]

• Practical units : atmospheric pressure (atm),bar and torr.

• 1 atm = 1.01325 bar =1.01325 × 105 Pa = 760 torr = 760 mm of Hg = 10.33 m of water

• (Approximately)1 atm = 1 bar = 105 Pa ;

• 1 torr = pressure exerted by 1 mm of mercury column = 133 Pa.

Atmospheric pressure (Po)
Atmospheric pressure (Po)
Force exerted by atmospheric column on unit cross-sectional area at mean sea level is called
atmospheric pressure. Barometer is used to measure the atmospheric pressure

Po = 1.013×105 N/m2
Pressure inside a liquid
Pressure inside a liquid
Pressure inside a liquid
Pressure inside a liquid
Vertical Forces on small cuboid of water

(mass of cuboid is negligible )

Pressure inside a liquid
Horizontal Forces on small cuboid of water
(mass of cuboid is negligible)
Pressure inside a liquid
Pressure gradient on a vertical line
Pressure inside a liquid
Forces is calculated on a point. Pressure is calculated for an area

Pressure at a point in a liquid is independent of shape and cross-sectional area of the

container.

Pressure inside a uniform, continuous and non-accelerated liquid only depends on the
depth(vertical height)

NCERT TEXT:
The area of the cylinder is not appearing in the expression of absolute pressure in Eq. (9.7).
P = Pa + ρgh
Thus, the height of the fluid column is important and not cross-sectional or base area or the
shape of the container. The liquid pressure is the same at all points at the same horizontal
level (same depth). The result is appreciated through the
example of hydrostatic paradox.
Pressure inside a liquid
Pressure inside a uniform, continuous and non-accelerated liquid only depends on the
depth(vertical height)
Pressure inside a liquid
Pressure variation with height
Pressure inside a liquid
Pressure on a side wall due to liquid(only)
Pressure on a side wall due to liquid(only)
Point of application of Force
Pressure inside a liquid
Pressure increases only in the direction of net acceleration.

Pressure remains constant on any line perpendicular to the direction of net acceleration.

Free surface is always formed perpendicular to the direction of net acceleration. Thus
Pressure remains constant on the free surface or any line parallel to free surface.
Types of Pressure
Pressure is of three types

(i) Atmospheric pressure (Po)

(ii) Gauge pressure (Pgauge)

(iii) Absolute pressure (Pabs.)

Types of Pressure
Atmospheric pressure (Po)
Force exerted by atmospheric column on unit cross-sectional area at mean sea level is called
atmospheric pressure. Barometer is used to measure the atmospheric pressure
Po = 1.013×105 N/m2
Types of Pressure
Barometer: For Atmospheric Pressure
Types of Pressure
Gauge pressure (Pguage)
Excess Pressure over the atmospheric pressure ( P - Patm ) measured with the help of pressure
measuring instruments is called gauge pressure. Gauge pressure is measured using a
"manometer".
Types of Pressure
Manometer: For Gauge Pressure
Types of Pressure
Absolute pressure (Pabs)
Sum of the atmospheric and gauge pressure is called absolute pressure
U-Tube
Problem 1

Example 9.1 The two thigh bones (femurs), each of cross-sectional area 10 cm2 support
the upper part of a human body of mass 40 kg. Estimate the average pressure sustained
by the femurs.
Problem 2

Example 9.2 What is the pressure on a swimmer 10 m below the surface of a lake?
Problem 3

Example 9.3 The density of the atmosphere at sea level is 1.29 kg/m3. Assume that it
does not change with altitude. Then how high would the atmosphere extend?
Problem 4

Example 9.4 At a depth of 1000 m in an ocean

(a) what is the absolute pressure?
(b) What is the gauge pressure?
(c) Find the force acting on the window of area 20 cm × 20 cm of a submarine at this
depth, the interior of which is maintained at sea-level atmospheric pressure. (The
density of sea water is 1.03 × 103 kg m-3, g = 10 m s–2.)
Problem 5

NCERT EX 9.5: 50 kg girl wearing high heel shoes balances on a single heel. The heel is
circular with a diameter 1.0 cm. What is the pressure exerted by the heel on the
horizontal floor ?
Problem 6

Density of mixture is 4 gm/cc when equal volumes are taken and 3 gm/cc when equal
masses are taken, then find density of individual liquid
Problem 7

2 litres of water is mixed with 3 liters of another liquid. If the density of another liquid is
0.5 gm/cc, find the equivalent density of mixture.
Problem 8

Two immiscible liquids of densities 2.5 gm/cc and 0.8 gm/cc are taken in the ratio of
their masses as 2:3 respectively. Find the average density of the liquid combination.
Problem 9
ℎ
The density of a liquid varies with depth as 𝜌 = 𝜌0 1 + where H is the total depth of
𝐻
liquid. Find pressure at the base of container
Problem 10

Find the force acting on the piston of 3 cm2 at point 2 due to the water column of height
10 m.
Problem 11
Find density of the left arm (𝜌′ ) if the surface of liquid in both arms is at same
horizontal level.

10 cm 𝜌′ 𝜌

5 cm

2𝜌
Problem 12

Calculate the depth of a well if the pressure at its bottom is 15 times that at a depth of
3 metres. Atmospheric pressure is 10 m column of water.
Problem 13

NCERT EX 9.9: A U-tube contains water and methylated spirit separated by mercury. The
mercury columns in the two arms are in level with 10.0 cm column of water in one arm and
12.5 cm column of spirit in the other. What is the the specific gravity of spirit ?
Problem 14

A vertical U-tube of uniform cross-section contains mercury in both arms. A glycerine

(relative density = 1.3) column of length 10 cm introduced into one of the arms. Oil of
density 800 kg/m3 is poured into the other arm until the upper surface of the oil and
glycerine are at the same horizontal level. Find the length of the oil column. Density of
mercury is 13.6 × 103 kg/m3.
Problem 15

A cuboid (a × a × 2a) is filled with a liquid of density ρ. Neglecting atmospheric pressure,

find out
(a) Force on base wall of the cuboid
(b) Force on side wall of the cuboid
Problem 16

A tube 1 cm2 in cross-section is attached to the top of a vessel 1 cm high and of cross-
section 100 cm2. Water is poured into the system filling it to a depth of 100 cm above the
bottom of the vessel as shown in Fig. Take g = 10 ms–2.

(1) The force exerted by the water against the bottom of the
vessel is 100 N.
(2) The weight of water in the system is 1.99 N
(3) Both (1) and (2) are correct
(4) Neither (1) nor (2) is correct
Problem 17

A submarine experiences a pressure of 5.05 Χ 106 Pa at a depth of d1 in a sea. When it

goes further to a depth of d2 , it experience a pressure of 8.08 Χ 106 Pa. Then (d2 - d1) is
approximately

a) 300 m

b) 400 m

c) 600 m

d) 500 m
Problem 18

If the pressure at half the depth of a lake is equal to 2/3rd of pressure at the bottom of
the lake, then what is the depth of the lake?

a) 30 m

b) 40 m

c) 20 m

d) 10 m
Problem 19

Two liquids of densities as shown in figure. Find FMN/FNO

𝜌
5m
2
N

5m 𝜌