CIE 113

MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

 FUNDAMENTAL AREAS OF ENGINEERING
MECHANICS
 STATICS
 deals with the equilibrium of bodies, that is, those that are either at rest or move with a
constant velocity.
 FUNDAMENTAL AREAS OF ENGINEERING
MECHANICS
 STATICS
 deals with the equilibrium of bodies, that is, those that are either at rest or move with
a constant velocity.

 DYNAMICS
 is concerned with the accelerated motion of bodies.
 FUNDAMENTAL AREAS OF ENGINEERING
MECHANICS
 STATICS
 deals with the equilibrium of bodies, that is, those that are either at rest or move with
a constant velocity.

 DYNAMICS
 is concerned with the accelerated motion of bodies.

 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
 deals with the internal effects and deformations that are caused by the applied loads.
FUNDAMENTAL AREAS OF ENGINEERING
MECHANICS
Statics and Dynamics Strength of Materials

Body Rigid Real / Deformable

Force External Effects Internal Effects
Analysis FBD, Equations of FBD, Equations of
equilibrium equilibrium,
Deformation diagrams

Focus Identification of loads that Determining the strength

act on the body and rigidity of the body
Why are the internal effects in an
object important?
 INTERNAL
FORCES

Deformations produced by the components of internal forces and couples.

 INTERNAL
FORCES
Where:
P: The component of the resultant force that is
perpendicular to the cross section, tending to elongate
or shorten the bar, is called the normal force.

V: The component of the resultant force lying in the

plane of the cross section, tending to shear (slide) one
segment of the bar relative to the other segment, is
called the shear force.
Deformations produced by the components of
internal forces and couples.
T: The component of the resultant couple that tends to
twist (rotate) the bar is called the twisting moment or
torque.

M: The component of the resultant couple that tends to

bend the bar is called the bending moment.
 NORMAL
STRESS
AXIALLY LOADED BARS
a. Centroidal (axial) loading
b. Stresses on inclined planes
 NORMAL
STRESS
AXIALLY LOADED BARS
a. Centroidal (axial) loading

𝑷
𝝈=
Normal stress formula:

𝑨
Where:
P = axial force perpendicular to the cross-sectional area.
A = cross-sectional area
 NORMAL
STRESS
AXIALLY LOADED BARS
b. Stresses on inclined planes

Derived formulas:
 SYSTEM
UNITS
𝝈 P A

SI Megapascals (MPa), Kilonewtons 𝑚2, 𝑚𝑚2

Kilopascals (Kpa), (kN), Newtons
Pascals (Pa), etc. (N), etc.

English Kilopounds per Kilopounds 𝑖𝑛2, 𝑓𝑡2

square inch (ksi), (kips), Pounds
Pounds per square (lbs), etc.
inch (psi), etc.
 ACTUAL STRESS VS ALLOWABLE
STRESS
ACTUAL STRESS vs ALLOWABLE STRESS

- Or COMPUTED STRESS/ COMPUTED - Or WORKING STRESS/ ALLOWABLE FORCES/

FORCES/ ACTUAL FORCES WORKING FORCES
- derived from the effects of externally - are computed from the structural properties
applied loads acting on the body being of the member in question. These allowable
analyzed, meaning, they were computed quantities speak of the prescribed capacity
using the equations of equilibrium. of the member.

𝜎𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 ≤ 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜w𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS:

To prevent failure of the member, the computed stress must be less than the working stress.
 SAMPLE
PROBLEM
A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 80 mm must carry an axial tensile load of 330
kN. Determine the smallest allowable outside diameter (in mm) of the tube if the working
stress is 110 MN/m².
 SAMPLE
PROBLEM
If the block is subjected to the centrally applied force of 600 kN, determine the average
normal stress in the material.
 SAMPLE
PROBLEM
Find the normal stress in member BD. All members have cross-sectional areas of 900 mm2.
 SAMPLE
PROBLEM
The bar in Fig. 1–15 a has a constant width of 35 mm and a thickness of 10 mm. Determine
the maximum average normal stress in the bar when it is subjected to the loading shown.
 SAMPLE
Determine the largest weight
PROBLEM
W that can be supported by the two wires AB and AC. The
working stresses are 100 MPa for AB and 150 MPa for AC. The cross- sectional areas of
AB and AC are 400 mm² and 200 mm², respectively.
 SAMPLE
PROBLEM
The rectangular piece of wood, 50mm by 100mm, is used as a compression block. The grain
of the wood makes a 20º angle with the horizontal, as shown in the figure. The allowable
stresses on the plane of the grain are 18MPa for compression and 4MPa for shear.
Determine the largest axial force P that can be applied safely:

Considering the allowable stresses in compression.

