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Solar Report[ SAHIL

The report details a visit to a solar power plant by engineering students from the Government College of Engineering, Nagpur, aimed at understanding solar energy generation processes. It covers various aspects such as the design and structure of photovoltaic modules, the impact of temperature and solar irradiation on performance, and the functioning of inverters and net metering. The document also includes technical specifications and comparisons between standalone and grid-connected solar systems.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
1 views19 pages

Solar Report[ SAHIL

The report details a visit to a solar power plant by engineering students from the Government College of Engineering, Nagpur, aimed at understanding solar energy generation processes. It covers various aspects such as the design and structure of photovoltaic modules, the impact of temperature and solar irradiation on performance, and the functioning of inverters and net metering. The document also includes technical specifications and comparisons between standalone and grid-connected solar systems.

Uploaded by

shm538352
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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REPORT

VISIT TO SOLAR POWER PLANT

Submitted By

SAHIL KHODAKE

R0LL NO.37
6th SEM B. TECH.

ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, NAGPUR


2023-24

DATE: 18th March 2025


LOCATION: GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, NAGPUR
GUIDED BY: Dr. Sachin P. Jolhe
pg. 1
INDEX

CONTENTS PAGE NO.


INTRODUCTION 3
OBJECTIVE OF SITE SURVEY 4
DESIGN AND STRUCTURE OF MODULE 5
EXAMINING I-V AND POWER CURVE OF PV 6
MODULE
DIFFERENTITAION AND TERMINOLOGIES 7
SAMPLE RATING OF PV MODULE 8
EFFECT OF SOLAR IRRADIATION AND 9
TEMPERATURE ON PERFORMANCE
BYPASS AND BLOCING DIODE AND PARTIAL 10
SHADING
INVERTER AND NET METERING INFORMATION 11
GRID CONNECTED SOLAR PV SYSTEM 12
DIFFERENTIAON AND PORS & CONS 13
STANDARD SPECIFICATOIN AND COMPONENT 14
DESCRIPTION
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION 15-16
DAY GENERATION ACCORDING TO MOBILE APP 17
WHAT WE LEARN? 18

pg. 2
INTRODUCTION
For students enrolled in professional courses like engineering and
management, among others, an industrial visit is crucial. The equipment,
machinery, operational procedures, and everything else that students will
encounter in their particular field must all be displayed in their actual working
settings.

For its sixth semester engineering students, the Government College of


Engineering Nagpur organised a field trip to the SOLAR POWER PLANT on 3 rd
April, 2024. The tour was planned in accordance with the recommendations
and rules for the curriculum provided by RTMNU university. Our main goals in
visiting are to become familiar with the industrial setting and to learn about
the actual processes involved in producing electricity. Electrical power
generation will be explained to sixth- semester students.

The faculty and students arrived at the college's solar power facility on 3 rd
April,2024, around 10:30 AM.The students were given a basic introduction to
power plants and how they operate. The Single Line Diagram (SLD) of a solar
power plant was also explained by the faculty. First, the students went to Solar
Plate Yard. The students next went to the inverter room, which converts D.C.
to
A.C. power, after visiting the solar plate yard. Students heard information
about about maintaining an inverter

pg. 3
OBJECTIVE OF THE SITE SURVEY
I. Understand different terminology used in solar system.
II. Understand difference between solar cell,solar module and solar
array.
III. Design and structure of PV Module.
IV. PV module power output :I-V equation of PV Module.
V. Rating of PV Module.
VI. Effect of solar Irradiation/Temperature.
VII. Different terminologies used in the solar PV system
VIII. Differentiating between solar cells, solar modules, and solar arrays
IX. Examining the I-V and power curves of PV modules
X. Observing the effect of solar irradiation and temperature on
performance

pg. 4
DESIGN AND STRUCTURE OF MODULE

solar photovoltaic (PV) module is a device that converts sunlight directly into
electricity through the photovoltaic effect. Its design and structure are
meticulously engineered to maximize efficiency, durability, and reliability. A
typical solar PV module comprises multiple solar cells, which are
semiconductor devices—often made of silicon—capable of generating
electrical current when exposed to light. These cells are interconnected and
encapsulated in a protective material, such as ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA),
ensuring mechanical integrity and environmental resistance. The front surface
of the module is covered with a high-transparency tempered glass, which
enhances durability.

