KOU20231

Mechanics of Materials II 1

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1. Introduction
Torsion: A moment that is applied about the longitudinal
axis of a member is called a torque.

• Difference between bending moment and torsional moment

Bending

Torsion

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 Bending

Torque

Edge Beam

Curved and circular beams

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 Building components suffer torsion when wind or an
earthquake moves one side more than the other.

Failure of Material under torsion

Ductile Material Brittle Material

When subjected to torsion, a brittle

material breaks along surfaces at 45°
to the shaft axis and ductile material
will fail at a plane perpendicular to the
shaft axis

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 Torque represented by
A. Double-headed vector
B. Curved arrow

2. The Torsion Formula

• In many engineering applications, members are required to carry
torsional loads.
• Consider the torsion of circular shafts. Because a circular cross
section is an efficient shape for resisting torsional loads.
• Circular shafts are commonly used to transmit power in rotating
machinery.

Hollow Solid

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Simplifying assumptions
• During the deformation, the cross sections are not distorted in any
manner－they remain plane, and the radius r does not change.
• In addition, the length L of the shaft remains constant.

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• Since twist applies a shear strain, we expect that torque will apply
a shear stress

𝐓𝛒
𝛕= At any distance 𝝆
𝐉
• In this equation, J denotes the second polar moment of
area of the cross section.

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•The polar moment of inertia of a cross-section is a measure of
its resistance to twisting.
•For a given torque, the larger the value of J, the larger the torsional
stiffness, and the smaller the angle of twist.

The Torsion Formula

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1. The solid circular shaft is subjected to an internal torque of T =

5 kN . m. Determine the shear stress at points A and B.

𝑻. 𝒓
𝝉=
𝑱

𝜋 𝜋
𝐽= 𝑟 = 40 = 4021238.597𝑚𝑚
2 2
𝑇. 𝑟 5 1000 1000 .40
𝜏𝐴 = = = 49.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐽 4021238.597
𝑇. 𝑟 5 1000 1000 .30
𝜏𝐵 = = = 37.3 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐽 4021238.597

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2. The pipe has an inner radius of 40 mm and an outer radius of 50
mm. If its end is tightened against the support at A using the
torque wrench, determine the shear stress developed in the
material at the inner and outer walls of the pipe.

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3. Angle of Twist
• In this section, a relation will be derived between the angle of
twist of a circular shaft and the torque T exerted on the shaft.

• The relation obtained shows that, within the elastic range, the
angle of twist ф is proportional to the torque T applied to the
shaft.

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Angle of Twist

Multiple Torques

• If the shaft is subjected to several different torques, or the cross-

sectional area or shear modulus changes abruptly from one
region of the shaft

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 Sign Convention

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3. Determine the angle of twist of the end A of the steel shaft

shown in Fig. The shaft has a diameter of 200 mm. G=75 GPa

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4. The steel shaft has a diameter of 40 mm and is fixed at its ends
A and B. If it is subjected to the couple determine the maximum
shear stress in regions AC and CB of the shaft. G = 75 Gpa.

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5. The magnesium tube is bonded to the steel rod. If a torque of is

applied to end A, determine the maximum shear stress in each
material.

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1. Introduction

• For this topic, the stresses to be considered are not on the

perpendicular and parallel planes only but also on other
inclined planes.

Cross section by a plane mn

(perpendicular to the x axis)

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• The most useful way of representing the stresses in the bar of

Fig. is to isolate a small element of material. An element of this
kind is called a stress element.

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• Section cut by the inclined plane pq

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 The maximum normal stress occurs at θ = 0

𝝈𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝝈𝒙
The maximum shear stress occurs at θ = ± 45 °
𝝈𝒙
𝝉𝒎𝒂𝒙 =
𝟐
• Normal force applied to a bar on an inclined (oblique) section
produces a combination of shear stress and normal stress

• These new stresses – the transformed stresses. These

equations give the stresses acting on an inclined section oriented
at an angle to the 𝑥 axis.

