PSAD - Principle of Structural Analysis and Design

Steel Design Formula

● Purlins

Spacing Process:
1. Solve weight (Wy and Wx).
2. Solve for Moment (Mx and My).
w/o sag rod w/ 1 sag rod w/ 2 sag rod

Mx W y L² W y L² W y L²
8 8 9

My W x L² W x L² W x L²
8 32 90

3. Solve for fbx and fby.

Mx
● fbx =
Sx
My
● fby =
Sy

Since there are 3 loadings (Weight of purlins, Dead plus

Live Loads, and Windload) exist in purlins, solve each
loadings separately using the given process (1-3)

fbx fby
4. + =1
Fbx Fby

Bending Stress Fb = Σfbx + Σfby

● Welded Connection

Load based on Direct Shear P

Ry =
Ly

Resultant Load Based on Process:

Eccentric Load 1. M = Pe
ML y M
2. Rx = or
L y ³ /3 Sy
3. R = √ ❑

Load based on Thickness of R = 0.707FvtL

Weld

● Bolts/Bolted Connection

Shear on Bolts P
fv =
nAb

Tension on Net Area P

ft(net) =
Anet
A(net) = (Σx + ndh)t
 Tension on Gross Area P
ft(gross) =
Ag
Ag = Σx(t)

Bearing Stress fp = P/ndt

Plate Thickness t = √❑
where:
P
● fp =
A
● Fb = 0.75Fy
● If I beam stands vertically on plate,
B
x= - k, where k is ½ of thickness of web
2
● If I beam stands horizontally on plate
B
x=
4

Yielding Stress

Radius of Curvature EI
R=
M

Angle of Sector 180° L

θ=
πR

● Retaining Walls

Shear Force γkh ²

Fa = (Area of triangle)
2

Shearing and Bending Stress Used the standard formula

(Used b as 1m or 1000mm)

Thickness of plank/wood/etc Minimum thickness (used larger value)

Maximum thickness (used least value)

● Sectional Properties

Elastic Section Modulus I

S=
c

Parallel Axis Theorem I = I(centroid) + Ad²

where d is the distance from the respective axis

● Basic Flexure Theory

Flexural/Bending/Tensile Stress Mc
fb =
I
M
fb =
S

Flexural/Horizontal Shear Stress

fv =
VQ
¿
Solving for Q:
 1. Cut the I beam at the center horizontally.
2. Modify the distances at the neutral axis.
3. Determine the centroids of shape/s.
4. Q = A1y1c + A2y2c + …

Average Web Shear Stress V

fv =
dtw

● Columns

Radius of Gyration r = √❑

Slenderness Ratio kL
SR =
r

Critical Slenderness Ratio kl

SR =
r
where SR = 200

Load Based on NSCP 2001

Cc = √ ❑

● If kL/r < Cc, used this process.

kL/r
1. α =
Cc
5 3α α³
2. FS = + -
3 8 8
3. Allowable Stress
α ² Fy
Fa = (1 - )( )
2 FS
P
4. Fa =
Ag

Based on NSCP 2015

Compressive Stress
π²E
● Fa =
(kL /r) ²
Load
π ² EI
● P=
(kL) ²

Spiral and Tied Column

Columns φ Pn

Spiral 0.75 0.85Po

Tied 0.65 0.80Po

Where Po = 0.85f’c(Ag - Ast) + AstFy

● Beam

Nominal Shear Strength Vn = 0.6FyAwCv (Section 507.2.1)

● Length Factor
 Effective length factor I
(B first letter, A second letter)
Σ( ) y
L
G=
I
Ex: Column DA Σ( ) x
L
where GB and GA are given in alignment chart

Length Development of
Deformed Bars in Tension
(Codes are given in the actual
board exam)

Length Development of
Deformed Bars in Compression
(Codes are given in the actual
board exam)

Length Development of Standard

Hooks in Tension
(Codes are given in the actual
board exam)

Reinforced Concrete Design Formula

● Slabs

One Way Slab Process:

(For solving moment) 1. Determine effective depth (d).
2. Used base (b) = 1 m or 1000 mm.
3. Assume steel yields (sa past board exam
questions laging steel yields)
4. s = 1000Ab/As
5. ΣFx = 0
T = Cc
AsFy = 0.85f'cab (unknown is a)
Ab
6. s = 1000
As
7. Solving for the Nominal Moment.
a
Mn = T(d - )
2
a
Mn = AsFy(d - )
2
8. Solving for the Ultimate/Design Moment.
Mu = φMn, where φ = 0.90

One Way Slab Process:

(For solving spacing) 1. Determine effective depth.
 db
d = t - cc -
2
2. Used base (b) = 1m or 1000 mm.
Mu
3. Rn =
φbd
f 'c
4. ρ = (0.85 )(1 - √ ❑)
fy
1.4
5. Compare ρ to ρmin = . Use the greater value of
Fy
ρ.
6. As = ρbd
Ab
7. s = 1000
As

One Way Slab Using NSCP Note:

Coefficients ● Ln is the average of two clear spans for negative
moment.
(If loading are in kPa or kN/m², 1.15W u L n
multiply it on its tributary ● Vu = if facing outer or external support
2
spacing) W uLn
Vu = if facing interior support
2
● Tributary Spacing - the
average of spacing of 2
columns.

(Actually the figure on the right

side is given on the actual board
exam, but in the form of a
tabular view.)