The back sheet provides insulation and protects against moisture infiltration,
maintaining the module's long-term performance. A sturdy aluminum frame
surrounds the module, offering mechanical strength and facilitating secure
mounting. Electrical connections within the module are managed through
busbars and conductive materials that optimize current flow while reducing
resistive losses.
pg. 5
EXAMINING I-V AND POWER CURVE OF
PV MODULES

The Solar Cell I-V Characteristic Curves shows the current and voltage (I- V)
characteristics of a particular photovoltaic (PV) cell, module or array. It gives a
detailed description of its solar energy conversion ability and efficiency.
Knowing the electrical I-V characteristics (more importantly Pmax) of a solar
cell, or panel is critical in determining the device's output performance and
solar efficiency. Photovoltaic solar cells convert the suns radiant light directly
into electricity. With increasing demand for a clean energy source and the
sun's potential as a free energy source, has made solar energy conversion as
part of a mixture of renewable energy sources increasingly important. As a
result, the demand for efficient solar cells, which convert sunlight directly into
electricity, is growing faster than ever before. Photovoltaic (PV) cells are made
made almost entirely from semiconductor silicon that has been processed into
an extremely pure crystalline material which absorbs the photons from
sunlight.The photons hit the sillicon atoms releasing electrons causing an
electric current to flow when the photoconductive cell is connected to an
external load. For example, a battery.

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ [I-V Equation]

pg. 6
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SOLAR CELL, SOLAR MODULE & SOLAR
ARRAY AND TERMINOLOGIES

Solar Cells Solar Modules Solar Arrays


Basic photovoltaic unit that Single semiconductor device Used individually in small
converts sunlight into (e.g., silicon wafer) electronic devices
electricity
Collection of interconnected Multiple solar cells, Used in residential,
solar cells encapsulated for protective glass, frame, and commercial, and industrial
protection and durability backsheet solar panels
Combination of multiple Multiple solar modules Used in large-scale solar
solar modules wired together farms, rooftops, and utility
interconnected to generate power generation
higher power output
Fragile and needs protection Encapsulated with glass and Designed for stability with
frame mounting structures
Used individually or Can be scaled up with Large-scale installation for
combined in modules multiple modules high power demand
Individual unit Cells connected in series or Modules interconnected to
parallel form an electrical system

TERMINOLOGIES

Short Circuit Current (Isc) :


The short circuit current I corresponds to the short circuit condition when the
impedance is low and is calculated when the voltage equals to 0.

Open Circuit Voltage (Voc):


The open circuit voltage (V) occurs when there is no current passing through
the cell.

Maximum power operating current (Imp):


It is the maximum current specified in Amperes and generated by a cell or
module corresponding to the maximum power point on the array’s current–
voltage (I-V) curve.

Rated maximum power voltage (Vmp):


It corresponds to the maximum power point on the array’s current–voltage
(I-V) curve.
SAMPLE RATING OF PV MODULE
pg. 7
EFFECT OF SOLAR IRRADIATION AND TEMPERATURE ON
pg. 8
PERFORMANCE
There are various factors that can influence the performance of solar PV
modules, including temperature and irradiance.The open circuit voltage of a
PV module varies with cell temperature. As the temperature increases, due to
environmental changes or heat generated by internal power dissipation during
energy production, the open circuit voltage (Voc) decreases. This in turn
reduces the power output. The design of a solar PV system must take into
account the PV module temperature coefficient, comparing the expected
average cell temperature in its operational environment, against the STC data
used to calculate the module output.
about maintaining an inverter.

