Shri Shamrao Patil (Yadravkar) Educational & Charitable Trust’s

SHARAD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,

POLYTECHNIC.

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

MICRO PROJECT REPORT

IN

To Convert Lower Case

To Upper Case
FOR
S.Y – 2023-24
 Shri Shamrao Patil (Yadravkar) Educational & Charitable Trust’s
SHARAD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
POLYTECHNIC.

CERTIFICATE

This to certify that Mr.Raviprasad Balasaheb Kumbhar from Sharad Institute Of

Technology Polytechnic, Yadrav institute having Enrollment No : 2209680943 has
completed micro project of having title ‘ To convert lower case to upper case’ during
academic year 2023-2024. The project completed by in group consisting of 4 persons
under the guidance of Faculty Guide.

Name & Signature of Guide

Ms.M.G.Soudatte
 Shri Shamrao Patil (Yadravkar) Educational & Charitable Trust’s
SHARAD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
POLYTECHNIC.

CERTIFICATE

This to certify that Mr.Kaustubh Jotiram Mali from Sharad Institute Of Technology
Polytechnic, Yadrav institute having Enrollment No: 2209680957 has completed
micro project of having title ‘To convert lower case to upper case’ during academic
year 2023-2024. The project completed by in group consisting of 4 persons under the
guidance of Faculty Guide.

Name & Signature of Guide

Ms.M.G.Soudatte
 Shri Shamrao Patil (Yadravkar) Educational & Charitable Trust’s
SHARAD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
POLYTECHNIC.

CERTIFICATE

This to certify that Mr.Jaid Harun Momin from Sharad Institute Of Technology
Polytechnic, Yadrav institute having Enrollment No :2209680983 has completed
micro project of having title ‘To convert lower case to upper case’ during academic
year 2023- 2024. The project completed by in group consisting of 4 persons under the
guidance of Faculty Guide.

Name & Signature of Guide

Ms.M.G.Soudatte
 Shri Shamrao Patil (Yadravkar) Educational & Charitable Trust’s

SHARAD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,

POLYTECHNIC.

CERTIFICATE

This to certify that Mr.Shreyash Bapurao Nikam from Sharad Institute Of

Technology Polytechnic, Yadrav institute having Enrollment No :2209680961 has
completed micro project of having title ‘To convert lower case to upper case’ during
academic year 2023- 2024. The project completed by in group consisting of 4 persons
under the guidance of Faculty Guide.

Name & Signature of Guide

Ms.M.G.Soudatte
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is my great pleasure to present the honor and sincere gratitude to my guide

Ms.M.G.Soundatte Lecturer, Dept. of Computer Engineering. Sharad Institute of Technology,
Polytechnic, Yadrav helped in joining the hands in developing each and every steps of this
project and for valuable guidance and constant encouragement during completion of project
work. It was my privilege and pleasure to work under his valuable guidance. I am indeed
gratefully to him for providing me helpful suggestions. Due to his constant encouragement
and inspiration I could complete my project work.
I am very thankful to Principal, Sharad Institute of Technology, Polytechnic, Yadrav.

My grateful thanks to Mr.R.M.Patil Head of Computer Engineering Department, for their

valuable guidance, support and constant encouragement.

I express thanks to my family and friends for their support and encouragement at every stage
of successful completion of this project work.

My sincere thanks to all those who have directly or indirectly helped me to carry out this work.

Name Of The Candidate Roll No

1) Raviprasad Balasaheb Kumbhar 25106

2) Kaustubh Jotiram Mali 25107

3) Jaid Harun Momin 25108

4) Shreyash Bapurao Nikam 25109

 Micro Project Report

To Convert Lower Case To Upper Case

 Brief Description:
Assembly level programming is very important to low-level embedded system design is used to
access the processor instructions to manipulate hardware. It is a most primitive machine level
language is used to make efficient code that consumes less number of clock cycles and takes less
memory as compared to the high-level programming language. It is a complete hardware oriented
programing language to write a program the programmer must be aware of embedded hardware.
Here, we are providing basics of assembly level programming 8086.

 Introduction :
 Assembly Level Programming 8086 :

The assembly programming language is a low-level language which is developed by using

mnemonics. The microcontroller or microprocessor can understand only the binary language
like 0’s or 1’s therefore the assembler convert the assembly language to binary language and
store it the memory to perform the tasks. Before writing the program the embedded designers
must have sufficient knowledge on particular hardware of the controller or processor, so first we
required to know hardware of 8086 processor.

Fig: Hardware of the Processor

 8086 Processor Architecture:
The 8086 is a processor that is represented for all peripheral devices such as serial bus , and
RAM and ROM, I/O devices and so on which are all externally connected to CPU by using a
system bus. The 8086 microprocessor has CISC based architecture, and it has peripherals like
32 I/O, Serial communication, memories and counters/timers. The microprocessor requires a
program to perform the operations that require a memory for read and save the functions.