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 Special cases of plane stress

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• An example of a shear failure is pictured in Fig. , which shows a

block of wood that was loaded in compression and failed by
shearing along a 45° plane

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2. Plane-Stress Transformation

• General state of stress at a point is characterized by six

independent normal and shear stress components.
There are 9 components of
stress. Equilibrium conditions are
used to reduce the number of
stress components to 6:

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• The general state of plane stress at a point, shown in Fig. 9–1b, is

therefore represented by a combination of two normal-stress
components , 𝜎 , 𝜎 , 𝜏 and one shear-stress component, t𝑥𝑦,
which act on only four faces of the element.

KOU20231 Mechanics of Materials II

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 General Equations of Plane-Stress Transformation

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1. The state of plane stress at a point is

represented on the element shown in
Fig. Determine the state of stress at this
point on another element oriented 30°
clockwise from the position shown.

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2. A welded plate is loaded by a force P = 150 kN . The weld line is

55° from the horizontal. Determine the normal stress and shear
stress in the weld. If the weld’s yield normal strength 280
MPa,and its shear yield strength 160 MPa,determine the factor of
safety of the current loading condition with respect to failure of
the weld.

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 Apply equations below

𝟕𝟓 𝟕𝟓
𝛔𝒙 = + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟕𝟎 + 𝟎 = 𝟓𝟎. 𝟑 𝐌𝐏𝐚
𝟐 𝟐
𝟕𝟓
𝛕𝒙 𝒚 =− 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟕𝟎 + 𝟎 = −𝟑𝟓. 𝟐 𝐌𝐏𝐚
𝟐
The Factor of Safety for the weld is found by dividing the weld strengths by
the actual stresses:

𝟐𝟖𝟎 𝟏𝟔𝟎
𝐅𝐎𝐒 = = 𝟓. 𝟔 𝐅𝐎𝐒 = = 𝟒. 𝟓
𝟓𝟎. 𝟑 𝟑𝟓. 𝟐
𝐅𝐎𝐒 = 𝟒. 𝟓 𝐬𝐦𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐫 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞

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3. Principal Stresses and Maximum In-Plane Shear Stress

• In engineering practice, it is often important to determine the

orientation of the element that causes the normal stress to be a
maximum and a minimum and the orientation that causes
the shear stress to be a maximum.
• The maximum and minimum normal stresses, called the
principal stresses, can be found by taking the derivative of σx'
(θ )

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• To obtain the maximum and minimum normal stress, we

must substitute these angles into Eq. 1.
• After substituting and simplifying, we obtain two roots, 𝜎 and 𝜎 .
They are

Principal Stresses
• These two values, with 𝜎 ≥ 𝜎 , are called the in-plane principal
stresses, and the corresponding planes on which they act are
called the principal planes of stress. Finally, if the trigonometric
relations for 𝜃p1 or 𝜃p2 are substituted into Eq. 2, it will be seen
that 𝜏 = 0; in other words, no shear stress acts on the
principal planes.

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• The orientation of the element that is subjected to maximum

shear stress can be determined by taking the derivative of Eq. 2
with respect to 𝜃, and setting the result equal to zero. This gives

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• The maximum shear stress can be found by taking the
trigonometric values of sin 2𝜃 and 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃 and substituting them
into Eq. 2. The result is

• Finally, when the values for sin 2θ and cos 2θ are substituted
into Eq. 1, we see that there is also an average normal stress
on the planes of maximum in-plane shear stress. It is

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4. Mohr’s Circle
• In this section, we will show how to apply the equations for plane
stress transformation using a graphical solution that is often
convenient to use and easy to remember.

• Establish coordinate axes; σ positive to the right and τ positive

downward, represents a circle having radius R and center on the
σ axis at pt, 𝐶 (𝜎𝑎𝑣𝑔, 0). This circle is called the Mohr’s Circle
• Plot the “reference point” P having coordinates 𝑃(𝜎 , 𝜏 ) or
𝑃(𝜎 , 𝜏 ) .This point represents the normal and shear stress
components
• Connect point P with the center C of the circle and determine CP
by trigonometry. Once R has been determined, sketch the circle.

• Principal stresses 𝜎1 and 𝜎2 (𝜎1 ≥ 𝜎2) are represented by two

points B and D where the circle intersects the 𝜎 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.