Fig: Effect of Temperature on power Fig: Effect of Irradiation on power generation by


generation by Solar cell Solar c

pg. 9
BYPASS AND BLOCING DIODE
Installed across individual solar cells or sections of a module, bypass diodes
allow current to bypass shaded or damaged cells. This prevents power loss due
to partial shading and minimizes the risk of hotspots, which could degrade the
module over time. Without these diodes, shaded cells could act as resistors,
reducing the module’s overall efficiency.

PARTIAL SHADING

Partial shading occurs when some solar cells in a photovoltaic (PV) module
receive less sunlight due to obstructions like trees, buildings, dirt, or debris.
This reduces power output, as shaded cells create resistance and act as loads
rather than generators. Bypass diodes help mitigate shading effects by
allowing current to flow around affected cells, preventing significant efficiency
losses.

pg. 10
INVERTER INFORMATION

In a grid-connected solar PV system, the inverter converts DC electricity from


solar panels into AC power compatible with the grid. It ensures
synchronization with grid voltage and frequency, enabling efficient energy
transfer. Modern inverters also provide maximum power point tracking
(MPPT), remote monitoring, and safety features like anti-islanding protection
to enhance system reliability and performance.

NET METERING

Net metering is a billing mechanism that allows solar PV system owners to


send excess electricity generated back to the grid in exchange for credits.
When the solar panels produce more power than is needed, the surplus is fed
into the grid, and the utility company compensates the user, often by
offsetting future electricity bills. This system promotes renewable energy
adoption by reducing electricity costs and ensuring optimal use of solar power
while maintaining grid connectivity. The user can draw power from the grid,
using the earned credits to balance consumption

pg. 11
GRID-CONNECTED SOLAR PV SYSTEM

 As the name suggests, a grid-connected solar PV system is connected


with nearby available electricity grid.
 In this way, the generated electricity is feed into the grid.
 No battery storage is used in this case.
 But conversion of DC electricity generated by solar PV modules into AC
electricity is required before feeding to the grid.
 A typical arrangement of grid-connected solar PV systems is shown in
Figure
 This type of PV system configuration is used in India for large scale (MW
level) solar PV power plants. Electricity grid voltage and frequency are
well defined and, therefore, the PV electricity can be fed to electricity
grid only after proper power conditioning, i.e., converting PV generated
electricity to appropriate voltage and frequency level.
 Therefore, in the case of grid-connected solar PV system, the inverter
not only performs the function of DC to AC conversion but also performs
the function of grid synchronization which is related to bringing
generated PV energy to appropriate voltage and frequency level

pg. 12
DIFFERENCE IN STANDALONE AND GRID-CONNECTED SYSTEM

Aspect Standalone Grid connected


Power Source Operates independently Connected to the utility grid
without a grid connection for power exchange
Energy Storage Requires battery storage for Typically does not need
backup batteries; excess power is fed
to the grid
Reliability Provides power in remote More reliable as the grid
areas but depends on battery supplies power when solar
capacity generation is low
Cost Higher initial investment due Lower cost since no batteries
to batteries and storage are required, and utility
support is available
Usage Suitable for off-grid locations Ideal for urban settings where
like rural areas the grid is accessible
Excess Power Excess power is stored in Excess power is fed back to the
Handling batteries grid via net metering

Pros and cons of the standalone and grid connected system.


✅ Pros:
 Lower installation cost since batteries are optional.
 Excess energy can be fed into the grid, reducing electricity bills.
 Reliable power availability with grid support.
 No concerns about storage limitations or battery degradation.
 Easier maintenance compared to standalone systems.

