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 Se~ten!=e Fr ag me nt~
?
I 1. Wh at is a Sen ten ce Fra gm ent
I As you probably know, a fragment
ise,
Is a small piece of something . Likew hed
fragm ent Is a Just a piece of a sentence that's become detac
a sentence own, it's an Incomplete sentence, and
so
o,r separated from the rest. On itssente nce. Most of the time, a fragment Is
Its sometimes called a fragmentthat separates certain words or information
I
- 1
the result of a misplaced period
from a sentence's main claus
ut one Is a
e. Since every sentence needs a main
sente nce fragment.
clause,
anyth ing witho
I
gm ent
2. Exa mp les of a Sen ten ce Fra
for
often than you might think, especially
Sentence fragments happen more up,
common ways they tend to show
developing writers . Here are some
with the fragments in purple:
Fragment

I ■ I went to the store. Because I want

Starbucks Coffee comes in three sizes
ed a soda .
. Vent/, Grande, and Tall.

tes. Arriving Just before It clos ed.

Fragment
Fragment
■ Jane got to the store in 10 minu
Fragment
I • There are lots of great candies.
Like chocolate, caramel, sour,
and gum my.

s Occ ur
3. Wa ys tha t Sen ten ce Fra gm ent
they happen are when we misplace
able mistakes. The ma in~ s that
--Sent~~ce fragments are easily avoid
~- punctuation in a way that cuts off
a main clause, or when we try to use
But, the good thing is that they are
dependent clauses as full sentences
easy t~ spot and easie r to fix!
. So, any

incomplete sentence is a fragment.

•
·; a. Dependent Clauses ghts on
use they don't express complete thou
are always sentence fragments beca
By themselves, dependent clauses on independent clauses to make sens e. So,
nces because they are "dependent"
their own . They can 't be full sente is a fragment. Let's make that easie r to
main clause), a dependent clause
without an independent clause (the
understand with this example:
was at the ioca l orchard. Fragment
■ I picke d apples today. When I
any sense
e "at the local orchard" doesn't make
a full sentence. But, dependent claus
Here , the independent clause is the indep ende nt clause:
to piece it together with
a complete thought. So, we need
on its own -it's just a fragment of
I was at the local orchard. Complete!
■ I picke d apples today when
ple :
lete sentence! Let's try another exam
hing the fragm ent to an inde pendent clause, we now have a comp
By attac
3 different kinds of apples. Fragment
Whil e I was apple-p~cklng. I saw
different kinds of apples. Complete!
While I was appl e picking, I saw 3
by combining it
-picking" isn't a full sentence. But,
n't mak e sense: "while I was apple
Again, the depe nden t clause does
fix the fragment.
with the inde pend ent clause, we

b. Mis pl~c ed Perioc;j~ ~ ..o-- .

~ main clause by
~ \)Je., /<A "~ e. Whe n words get cut off from a
need s a main (independent) claus
You now know tha~ ery sent ence the fragm ent is really
s~ hen that happ ens,
Som etim es that may be a few word
a_period, they turn into a fragment. a write r uses a
a misplaced period happ ens when
wron g place . In mos t situations,
just the resu lt of a period in the 1
. --=> •
punctuation, like a com ma or a colon
period inste ad of anot her type of
misplace an extra period :

-1 ■
Here 's wha t happ ens when you

I think I will mak e a pie. Later on

tonight. Fragm~ 1
■ I think I will mak e a pie later on tonig
ht. Com plete I j
I beca use it does n't have a subje
ct or a pred icate (it Is not an inde
pendent clause). So,
r on tonig ht" is a fragm ent
"Late a fragment.
I up Into an inde pend ent clause and
nece ssar y-it breaks the sent ence
in this exam ple, the perio d is not
Here 's anot her:
Removing the perio d fixes !hall
ds Jane and Sally. Frag men t
I wen t apple picking. With my frien

• I went apple pick ing with my frien

ds Jane and Sally. Complete!

use a period inste ad of a colon :

Here ' what happ ens when you
 ..,. The store has three types of apples: MacIntosh and G s -~
~ ranny m1th. Complete! ~

v■ I will probably make 3 pies. Caramel Apple Apple Walnut

. • , an
dA I 8
pp e erry. Fragment
• I will probably make 3 pies: caramel Apple Apple Walnut and A I B _,,.
-V •_ , PP e arry. Complete!
~

When a period is used Instead of a colon you're only left with f

doesn't have a subject or a predicate, it c~n't be a full sentenc:. ragment that has a list of things. Since the fragment

And here's hat happens when you use a period instead of a comma:

J • They had a lot types of apples. ~ t

Such as MacIntosh and Granny Smith. Fragme

/ • There had a lot of types of apples, such as MacIntosh and Granny Smith. Complete!