Considering the allowable stresses in shear.
Considering the allowable stresses in compression and in shear.
 SEATWOR
K
The cross-sectional area of bar ABCD is 600 mm². Determine the maximum normal stress in
the bar.
 TAKE
HOME
An aluminum rod is rigidly attached between a steel rod and a bronze rod as shown. Axial
loads are applied at the positions indicated. Find the maximum value of P that will not
exceed a stress in steel of 140 MPa, in aluminum of 90 MPa, or in bronze of 100 MPa.
 SHEAR
STRESS

𝑽
SHEAR STRESS FORMULA:

𝝉=
𝑨

Where:
V = force parallel to the cross-
sectional area
A = cross-sectional area

Examples of direct shear: (a) single shear in a rivet; (b) double shear in a bolt; and
(c) shear in a metal sheet produced by a punch.
 BEARING
STRESS
• BEARING STRESS, 𝜎𝑏
- Special type of normal stress.
- Occurs as contact pressure between separate bodies, compressive in nature.

𝝈𝒃 𝑷𝒃 𝑷
= 𝑨𝒃= 𝒕 ∗ 𝒅
 SAMPLE
PROBLEM
The lap joint shown in Fig. (a) is fastened by four rivets of 3/4-in. diameter. Find the maximum
load P that can be applied if the working stresses are 14 ksi for shear in the rivet and 18 ksi for
bearing in the plate. Assume that the applied load is distributed evenly among the four rivets,
and neglect friction between the plates.
 SAMPLE
PROBLEM
In the clevis shown below, find the minimum bolt diameter and the minimum thickness of each
yoke that will support a load P = 14 kips without exceeding a shearing stress of 12 ksi and a
bearing stress of 20 ksi.
 SAMPLE
PROBLEM
What force is required to punch a 20-mm-diameter hole in a plate that is 25 mm thick? The
shear strength of the plate is 350 MN/m².
 SAMPLE
PROBLEM
The bell crank, which is in equilibrium under the forces shown in the figure, is supported by a
20-mm-diameter pin at D. Determine (a) the required diameter of the connecting rod AB,
given that its tensile working stress is 100 MPa; and (b) the shear stress in the pin.
 SAMPLE
PROBLEM
The steel end-cap is fitted into grooves cut in the timber post. The working stresses for the
post are 1.8 MPa in shear parallel to the grain and 5.5 MPa in bearing perpendicular to the
grain. Determine the smallest safe dimensions a and b.
 SEATWOR
The plate welded to the end of the
K
I-beam is fastened to the support with four 10-mm-
diameter bolts (two on each side). Assuming that the load is equally divided among the bolts,
determine the normal and shear stresses in a bolt.
 THIN-WALLED PRESSURE
VESSELS
𝒓
THIN-WALLED PRESSURE

≥ 𝟏𝟎
VESSELS Note:

𝒕
A vessel that has a ratio r/t of less than 10 will not be treated
as thin-walled pressure vessel.

A pressure vessel is a container designed to hold gases and liquids at a pressure substantially different
from the ambient pressure. Examples are: tin cans, water tanks, and more.
A vessel is said to be thin-walled when the ratio of the thickness to the radius of the vessel is small
such that the internal stress in the material is constant throughout the thickness of the vessel.

2 TYPES OF THIN-WALLED PRESSURE VESSELS.

CYLINDRICAL SPHERICAL
 CYLINDRICAL
VESSELS
A. CYLINDRICAL VESSELS

2. Longitudinal Stress
Free diagram for computing the longitudinal stress

1. Tangential/ Circumferential/
Girth/ Hoop Stress

ΣF = 0 (+↘)
Free diagram for computing the
circumferential stress

𝜎𝑙(2𝜋r̄𝑡) − 𝑝(𝜋𝑟2) = 0
ΣF = 0 (+↑)
2 𝜎𝑐𝑑𝑥 ∗ 𝑡 − 𝑝 =
2𝑟𝑑 𝑝𝑟
0 𝜎 �= 2𝑡

𝜎𝑐 =
𝑝𝑟
Note:

𝑡 r̄ ≈ 𝑟
For thin-walled vessels, we can use
the approximation
 SPHERICAL
VESSELS
B. SPHERICAL VESSELS

Because of symmetry, different directions on the surface of the

sphere are indistinguishable. Therefore, the stress is constant
throughout the vessel.

ΣF = 0 (+↑)
𝜎(2𝜋r̄𝑡) − 𝑝(𝜋𝑟2) = 0

𝑝𝑟
𝜎 = 2𝑡

Note:
For thin-walled vessels, we can use the approximation r̄ ≈ 𝑟
 SAMPLE
PROBLEM
SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 1
The cylindrical portion of the propane tank has an outer diameter of 12 in. and a wall thickness of
0.125 in. Calculate the longitudinal and circumferential stresses in the wall of the cylinder when the
tank is pressurized to 200 psi.
 SAMPLE
PROBLEM
A water tank is 8 m in diameter and 12 m high. If the tank is to be completely filled, determine
the minimum thickness of the tank planting if the stress is limited to 40 MPa.
 SAMPLE
PROBLEM
Calculate the minimum wall thickness for a cylindrical vessel that is to carry a gas at a pressure of
1400 psi. The diameter of the vessel is 2 ft, and the stress is limited to 12 ksi.
 SAMPLE
The strength of longitudinal joint
PROBLEM
is 33kips/ft, whereasfor the girth is 16kips/ft. Neglecting the
thickness in computing the diameter and if the tank’s internal pressure is 150 psi, calculate the
maximum diameter of the cylinder tank.
 SEATWOR
K
The cylindrical tank with a spherical end-cap has an outer radius of 2 m and a wall thickness of 25
mm. If the tank is pressurized to 1.5 MPa, determine the longitudinal and circumferential stresses in
the cylinder, and the stress in the end-cap.
 DEFORMATIO
N
STRAIN
 is a geometric quantity that measures the deformation of a body.

