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EE322
Analog & Digital Communication

Dr. Imran Javed

(Lecture 3)

Department of Electrical Engineering,

UET Lahore
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Fourier Series
• Fourier series is an important tool for frequency-domain analysis of
periodic signals
• It is an expansion of the signal in terms of a basis signals set. This
concept is similar to the expansion of vectors (in terms of unit vectors)
in Euclidean space
• Fourier series is useful as well to analyze the LTI systems
• Many building blocks in a communication system can be modeled by
LTI systems, e.g., basic components of transmitters/receivers such as
filters, amplifiers, equalizers, and a large class of communication
channels, etc.
• The basic idea is to express the input signal as a linear combination of
some basic signals whose output can be easily obtained, and then to
employ the linearity properties of the system to obtain the
corresponding output
• This approach is much easier than the direct computation of the
convolution integral involved in LTI systems
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Conditions for the existence of Fourier Series

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Orthogonal Vector Space

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Orthogonal Vector Space (cont’d)

• Same notation of completeness can be extended to signals

• a

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Trigonometric Fourier Series

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Trigonometric Fourier Series (cont’d)

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Trigonometric Fourier Series (cont’d)

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Trigonometric Fourier Series (cont’d)

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Fourier Series of Square Wave

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Compact Fourier Series

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Periodicity of Fourier Series

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Periodicity of Fourier Series (cont’d)

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Exponential Fourier Series

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Exponential Fourier Series (cont’d)

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Fourier Series for Real Signals

• For real x(t), the positive and negative coefficients are
conjugates

• Hence, magnitude spectrum has even symmetry i.e., 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑥−𝑛

• While phase spectrum has odd symmetry

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Fourier Series for Real Signals (cont’d)

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Relation between Exponential and

Trigonometric Fourier Series
∞

𝑥 𝑡 = ෍ 𝑥𝑛 𝑒 𝑗𝑛𝜔0 𝑡
𝑛=−∞
−1 ∞

= 𝑥0 + ෍ 𝑥𝑛 𝑒 𝑗𝑛𝜔0 𝑡 + ෍ 𝑥𝑛 𝑒 𝑗𝑛𝜔0 𝑡
𝑛=−∞ 𝑛=1
∞

= 𝑥0 + ෍ 𝑥−𝑛 𝑒 −𝑗𝑛𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝑥𝑛 𝑒 𝑗𝑛𝜔0 𝑡

𝑛=1
∞

= 𝑥0 + ෍ 𝑥−𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜔0 𝑡 − 𝑗 sin 𝑛𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝑥𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝑗 sin 𝑛𝜔0 𝑡

𝑛=1
∞

= 𝑥0 + ෍ 𝑥𝑛 + 𝑥−𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝑗 𝑥𝑛 − 𝑥−𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜔0 𝑡

𝑛=1
= 𝑎0 + σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜔0 𝑡

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Fourier Series for Real Signals (cont’d)

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Fourier-Series for Even and Odd Signals

• For even signals, we have 𝑏𝑛 =0 (𝑥𝑛 is real)

• For odd signals, we have 𝑎𝑛 =0 (𝑥𝑛 is imaginary)

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Response of LTI system to Periodic Signals

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Response of LTI system to Periodic Signals (cont’d)

• The preceding example shows that the response of an LTI
system to the complex exponential with frequency 𝑓0 is a
complex exponential with the same frequency 𝑓0 .
• The amplitude of the response can be obtained by multiplying
the amplitude of the input by 𝐻(𝑓0 ) , and its phase is obtained
by adding <H(𝑓0 ) to the input phase.
• Because of this property, complex exponentials are called
eigenfunctions of the class of LTI systems.
• The eigenfunctions of a system are the set of inputs for which
the output is a scaling of the input.
• Because of this important property, finding the response of LTI
systems to the class of complex exponential signals is
particularly simple; therefore, it is desirable to find ways to
express arbitrary signals in terms of complex exponentials
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Response of LTI system to Periodic Signals (cont’d)

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