Again, the second part of the sentence doesn't have a subject or a predicate It's d d t
fir t rt f h · 1
a epen en cause, and needs the
s pa o t e sentence to make sense-we just need a comma , not a peno · d t
, o connect them!

4. How to Avoid Fragments

Now you know t~at a sentence fragment happens when we don't write in complete sentences, or we break sentences
up when we don t need to. Therefore, the way to avoid fragments is to simply make sure we write in full sentences and
express complete thoughts. We do' this by being able to recognize dependent clauses and fix misplaced periods that
break off words from their malr( clause .

. Recognizing Clauses
Every sentence needs a subject-predicate combination (a clause), but, to be a full sentence, it needs at feast one
independent clause. That's why on its own, a dependent clause Is a sentence fragment. While dependent clauses do
have a subject-predicate combination, they don't express a complete thought, and because it's not a complete thought,
a dependent clause leaves an unanswered question. Look at these examples:

• Sally lost her phone. Complete thought

■ While she was apple-picking. What happened?

The first sentence makes sense-the subject Sally lost her phone. But the second example doesn't express a
complete thought, and only gives us a fragment of the information. Even though it has a subject (she) and a predicate
(was apple-picking), it leaves the question "what happened while she was apple picking?" Without knowing the answer,
we don't know what's going on. This is a dependent clause. To fix it, we need to answer the question:

■ While she was apple-picking, ~Y. lost her phone.

As you can see, attaching the independent clause "Sally lost her phone" tells what happened "while she was apple
picking." Now, it's a complete thought and a full sentence.

b. P tting Periods in their Place faJ:-

Fragments aren't only dependent clauses-as discussed, they can happen when a group of words gets cut off from a
- sentence's main clause-usually from using an extra p e r i ~ d needlessly breaks up a sentence, it can

,-- ___::_:_--__:__.:. .._ ________

leave words floating around where th~ d
,.,,, f)ck.i
• Sally used three spice_s.i;inna
't)elon~
,
·ll.,,i

o , nutmeg, and ginger.

Thi~ list of three things doesn't have a subject or a predicate. In cases like this, the words just need to be connected to
the main clause. so, the fragment can be corrected just by fixing or removing a misplaced period:

• Sally used three spices: cinnamon, nutmeg, and ginger.

But~w can you tell when a period is in the wrong spot? Well, that's easy! You just need to remember a period's
purpose-to show what's called a "full stop." So, what does that mean, and how can it help?

Basically...
• A period works like a stop sign-when you see one, you need to come to a full stop on the road.
• Likewise, when you see a period, you should come to a complete stop In your speaking or reading before
continuing to the next sentence.

But.. .
hi h h , d one-it
• Imagine if there was a stop sign in the middle of the g way or t e roa~ when you really dldn t ne:d in the wrong
would definitely be noticeable, and would cause a lot of problems for drivers by breaking up the ro
spots!
• In the same way, a period in the wrong place would make you st0 P at the wrong time.
 Example: My sister's cat.
t,0o;'V"ll.,IA _
: fragm~ ~ '" b <ft>
j t ~ IJ.t>J.Answer~
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.- \I
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!,.JcoaJ. _...
•
h /, J) 1111
I} L l H ~L ,X . 1 _EE
•1 . 1 !J J I
,, -'- i£L
.
-. T h e co w in th e field. 6. This is a wonderful movie
onde hair.
th e tree. 7. The character with th e bl
~- T h e sw e e t lit tl e bird in
er.
us. 8. My very energetic moth
:. T h is fo o d ta st e s delicio
;°
9. I asked my mother to bake
·. Everyday a ft e r school.
chocolate chip cookies.
,. People talked. .
10. Whenever my sister sings
. ,Ill .,l 't
 . -- ·~/J<-L ~o
Fixing Comm a Splices ~ -~ ~
4- ~,,
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preU,,I)
~ ~ ~ h . ~ W \ ~~ ~
Jfh s a Comma Splice? (..inJ.,, _...,..0 ~ ~ ~.tz. d
~ J,l,,.t..
Ji . d
A com splice occurs when you use a comma
jommg word between t e .
· in two complete sentences without placmg an _appropriate
omma Just isnTiliong enough to do the job of making one grammatic al sentence
(YV1.,L.