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 𝝉𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝐑 𝝉𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝝈𝟏 =𝝈𝒂𝒗 + 𝐑
𝝈𝟐 =𝝈𝒂𝒗 − 𝐑
𝝈𝟐 𝝈𝟏
D B

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3. Due to the applied loading, the element at point A on the solid

shaft in Fig. is subjected to the state of stress shown. Determine
the principal stresses acting at this point.

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The orientation of the element can be
determined by calculating the angle
2𝜃 in Fig. which here is measured
counterclockwise from CA to CD.

𝜃 = 180 − 45 = 135 𝜃 = −67.5 ° clockwise

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4. The state of plane stress at a point is shown on the element in

Fig. Determine the maximum in-plane shear stress at this point.

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8. Applications of Plane Stress (Pressure Vessels, Beams,
and Combined Loadings)

Pressure Vessels

• Pressure vessels are closed structures containing liquids or gases

under pressure.

• Familiar examples include tanks and pipes.

• When pressure vessels have walls that are thin in comparison to

their overall dimensions, they are included within a more general
category known as shell structures.

• Other examples of shell structures are roof domes, airplane wings.

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• Thin wall pressure vessels (TWPV) are widely used in industry for
storage and transportation of liquids and gases when configured
as tanks.

• “Thin wall” refers to vessels having an inner radius to wall

thickness ratio of 10 or more (𝑟/𝑡 ≥ 10)

• A pressure vessel is a pressurized container, often cylindrical or

spherical

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Cylindrical Vessels

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 Hoop (Circumferential) Stress Longitudinal (Axial) Stress

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Spherical Vessels

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5. A spherical gas tank has an inner radius of r=1.5 m .If it is
subjected to an internal pressure of p=300 kpa ,determine its
required thickness if the maximum normal stress is not to exceed
12 MPa.

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6. A cylindrical pressure vessel has an inner diameter of 1.2 m, and

a thickness of 12 mm. Determine the maximum internal pressure
it can sustain so that neither its circumferential nor its
longitudinal stress component exceeds 140 MPa. Under the same
conditions, what is the maximum internal pressure that a
spherical vessel with a similar inner diameter can sustain?

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State of Stress Caused by Combined Loadings

• Components are frequently subjected to several types of loading

at the same time. However, in many structures the members are
required to resist more than one kind of loading.
• For example, a beam may be subjected to the simultaneous
action of bending moments and axial forces.

𝑷 𝑴. 𝑪
𝝈=± ±
𝑨 𝑰
• Or a beam may be subjected to the simultaneous action of torsion
moments and shear forces.

𝑻𝒓 𝑽𝑸
𝝉=± ±
𝑱 𝑰𝒃
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7. A machine component is subjected to a load of 4,700 N.
Determine the normal and shear stresses acting at point H. Show
these stresses on a stress element.

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8.The pressure vessel in Figure consists of spirally wrapped steel

plates that are welded at the seams in the orientation shown
where 𝛽 = 35° .The cylinder has an inside diameter of 540 mm
and a wall thickness of 10 mm. The ends of the cylinder are
capped by two rigid end plates. The gage pressure inside the
cylinder is 4.25 MPa, and compressive axial loads of P = 215 kN
are applied to the rigid end caps. Determine: (a) the normal stress
perpendicular to the weld seams. (b) the shear stress parallel to
the weld seams

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 𝒑𝒓 𝟒. 𝟐𝟓 (𝟐𝟕𝟎)
𝝈𝒙 = = = 𝟓𝟕. 𝟒 𝐌𝐏𝐚
𝟐𝒕 𝟐(𝟏𝟎)
𝒑𝒓 𝟒. 𝟐𝟓 (𝟐𝟕𝟎)
𝝈𝒚 = = = 𝟏𝟏𝟒. 𝟖 𝐌𝐏𝐚
𝒕 (𝟏𝟎)

𝑷 𝟐𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝝈𝒙 = =𝝅 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟒 𝐌𝐏𝐚
𝑨 𝟐 𝟐
𝟒 (𝟓𝟔𝟎 − 𝟓𝟒𝟎 )
𝝈𝒙 = 𝟓𝟕. 𝟒 − 𝟏𝟐. 𝟒 = 𝟒𝟓 𝐌𝐏𝐚

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𝝈𝒙 = 𝟒𝟓 𝐌𝐏𝐚 𝝈𝒚 = 𝟏𝟏𝟒. 𝟖 𝐌𝐏𝐚

𝛔𝒙 = 𝟕𝟗. 𝟗 + −𝟑𝟒. 𝟗 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟕𝟎 + 𝟎 = 𝟔𝟖 𝐌𝐏𝐚

𝛕𝒙 𝒚 = 𝟑𝟒. 𝟗𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟕𝟎 + 𝟎 = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟖 𝐌𝐏𝐚

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9. Determine the principal stress at point A on the cross section of
the arm at section a–a.

