CN AssT GiN MENI- 1

Nlamy'-.Sambzt Keumar Mohanty

Rehd no !- a311o$99oo
torranch:- Tnbormation Techncloqy
Some s4ert tth
 five Comporents t a ata Cornunicatiorns
Oystam
Ans
ule2Peth col Pretotol

Sunden |Reuiven
Mediun

Messoge - The menage is he nfor mation(dai a) to be

Comnunic aded. Poputarn foruns ok information incluoz,
tet, nunmbers, picturtes,auio ond video
andn - he Sender S he device hat Denas lh ata maiag.
It Can be a worcK Station,telephon, hardst
Comjut,
Video Camor a, and So on

Receiven - The ru ceiver s lh devico hat ece vS lhe mesaa,

It Can be a
Comaer, worktat on, telephone handset
televis ion 4 Do on.

Tronsmssion Medium- The tanc isçion mediem

physical
nomage travals from Sender to
ecesver, eq-twisted-pair wiru, (oaial Cabu,adio wnve

Cations, 9t
govarns dat a Com -

Cornm unicottng ovices. wthout o tocol

be Corno c4od but mot
Spaaring fncy Coan't be
Comnmunicoting t
Joyanene
wnqerst koy a pervn oh
8: What aru Ihe advantnges ok distributed prioreming
task

multiple Computens, Instead ok ons sinqte lartg

ot pioren,
mackinn being tenponsihu for al as ecis
Deponate Conwput ons (uuay o parsonal Com usor
wortxstatn) handle a Dubset

Advaniaqu
ng tasKs aoss
() 9nerianed personmon C , l y di strcibuti
macine3, distri buted
multipu

(tt) Scalabrlity'- Systems eanily sca horózentelh by asing

more ma cinest hanle sineasing. 9arK loado,
Can eistri
(zia) bautt Tolenanco'- % ona machiny
tasn s to o5er machines, ensuring igh avai labtity
4 reliabtity .
Utiizatia-. Ekkicenty utiiges mutie priocewer
nodeo ,reducinq tdle time and
we.

(v) Para el Proceryang- Enabi parialol est o7 task s,

mproving esstcioney tn (angs-scale (ompattas.
(vi) Bettor ey \ateny by prro cOsing data
Rerponse tiu'- Reoucces

CAge Comping Seanartios.

(vi) Supnotct korr Poiq Daa- gàeal bort handin9 \arge-Scals Jata
rooc enin3. Such as tn tado P anà Apncu pank
Erviron enH.
(vi)Cot- etke c-tiva nes, - Instead ot.invegting tn a
rmachn Drqani zati ons Can se motiple lousest -Cof
 mathines tort bettern overal erom onts
What are lhi three Cruteria nec
and ettcient networx )

Ay perkormon

(*) Perckormen ca Can be meanured in terms ok tiansi tim

TUponse tme.
()Tansit ti me in hT anount oK tim
rineo for
tnawel Briom on devia to nothen.
Reponse
tim bdwn
The pertormnane o8.a netwotK

lh connected, hardworo et

feicbility
(*)In odtiton to aceuro Jai\ery,netyork eiabiity J
measued
a ink to 5ecoV er trom a Bai lure, and the netoorK 's
a
ca~as troph.

(*) NetoornSecuty issuen. include pnotecting

data trom
un authori Zed accen, rtotecta

tucovan Km yua cho dota losses

What aru (h advan taqes ct a mutpent Connecton over a
pint to peint Cnnecten
 Connectton sequires Gewer
Cablen and hondwaru Components , sc0ucinqotau
infnastmucture costs. (ompar.to, nuipl poin
to- point ConnecHoM..
to add new Ovice t a
(ti) Scaabiity'- It t Eanir .mutipind
Coinnecton withot neding dadiced in
ins tos ach
ne
nine oindto poin Seyos.
device, unike
ConneGions alow
(ri).Fleibility:- utpeint
detce) to Conmuni cote overt -ths). Sm chann el

TYakEnq then wetut to boadCanHgoYq p

Commenicahil .