out c.,
-/u-e.u- ~
'l'-11
of two. Learn to recognize what comma splices look like, and be sure to avoid them in your essays.
,
Here is a simple example of a comma splice:
X I completed my essay, I ha;e not submitted It. ' . . . tu
without
A closely related grammatical error is the run-on sentence. It occurs when youJotn two complete .sentences
any punctuation mark at all:
X I completed my essay I have not submitted It.
n_-o__n_.se--..!1tence is no different from fixing a comma splice.
:,.;;;;;;
[ __F_i_x_in...::g:....a_;ru b
Some Basic Definitions
nt clause.
✓ The grammatical term for a group of words that can stand on its own as a complete sentence is independe
and a verb. In the independe nt clause I
To be a.t, independent clause, the group of words must contain both a subject
· · ,
cofn.pleted my essay, I is the subj~ct; and completed is the verb.
language
The grammatical term for a joining word is conjunction. Conjunctions refer to those wo~ds in the English
sentences out of simpler ones. The
h as and or but or since or because that allow us to build more complex
called
njunctions and and but ar called coordinating conjunctions; the conjunctions since and because are
. .
bordinatin g conjunctio s. ."
o remember these grammatical terms, though they can be useful for conveying important points
·
see them and to be familiar with the various
about grammar. What really matters is to know comma splices when you
ways of fixing them. · ·

vPow to Fix a Comma Splice .

s between
Hen: are four straightforward ways to solve the comma s lice roblem. nderstand the subtle difference
comma splice problems in the same way. Look
them, arJ ma e sure you on get mto the habit of always solving your
over the tools for b~ilding complex sentences out
at each comma splice in your writing as an opportunity to gain mastery
of simpler ones.
Solution 1: Use a period.
rep_la.ce.-the.
~ h e simplest way to fix a comma splice is !O separa~e the two imwoperly joip ed sen1ences. Simply
may sound a bit abrupt placea one after the other, but at least they will be
comma wnh a penoa: I he two sentences
' ~mrnjha l: J. , .$1.\cl.Dl.t~ q"'C( U.\\e.'I(. ~~ -
✓ !fcompleted my essay. I have not submitted it.
(1) the logical )
A perio~ may be your best choice for fixing a comma splice when a~y of the following conditions holds:
or (3) the ideas ./;/
connecJ.ion between the two independe nt clauses is self-eviden t; (2) one or both of the clauses is long·
represerikd in the two clauses are distinct. I{ ' f
e History u~rm _, _ . t
• ✓ j completed my English essay. Now I must go to the library and begin research at once on my fifteen-pag
, ~ ..... l-.o{~rv .

~
~ aper,
SolutioYI 2: Use a semi-colon . ~ y~,,(,l) (J~ oil, ~
CV)
~ ._':•r; -1:,paU
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p.Lc_,+,-A ,
. .
D'Y I "" ~
"' If) O~ want a simple soluti?n to the comma splice, but you prefer to encapsula te your two ideas in one sentence ,~ ~
rather thqn two, then use a semi-colon rather than a period: J ,
( ✓ ~ completed my essay; I have not submitted It.
,A' 0 -- e. .
t
)s~mi~o~on is probably the most appropriat e remedy for your comma splice when the following two
conditions hold·
d in the tw~
(
1
t e ti' gical connection between the two independe nt clauses is already clear, and (2) the ideas
c auses ~~ v~ry closely r~lated. In particular, when the relation between the two clauses is one or
what you need:
represente
seque ce=either
- '\
a ·'
, sequeno:. time or a logical se uence--th en a semi-colo n is just
10

✓ j completed my English essay; next I will tackle my History essay. \

~olut~o , 3: Use a coordinat ing conjunctio n.