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KOU20231 Mechanics of Materials II

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 KOU20231 Mechanics of Materials II

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1. Introduction

•When a structure is loaded its elements deform

•These deformations change the shape of the structure

•Although deformations are generally small, the designer

has to be able to estimate their magnitude to make sure
they do not exceed the limits given by the design code.

•The large deformations in the structures can cause

damage or cracking.

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 Crack in concrete beam

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Beam Member

Cantilever beam under tip load

δ=?

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• Under the action of external loads any beam bends and suffers
deflection at various points along the length.
• The deflection is caused by the bending moment acting at
various sections of the beam.
• Deflection is also caused due to shear but the magnitude is small
compared to that due to bending and hence it is generally
neglected.
What is the Deflection?
The vertical displacement of a structural element under loads

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•The deformation of a beam is usually expressed in terms of its

deflection from its original unloaded position.
•The deflection is measured from the original neutral surface of
the beam to the neutral surface of the deformed beam.
•The configuration assumed by the deformed neutral surface is
known as the elastic curve of the beam. (shape of the deflected
beam)
•The deflection diagram of the longitudinal axis that passes
through the centroid of each x-sectional area of the beam is called
the elastic curve.

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 Examples of elastic curves

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Procedure of drawing elastic curves

1. Draw the moment diagram for the beam.
2. Region of -ve moment, elastic curve concave downwards.
3. Region of +ve moment, elastic curve concave upwards.
4. Curve changes from concave up to concave down (zero
moment) is called inflection point.

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 Point of Inflection (M=0)

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1. Draw the Elastic Curve

Inflection point

Zero moment

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2. Slope and Displacement by Integration

The primary advantage of the integration

method is that it produces the equation for the
deflection everywhere along the beams.

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Moment-Curvature Relationship

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 The product EI in this equation is referred to as the Flexural
Rigidity (Beam Stiffness)

In calculus, the radius of curvature of a curve v = f(x) is

given by

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 Substitute into Equation 1

•In practical problems, the slope dv/dx is much smaller than unity
(1.0) . Then, the second bracket of Equation reduces to 1.0, so
that:

This is the differential equation of the elastic curve for a beam. In

general, the bending moment M will be a function of position x along
the beam’s span.

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Curvature Slope

Deflection

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•Constants of integration C1 and C2 are determined by applying
the geometric boundary conditions of the beam.

1. Deflection at roller,pin,and fixed =zero

2. Slope of elastic curve at fixed = zero
3. For simply supported beam the slope
= zero at maximum deflection

θ=0

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 • If the loading on a beam is discontinuous, that is, it consists of a
series of several distributed and concentrated loads, Fig. ,then
several functions must be written for the internal moment, each
valid within the region between two discontinuities.

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2. For the beam and loading shown in Fig. P10.6, use the double-
integration method to determine (a) the equation of the elastic
curve for the beam, (b) the maximum deflection, and (c) the
slope at A. Assume that EI is constant for the beam.

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 Cross section at 𝒙

Apply the equation

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3. Determine the slope and deflection of end A of the cantilevered

beam. E=200 GPa and I = 65.0(106) mm4.

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 Take the cross section at
x from A to find M (x)

Boundary Conditions

At fixed support 𝜽 = 𝟎

At support 𝒗 = 𝟎

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Equation slope of elastic curve

Equation of the deflection

at any x from (zero to 3)

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 Deflection Equations Examples

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3. Slope and Displacement by Moment Area Method

•Another method of determining the slopes and deflections in beams

is the Moment-Area Method, which involves the area of the
moment diagram.