(ryLes Infrat ctr Reqirtom ent4 Sinqle eom municoction

hannel an Connet muttpa evcQs, Ieuing tha
meed for etensive cobig 'and hardelae
() Et8tciert Remntce Utili zati on' Sin ce utti vices ohar

wwed more ekts écienty enpacialy tn networks weth

Sporedic Data toan SmiSSTa

O6 vohat art t two types k l2 Confiqur aton)

As' The two types ok ine

Cal point- to- Point Confiqunation

(6) Muipoid Configunation.
Point- to- Poi nt Confi aun otien
providen edicat ed ink betw Qon
a
devices. The
ente capacity ok the ink |s ruserwed Kort 4ran somibgioy
tuo devices
 y Most point- to- otnt ConneCinc tue an a ctual (ength ob
cable to Connect he fuwo End, b Olher opt ons
Duch ay mici owave ot Dat elle Unks, uro.

you chan qe tel evi sion channe y infnpred

you ae etasushi ^gpoint -tar poin conne Gi on betue A.

temiote Control and tel eMÈcíon'S.: Çongol Sys tem

Conktqwsai on

(* )9n his Conf quraton more than two

speckie evices shrs
a
Dingl link
( ) 9n a muti|point enveon mont th Capa ty ok he Channel
opatialy

t4 in a im-sharo Conne Cttu

tha tourt banictooloqt es,.in terne ot Un

Consigue on
Topolo )
Mesh Star Bus

t) Menn Topoloy
) 9n tis everuy deN0 Ca han
to Every olhon deviea,
dedicetd
poird -to- poiri lnk
C*) The term dadicatod meanc th at the ink Cartiey tsast tc. ondy
botween two 0ewices t conneCh
 |stuion
Statton

Stain
Staton

(rc) Sta Topolq

tach deu ice ha

a dedicatd oint - to- (poid Unk, ontyto
’
Call ed a heb.
a Cental Contto|l e

’ The contro{let a s asan 2xchange:.

data to anolhen j t Dendy tai qota to Contnalier
to end
elays thhe datu to fhe olher Conne Ced devics
which hn
Huutb

|statim Stattn SttenlStattn

(ié) Bus

C*) 4 Bus topolcgy in mwtipoi nt. Onu long Cable acls as hackboe:
a netwOTU.
to ink alth devi ces tn

Stotin |tation )Stoi on

Drop in
Cabl
End
Tap
*) Nods are Conne C4e3 t0 bus Cabu by otop nes and Taps
hi
betweon he device
ontop line
Une.in a Conne ction runng
in a Connectorr that either oplice tnto
h Sheating. ot a Cab ls to (reate
lh main casle or punctu
 a (ontact wth h metalli cou
()
Topo logy
()9n a tung topology, each devi co has a dodic otad pein t.-
point connectm with only

(*) A Siqnal in pasked alng the rng in on dirscicn, sm

Staion lStation
Gaion Repatr Repeaerkepeat Stett
Repeat KepeatR,
Stattn | Statten

G) whn a
intended torr another devic
the

tronswssion mode,
Hadb Duplea
-Aus Fl
Duplea
(7) HokDuplez mncòe ts a
duu (i) Fu
durco ction al Commuicocti on beI Way dire ctional Go mcncati i
One at a tir SimuttanRous ly
t7) Heu endort Can Sero |hi data (t)9n this, Sen der Can Send the

af .

|ke. ancmasion ot det (ii hannicionm ot data

()proids prtom an ce
hak ule.
 Halk Dup len
(v) The halk- Duplex nvalveo ley or|Cv)Th F Duylen doubl en (
euti Uaatn ok singla band wiot

.i-Tolyha

& Name the toure basic networrK top oloqies,and ite an asvatg
o each typ.

Cobling.
cii) sAar Topology'- Eany fo manag fnoubyshoot, Sine
4; GeNCe connecs to a Crtal 1
hub

(12) Reng Topology:- Data klouw'stn a dingu dire ction reu ci ng

packet Coll'sions

paths ¬xist betweon noer.

ohat, S the.no08 ablu inKs
q Fort: ndevices tn a ntwork

rcaquireo fo a menh rinqi buus 3 Start topology?

ts () Mesh Topolog
device tn Conne Cte to every ol5en dewiu
Every
No o ünk s
2 Connecte weth 'otheY m
moestn both disecTn

tz) Ring Topolo

Davices Con nec een a cose
loop.
Cte) Bu
Tapobty
kingle back bon CalsL
41 dewices sh are
No ot Unks - 0(4. Sin gu main Cabo)
+

(tv) stan Topoloqi ondop Cables

Each devica Conne cs to a Cuntxal hub

Qo wh at are Do ok the Bactor that dtercmie hat

(*) LAN-imited to ageographical ara ÚKe hoTw,

3 t s i a ort Cam peu (oa seww Km.
spans Targ ge ogaphi cad'arsasi poientiauy
h3JaikiCoveryngCountresir eVen thntiee werld
(tt) Ownechi. nd Manageent
n*j LAN- Typically ownedi maintained i and man
han ges y
(*) wAN:- Usually involves (2as e lines or erv ice
provideD ny tele commwcations Comparie
Czte) Trcancicion
yadim
(*) LAN- henernay sen a
Sinqu tyR ot tangmi ss i on
medium (Qq- Hhertne Cabl ey, Wi-Fi)
(*) wAN!- Utizo) mut p, types k media ,
leas eo telephone Une bibert
including
o1io,
inks, and miutoWave trn micsien, aateuie
rèv) Dasa Thansken Sped
(*) LAN?- tqh Speed Conn gcfi ons Common )y (so MbPS to 1Gbp