❌Cons:
 Requires connection to a stable power grid.
 Grid outages impact system operation unless backup power is available.
 Net metering policies may vary, affecting financial savings.
 No complete energy independence; partial reliance on utilities

pg. 13
STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS

S.N. COMPONENTS STD. SPECIFICATON AS PER W.O. OBSERVATION/


REMARK
1. Solar PV modules The Modules shall contain (Solar PV) Crystalline Silicon ECE INDIA 335 Wp
Solar Cell
Modules and they must be IEC 61215/IS 14286 standard.
No. of Module (in Nos.) 328 Nos
SPV Module Capacity (in Wp) Project Capacity (in KW)
RFID Tag
Purchase Order of SPV modules (checking indigenous SPV
modules)
2. Module Hot dip galvanized MS mounting
Mounting structures may be used for mounting the modules/
structure panels/ arrays.
Minimum thickness of galvanization should be at least 120
microns.
3. Lightening Lightning protection should be provided as per IEC 62305 Yes
arrester standards.
4. Comprehensive Yes/No Yes
Maintenance
Contract (CMC)
5. Exact Geographic Longitude: 21.0516562
coordinates the of Latitude: 79.0600432
site.

pg. 14
POWER PLANT COMPONENT DESCRIPTION

S.N. Item Description


1. Solar Modules 335 Wp Poly Crystalline modules
2. Module Mounting Fixed Tilt angle of 17 Degree
Structure
3. Inverter Inverter for 100 kW
4. Combiner box Array Junction Boxes
5. Control panels LT (Low Tension) Panel
6. Cables PVC Copper Cables, Accessories for cable
interconnection, installation kit & conduits

pg. 15
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION

1. SOLAR PV PANELS

MAKE ECE INDIA


Model WS-335
Voltage (Open Circuit) 45.20
Short Circuit Current (Isc) in Amps 9.14
Voltage at maximum Power(Vmp) in Volts 36.70
Current at Maximum Power (Imp) in Amps 8.45
Maximum System Voltage in Volts 1000
Module Efficiency 15.98
Length X Width X Thickness 1960 X 990 X 40 22.50
Weight (kg) 22.50
Connector (Protection degree/ Type) IP67 rated/MC4
Compatible

2. INVERTER
MAKE K- Solar
Model ____
Max. DC Power (W) 130000
Max. AC Power 100000
AC Voltage Range (V) 420-440
Efficiency (%) 99.9
Over voltage protection YES
Over current Protection YES
Protection IP65
Topology Transformer less
Standard warranty [years] 5-10
Weight (kg) 69.5

pg. 16
3. MCB AC & DC
Electric Data
Max DC Voltage _____
Max. Input Current 130000
Nominal Grid Voltage 100000
Nominal Insulation Voltage 420-440
Nominal Grid Frequency 99.9
Max AC Output Current YES
AC Protection YES

Surge Protection AC SIDE DC SIDE


Experimental level II III
In (8/20 us) 20 KA /
Imax (8/20 us) 40 K A 10 KA
Max operation 500 V 275V
No. of poles 1P X2 2P

4. LIGHTING ARRESTER

Rating
Rated Voltage 12 KV

Continuous Operating Voltage 10KV


Nominal Discharge Current 5 KA
High current impulse withstand value, 4/10 us 100 KV
Type of materials & Grade of MOV Discs Zinc Oxide
Height of Lighting arrestor 1.2 Meter

pg. 17
DAY GENERATION ACCORDING TO MOBILE APP

pg. 18
WHAT WE LEARN?
Generation process: - We entered in to the plant we shown that there
was Thirty unit for producing electricity and capacity of this plant is 25
MW. There were all units are working at that time. The information
about plant which have been we got below

It is implementing solar photovoltaic technology-based power project in


Government college of Engineering Nagpur. The electricity generate
from the project activity would be supplied to the North-East-West-
North East (NEWNE) grid.

CONCLUSION

From the visit we get the information of the Solar power plant and
working of its. We get the practical knowledge for our future. We also
get information about the instrument which comes in our study in
future.

THANK YOU !!

SUBMITTED BY: SAHIL KHODAKE


BRANCH: ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION ENGGINEERING
ROLL NO: 37

pg. 19

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