•The Moment-Area Method is based on two theorems ,one used

to determine the slope and the other to determine the
displacement at a point on the elastic curve.

• In this method we will establish a procedure that utilizes the area

of the moment diagrams [actually, the M/EI diagrams] to evaluate
the slope or deflection at selected points along the axis of a beam
or frame.
• In numerous engineering applications where deflection of beams
must be determined, the loading is complex and cross-sectional
areas of the beam vary.

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• It is convenient to use this method with great advantage in the
following type of problems:

1. Cantilever beams(slope at the fixed end is zero).

2. Simply supported beams carrying symmetrical loading.(slope at

mid span is zero).

3. Beams fixed at both ends(slope at each end is zero).

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Consider the simply supported beam with its

associated elastic curve, shown in Fig.

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 Differentia both side

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Apply Theorem 1 to determine the angle

between any two tangents on the elastic
curve

counterclockwise rotation +
clockwise rotation -

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 For parabola 2nd degree

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4. Determine the slope and the deflection of end B of the cantilever

beam. EI is constant.

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5. Determine the deflection and slope at point A. EI is constant.

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6. Determine the max deflection and slope at point A. EI is
constant.

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•An axial member in compression is a Column or a Strut.

•When a slender member is subjected to an axial compressive load,
it may fail by a condition called Buckling.

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•Buckling is a geometric instability in which the lateral
displacement of the axial member can suddenly become very large.
•Lateral deflection caused by axial compression is called Buckling.

Original shape (dashed) and buckled

shape (solid) of a pinned–pinned column
under compressive load.

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Buckling is easily demonstrated

when a steel ruler is compressed.
The ruler remains straight as the
load is increased; when the load
reaches a critical value, the
middle of the ruler suddenly
deflects sideways. The ruler has
buckled.

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•The maximum axial load that a column can support when it is on
the verge of buckling is called the Critical Load, Pcr Fig .a
•Any additional loading will cause the column to buckle and
therefore deflect laterally as shown in Fig.b

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2. Ideal Column with Pin Supports

•An ideal column is perfectly straight before loading, made of
homogeneous material, and upon which the load is applied through
the centroid of the cross section
•We also assume that the material behaves in a linear-elastic
manner and the column buckles or bends in a single plane.

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𝑛=1 𝑛=2 𝑛=3

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 Euler’s formula

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where A is the cross-sectional

area and r is the radius of
gyration of the cross-sectional
area

The geometric ratio L /r in Eq.is known as the slenderness ratio.

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• It is also important to realize that a column will buckle about
the principal axis of the cross section having the least moment
of inertia (the weakest axis).
• For example, a column having a rectangular cross section, like
a meter stick, as shown in Fig., will buckle about the a–a
axis,not the b–b axis.

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1.A 3.6-m wooden rectangular column has the dimensions shown.

Determine the critical load if the ends are assumed to be pin-
connected. E = 12 GPa.

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 𝒚

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2. The A-36 steel W200x46 member show is to be used as a pin-

connected column. Determine the largest axial load it can
support before it either begins to buckle or the steel
yields.E=200 Gpa.

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Steel Cross Sections

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3. Column Having Various Types of Supports

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3. A steel pipe is fixed supported at its ends. If it is 5 m long and
has an outer diameter of 50 mm and a thickness of 10 mm,
determine the maximum axial load P that it can carry without
buckling.

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Bracing
The buckling strength of a column may be increased by providing bracing
along the length of the column. Bracing restricts sideways movement and
therefore lowers the effective length of a column.

Bracing is usually configured to resist weak-axis buckling

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4. A W15024 steel column is fixed at its ends. Its load-carrying
capacity is increased by bracing it about the y-y axis using struts
that are assumed to be pin-connected to its mid-height.
Determine the load it can support that the column does not
buckle nor material exceed the yield stress.
Take Est = 200 GPa and Y = 410 MPa.

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For buckling about the y-y axis, (KL)y = 0.7(8/2) = 2.8 m.

For buckling about the x-x axis, (KL)x = 0.5(8 ) = 4 m.
The moments of inertia for a W150 × 24 are found from the table
We get Ix = 13.4106 mm4 and Iy = 1.83106 mm4 from table.

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