(*) WAKI:- Slower 1Kan ANs due to ongdicten ce bata

() Topolsg 1 and Tnfria strueruru

and star within a
) LAN '- Uses topologs ike bu, rinq
Conkined ara.

uning titern, Awitehe

(*) OAN- Connecy mtipu LAns
nd ditkorcet oAN topologies ke pointto- paint
and
(v) Funconality ond Use Cank h

)LANDiqngd tór eoe haing (aig-pminte)

othina.tocal 4.Deting.
* ) WAI- fa aitates: long- dustanu, Comnuni catan
acces to etercna 2-9the Intenea)
On hat is an internt? what tn ihi Iternet)

An'- ) An iotern et lowertcane,")rakers to,qry

Gt ntertconneRO Com puten networen s tht Communicate!
untn q standarco protocols CKe TCP /aP. 9t tn a
qenertal term lhat Can dencrçbg
Unked netuorK s, whthen pravate pusie,
C8) The Irternet (uppercane
en connected Compete netwoTKS that Enabley
Commenic at on , ata shounqr and ate es t Services ike
I world wide web (wWo), Emal and onin treaning
t Conn ects bilons ok evites Worldwide Gperat e
 wsinq tandandized metoo reking priotot ots such astA
ols needed
e ohy ae protoc

Cornmuri cations. A prioto co| bkines ohat io Cotormni cael

haw it is Gommuicat andCom mun.catgns They

(i) tadardi z2d Commui catien - Thuy dekine hi structuTU

Borcmgt, and inHeptutation os_data, enswig

und ertand 2ah oben.
Sycm and Proto co |S en suru th a data
(ti) Data integrety
Corre cty torn atted, trtansmi ted c rucei ved. without
Eror.

tran sni ssio priveting verdlap

Cèv) Ite opei abe GtyDëkrsn deviceS and Systemc cin
t
Communi cate amt eily wning omfn on noto tols
Cv) EsKt Gene ond Sacuty opttoze data 6low
rmchanisms to protet Jata bogTm
tnclud Dec

h are tanards needed

Vens,
Ars standands provide queines to mausa ctuTcoTs
aqenis.olhen arwica providerU/) to ense Ihe
qovt.
Kend ot iqenconnecivity necemny in toy's mrke pla
and in intern tinal Com munications, They
.(i) Inte oerabity'- En Sures th at ewices Syt ems Boo
Sikkrent ma Wb acturo Can woTK to ethe
 Comsefi4iva Envison ment
(i) Market competiton- Pxomojes
Vendors (an Creali Cormpatik u
where ymutip
prioclues
thot Co mmuicatior
() Requlatory Compiane!!-ensurws
met (eged and ragulatny quiumans.
te chnoloqies

tv) Reliabibty and met u

networKs tuncion tsiiany
Enypectation .
netorKs, dS Ccs hI
Au for each os the Bollowing four
Consequan ce a Connection fals , t o
(al Five devices arutanq ed

(c) Five devices arranqeal in a bus topo lo

(d) Five devices aanged tn a ing topol1
An- Ca) Meoh Topola1
Can Stil! be riouted
B one Conne ctn bals, data
altern att ve
path
unles al
the networuk remains opert ational
a devica tail.

Cb) star Topology (exctucinq iha hus)

’9B a Dingu devica's. Conneccn 7aul s only tht device ts
long
halo is tuncti chcl
C) aus topoleg)
one eveces Conn e tton Buls; only that devica c

(a nmain s (Cabe) tails,th htiru netwoK

Crasho.
Cas abo
OcCr.

(a) Ring Topoley

)9 K one Conne cti on ailsit dinreeupts th entire netwoK
unle a uatnqmechani sm
plac
dinqu poirt g Bailure reinK is high en a impu ing
topooyg
Q15 Drtaww a hybri topologg wcth a tar backhont and
networK s
ring |Statten

Repeatey tation
{Saion

ttub tattcn
Repater

[statton

Rspeotey 4statin
Statton
 Drraw a bybrid to pology with a ring bacu bon and twg
bu networkS,

Station station

Ring [83
DacKbone
4etattn
Stattn

Hstattn |stettn
(Bus Netwrn