LOADS causes STRESS and STRESS causes STRAIN.

 DEFORMATIO
N
STRAIN
 is a geometric quantity that measures the deformation of a body.
LOADS causes STRESS and STRESS causes STRAIN.
TYPES OF STRAIN:
 DEFORMATIO
N
STRAIN
 is a geometric quantity that measures the deformation of a body.
LOADS causes STRESS and STRESS causes STRAIN.
TYPES OF STRAIN:
a. NORMAL STRAIN
- Change in dimensions
(elongation/ shortening)
 DEFORMATIO
N
STRAIN
 is a geometric quantity that measures the deformation of a body.
LOADS causes STRESS and STRESS causes STRAIN.
TYPES OF STRAIN:
a. NORMAL STRAIN b. SHEAR STRAIN
- Change in dimensions (elongation/ - Changes in angles (distortion)
shortening)
 AXIAL
DEFORMATION
STRESS and STRAIN exist concurrently in nature. If a body is under stress, it also exhibits
strain.

𝜺
=
�

Where:
𝜀 = 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝛿 = 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐿 = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
 AXIAL
DEFORMATION

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ACTUAL STRESS AND ALLOWABLE STRESS?

 AXIAL
DEFORMATION
TENSION TEST

UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE (UTM)

The process is a specimen (like a steel bar) will be placed into the UTM
and it will stretch it until it breaks.
The machine will then transfer its data to a computer and the computer
will give the value of the allowable stress.
This test is called the TENSION TEST. And the computer will also give
us a graph of stress vs strain. This is called stress-strain curve.
 AXIAL
STRESS-STRAIN CURVE
DEFORMATION
 AXIAL
STRESS-STRAIN CURVE
DEFORMATION
Proportional Limit and Hooke’s Law

𝝈 = 𝜺𝑬
1. Stress is proportional to strain.

2. Its validity ends at the proportional limit. (Stress

and strain varies linearly.)
 AXIAL
STRESS-STRAIN CURVE
DEFORMATION
Elastic Limit
1. A material is said to be elastic if, after being
loaded, the material returns to its original shape when
the load is removed. The elastic limit is, as its name
the stress implies, the stress beyond which the
material is no longer elastic.
2. The permanent deformation that remains after the
removal of the load is called the permanent set.

𝑷𝑳
𝜹 = 𝑨𝑬
P = load
applied L =
length
A = cross-sectional area
E = modulus of elasticity/ Young’s
Modulus
 AXIAL
STRESS-STRAIN
DEFORMATION
CURVE Yield Point
1. The point where the stress-strain diagram becomes
almost horizontal is called the yield point, and the
corresponding stress is known as the yield stress or yield
strength.

2. Beyond the yield point there is an appreciable

elongation, or yielding, of the material without
corresponding increase in load.

almost horizontal
 AXIAL
STRESS-STRAIN CURVE
DEFORMATION
Ultimate Strength

1. The ultimate stress or ultimate strength, as it is often

called, is the highest curve on the the stress-strain
curve.

2. Commonly used as the maximum stress that material

can carry.
 AXIAL
CURVE
DEFORMATION
STRESS-STRAIN Rupture Strength

1. The rupture stress or rupture strength is the stress at

which failure occurs.
AXIAL
DEFORMATION

DEFORMATION FORMULA:
𝑷𝑳
𝜹 = 𝑨𝑬
 AXIAL
DEFORMATION

DEFORMATION FORMULA:

𝝈 �
𝝈 = 𝜺𝑬 = 𝜹=
=� � � =�
� �
𝑨
𝜺 𝑨 𝑳
� 𝑬
 AXIAL
DEFORMATION
DEFORMATION FORMULA:

� � � �
𝝈 = 𝜺𝑬 𝜹=
=� =� � =� 𝑨
𝜺 𝝈 𝑨 𝑳
𝑬
Note: This formula is only applicable if the strain (or stress) in the bar is uniform. To have a
uniform strain (or stress), the cross-sections, loads, and materials must be constant all
throughout.

Otherwise, we will use ADDITIONAL!

this: Derived formula of the deformation of the conical

𝟒𝑷𝑳
frustum:
𝑳
4𝑷
𝜹=� 𝜹=
𝝅𝑬𝑫𝒅
𝑨𝑬
�
 SAMPLE
PROBLEM
Six steel cables are supporting a circular heavy moulding of diameter 2 m. from an overhead point. If
the moulding weighs 2.5 kN/m and the attachment point is 3 m. above it, determine the following:
 SAMPLE
PROBLEM
Determine the deformation of the steel rod shown the given loads. E = 29 x 10^6 psi.