Fig:8086 Processor Architecture

The assembly level programming 8086 is based on the memory registers. A Register is the
main part of the microprocessors and controllers which are located in the memory that provides
a faster way of collecting and storing the data. If we want to manipulate data to a processor or
controller by performing multiplication, addition, etc., we cannot do that directly in the memory
where need registers to process and to store the data. The 8086 microprocessor contains various
kinds of registers that can be classified according to their instructions such as;
  General purpose registers: The 8086 CPU has consisted 8-general purpose registers and
each register has its own name as shown in the figure such as AX, BX, CX, DX, SI,DI, BP,
SP . These all are 16-bit registers where four registers are divided into two parts such as
AX, BX, CX, and DX which is mainly used to keep the numbers.
 Special purpose registers: The 8086 CPU has consisted 2- special function registers such
as IP and flag registers. The IP register point to the current executing instruction and
always works to gather with the CS segment register. The main function of flag registers is
to modify the CPU operations after mechanical functions are completed and we cannot
access directly
Segment registers: The 8086 CPU has consisted 4- segment registers such as CS, DS, ES, SS which
is mainly used for possible to store any data in the segment registers and we can access a block
of memory using segment registers.

 Simple Assembly Language Programs 8086:

The assembly language programming 8086 has some rules such as

1. The assembly level programming 8086 code must be written in upper case letters
2. The labels must be followed by a colon, for example: label:
3. All labels and symbols must begin with a letter
4. All comments are typed in lower case
5. The last line of the program must be ended with the END directive
8086 processors have two other instructions to access the data, such as WORD PTR – for word
(two bytes), BYTE PTR – for byte.
Up-code:
A single instruction is called as an op-code that can be executed by the CPU. Here the ‘MOV’
instruction is called as an op-code.
Operands:
A single piece data are called operands that can be operated by the op-code. Example, subtraction
operation is performed by the operands that are subtracted by the operand.
Syntax: SUB b, c

 Code of project-
DATA SEGMENT
MSG1 DB 10,13,"ENTER ANY STRING :- $"
MSG2 DB 10,13,"CONVERTED STRING IS : $"
P1 LABEL BYTE
M1 DB 0FFH
L1 DB ?
P11 DB 0FFH DUP ("$")
DATA ENDS
DISPLAY MACRO MSG
MOV AH,9
LEA DX,MSG
INT 21H
ENDM
CODE SEGMENT
ASSUME CS:CODE,DS:DATA
START:
MOV AX,DATA
MOV DS,AX
DISPLAY MSG1
LEA DX,P1
MOV AH,0AH
INT 21H
DISPLAY MSG2
LEA SI,P11
MOV CL,L1
MOV CH,0
CHECK:
CMP [SI],61H
JB DONE
CMP [SI],5BH
UPR: SUB [SI],20H
DONE: INC SI
LOOP CHECK
DISPLAY P11
MOV AH,4CH
INT 21H
CODE ENDS
END START
 Output of project-
  Aim of Project-
The aim of the project is to convert lower case to upper case.

 Course Outcomes Achieved:

Deep study of Assembly Level Programming Language[ALP] of 8086 Microprocessor.
  Literature Review:
In order to understand the concepts associated withALP of 8086 Microprocessor or programs , it is
imperative to examine and analyze published material from experts regarding the field.
The purpose of this review is to analyze and examine and obtain experience as regards the
creation and archival processing of Microprocessor. The review is based on an exhaustive
assessment of the literature on withALP of 8086 Microprocessor or programs, and contains an
overview of the main concepts.

 Actual Methodology Followed:

1. Formation of groups.
2. Selected topic for project.
3. Prepared proposal.
4. Collection of information.
5. Started programming.
6. After doing program prepared Project report.
  Actual Resources Used-

SR.NO. Name of Resources Specifications Qua Remarks

/Material ntity

1 Operating System Windows 10 1 Yes

2 CPU Intel core i5 1 Yes

3 RAM 8GB 1 Yes

4 Software TASM 1 Yes

5 Browser Chrome 1 Yes

6 Microprocessor
Of Teachmax Publication

1 Yes
Reference Books
7 Other Resources Mouse, Keyboard 1 Yes

6 https://www.elprocus.com
http://csssimplified.com Yes

Websites
1

 Reference:

https://www.elprocus.com
http://csssimplified.com
  Conclusion:
Microprocessor reduces cost of processing power , increases reliability focuses on real time
applications and it is faster in speed also .It is used in smallest embedded system to largest
main frames and super computers. Due to its wide verities of uses it has revolutionized the
human civilization.

 Skill Developed/Learning out of this Project:

1. We got the concept of microprocessor
2. We got the additional knowledge and skills from this project.
3. Through this project we are able to understand the concept of ALP of 8086 Microprocessor
4. Skills and competencies are developed after the completion of the project.

 Applications of this Project:

1. Household Devices
2. Industrial Application of Microprocessor
3. Transportation Industry
4. Computer And Electronics
5. Embedded System at home

Name & Sign of

Guide: (Project guide )
Ms.M.G.Soudatte