'-- ~ e~he semi-colon a con· t' - II . . .
advanta}l of allowin ' . ~ n a ows you to combme your two ideas m a si le sentence. But it has the added
;nr splice examp e, h~
- - - - - - - -~ t o mdicate the Iog1cal relationsh ip between the two ideas. irourcnmn
 have been the
submitted it even though that would
. 1 completed the essay, but I hav en't
. of contras t • . ry:
relationship ,s one
ncti' on but com pac tly con vey s this sense of the unexpected or contradicto
to do.
cted thing ting con u j
exPe . mitted It.
The coordma my essay, but I have not sub . .
I complete d . .
✓
coordinatmg conJunctions.
V ~ ' t here are seven and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet
can exist between two separate ideas. . ._
t basic kinds of logical relationships that
•
They cover the mos con junc tion .~ . .cate the logi. cal
. 4· Use a sub ordi nati ng dinatm . g con.unction . s mt. hat the allow you to mdi
_- -
Jution :_ . coniunctions are simi ar to coor . ·1 • • • ~
ordinating conJunct1ons
j bordin atmg 'J
~u- hi b tween two m ependent clauses.
However, unli
•
ke coo rdm
• •
atin g con
•
Jun
•
ctto ns, sub
subordinating conjunction although
to solve our.
re!atwns
Jay unequa s l
1 :ess 00 the two parts of the new sent enc
. .
e. We can
s:
use the

ce~ ai'icfwe can do so m two d1st mct way

e_not-submitted-it--
✓ 1completed m : a althou h I hhave not submitted It.
✓ A t ough I completed my essa y, I
ing conjunction. In
ests , we plac e less str:ess on the clause introduced by the subordinat
As the word s;;,;;,.dinating sugg example, it is the
I hav e not sub mit ted the essa y app ears as an afterthought; in the seco nd
the first example, the fact that
·
mor e common
point.
ordi nati ng con junc tion s in the Eng lish language. Her e are a few of the
( There are a grea t man y sub
e, unless, whether,
~ -
.,,,,- while, although, because, if, sinc
re, afte r, If, whether, that, once
/ when, why, as, befo

How Not to Fix a Comma Splict / form this error

d by a con junctive adverb. The mos t com mon
0 Never try to join two sentence s with a com ma foll owe
the wor d however:
takes involves joining two sentences with
I have not submitted it:--
. X I completed my essay, however inat ing conjunctions; they do
com ma_sp~ Lea m to dist ing uish con junc tive adv erbs from sub ord
This sent~nc~ is still a not to join them .')
on·u ncti ve adv erbs sho uld be use d to beg in ind epe nde nt clau ses,
not functi?n. m the same way Not ice thaq conjun-ctive
t ll sample o e man y con jun ctiv e adv er s that are ava ilab le to you .
d H~re is JUS a_ sma
as sing le wor ds:
a ver sca n consist of phrases as well
moreover, hence, therefore,
however, nevertheless, furthermore,
other words, In addition

V
-- slmllarly, certainly, by contrast, In . .
. emb er to put a pen od or a sem1-
·
Note that you can use a conJ~n . ce, but you mu st rem
colon in front of th ctive adv erb to help fix a com ma sph
e second mdependent clau se: •
✓ I completed m have not submitted It.
✓ I completed m~ :ssay: hHowever, II have not submitted It.
. ssay, owever,
emp hati c tran siti on betw een clauses
A conJunctive adverb. l1'k e_ however usu ally mak es for a mor e fon nal and mo re
than the mor adv erb s, you r wri ting will
I Jun ctto ns but and although. If you rely too hea vily on con jun ctiv e
begin to sou:dcat~:;on
evers for whe n you real ly nee d them : ( 1) for emp has izin g the key
turn s in you r .
argument, or (2; ~0 ; stv e ~our how com ple x sen tenc es. Ma ny styl ists pre fer not to use how
ever nghi
t betw een lon g,
at the beginning 0 f gna hng a con tras .
a sentence.
y, however, was a mere
✓ I completes dIon
m es . .
a proc ess that took me only three hours. This last essa pap
two page Y say In Just one dra ft, ers Inevitably results In a weaker
~~d I have learned the hard way that neglecting to revise my pap
and a lower gr~d
XCEPTIONS: If you are in doubt of the correct punctuation, use the more traditional methods.
A comma splice is permissible in a series·of independent clauses (three or more) where the last
two clauses are separated by "and, but," or "or."
The Yo-Yo King demonstrated his new trick, the S,kateboard Princess performed her new stunt, and the
manager of Play Palace treated everyone to chili dogs and root beer.
Achieve a dramatic effect by using commas without coordinating conjunctions to link several
brief, closely related independent clauses:
He came, he saw, he conquered.
ate a second clause which reverses· a negative first clause:
A comma may be use d to Separ
That night the princess did not sleep, she danced the night away.
 ""J • vvu. ven1
Error

She took the boy's cookies away, that was

mean.

I think he's in love, h.e acts so weird now.

We went to the store, we ·bought milk. 1

I can't wait to go on vacation, it will be hot and I

sunny. s

J •
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