Maximum Spacing Smax = 3t

(According to NSCP Section 407.7.5)

● Beams

Cracking Moment (Modulus of Choose lowest value between,

Rupture)
● f r = 0.7√ ❑

● f r = 0.7(1.8 f ct ¿

Singly Reinforced Beam If the unknown in the problem is the number of bars or
(Never nagbigay si Ma'am Praxy diameter of bars.
ng DRB sa boards kasi sobrang Process:
haba haha) 1. Calculate Mu if not given.
Mu
2. Rn =
φbd
 f 'c
3. ρ = (0.85 )(1 - √ ❑)
fy
1.4
4. Compare ρ to ρmin = . Use the greater value of
Fy
ρ.
5. As = ρbd
As
6. n =
Ab

If the unknown is the nominal/design moment.

Process 1:
Necessary formula:
● a = β1c
d−c
● fs = 600
c
c−d '
● fs' = 600
c

1. Solve for c. Assume fs = fy.

2. ΣFx = 0
T = Cc + Cs
AsFy = 0.85f'cab + A'sfs' (Substitute all the
necessary formulas from above)
3. Check if assumptions are correct.
● fs > fy , ok!

● fs' < fy, ok!

(If assumption/s is failed, used Process 2)
4. Solve for a.
a = β1c
5. Solving for the Nominal Moment.
a
Mn = Cc(d - ) + Cs(d - d')
2
a
Mn = 0.85f'cab(d - ) + A'sfs'(d -d')
2
6. Solving for the Ultimate/Design Moment.
Mu = φMn, where φ = 0.90

Process 2:
1. Solve for c.
ΣFx = 0
T = Cc + Cs
AsFs = 0.85f'cab + A'sfs' (Substitute all the
necessary formulas from above)
2. Solve for a.
a = β1c
3. Solving for the Nominal Moment.
a
Mn = Cc(d - ) + Cs(d - d')
2
a
Mn = 0.85f'cab(d - ) + A'sfs'(d -d')
2
4. Solving for the Ultimate/Design Moment.
Mu = φMn, where φ = 0.90
 Doubly Reinforced Beam

Width or Base of the beam bw = 2cc + 2ds + ndb + nx

According to NSCP 2015, x value is the greatest of the
following.
4
1.
3 dagg
2. db
3. 25mm

Solving for "a" distance between db

double layers of bars a = 25 + 2( )
2

● Shear of Beams

Shear (Common Solution) Manipulate the formula based on the unknown.

1. Shear Capacity of Concrete
Vc = Fvbd (If allowable shear is given. If not, use
this one.)
Vc = 0.17λ√ ❑bd
2. Shear Strength of Concrete
A v F yh d
Vs = (If number of stirrups or lateral bars
s
are not given, always use 2 bars for the factor of
A v)
3. Nominal Strength of Concrete
Vn = Vc + Vs
4. Design/Ultimate Strength of Concrete
Vu = φVn (where φ = 0.75 according to NSCP
2015)

Shear (If there is Axial Load) Nu

Based on the Board Exam, Vc = 0.17λ(1 + )√ ❑
14 Ag
NSCP Codes are given for this.

Spacing From Common Solution:

● Used the formula of Vs.
● Value for spacing is rounded down.

Maximum spacing is unknown:

● If Vs < Vc, least of…
d
a.
2
b. 600mm

● If Vs > Vc, least of…

d
a.
4
b. 300mm

Required Spacing (Due to n Ab Av n A t

Torsion and Shear) = +
s required s s
 Maximum Shear Strength VUmax = φ(Vc + 0.67f’cbd)

● Columns

Tied Columns ● Reduction Factor

φ = 0.65
● Ast = ρAg (where Ag depends on the area of the
given shape)
● Nominal Load
Pn = 0.8(0.85f'c(Ag - Ast) + AstFy)
● Ultimate Load
Pu = φPn

Spiral Columns ● Reduction Factor

φ = 0.75
● Ast = ρAg (where Ag depends on the area of the
given shape)
● Nominal Load
Pn = 0.85(0.85f'c(Ag - Ast) + AstFy)
● Ultimate Load
Pu = φPn

Rn (commonly given in the Interaction Pn e

Diagram)
f ' c Ag h

Kn (commonly given in the Pn

Interaction Diagram)
f ' c Ag
Wide Beam Shear/One Way Use ∅ =0.85 .
a. Determine Pu (Load, kN) if not given.
b. Solve for qu (kN /m 2).
Pu
q u=
Af
c. Solve for Vu (shear, kN).
V u=qu A
where A is the area of the gray space of the figure
on the left side.
A wide beam shear =Bx
d. Solve for nominal wide beam shear stress.
Vu
v u=
∅ bd

Shear
Punching Shear or Two a. Determine Pu (Load, kN) if not given.
b. Solve for qu (kN /m 2).
Pu
q u=
Af
c. Solve for Vu (shear, kN).
V u=qu A
where A is the area of the gray space of the figure
on the left side.
Acolumn = A outer − Ainner
Way Shear Ainner = ( c +d )2
d. Solve for nominal punching shear stress.
Vu
v u=
∅ bo d
Where b o is the perimeter of the column.
b o=4 ¿)

Wide beam shear stress due to a. Solve for qu (kN /m 2).

Axial Load and Moment −Pu 6 M
q u= ± 2
Af LB

Solving q u 3 , use ratio and proportion.

b. Solve for Vu (shear, kN) using an area of

trapezoid.
c. Solve for nominal wide beam shear stress.
Vu
v u=
bd
Wide Beam Shear on If two load combinations are present.
● Due to Dead + Live Load.
Reaction of Pile Due to Load Reaction of Pile Due to Moment

Pu 1 = 1.4 D L + 1.7 L L M u1 = 0

P where n, is the total number of

Rp = u1 piles.
n

● Due to Dead + Live + Earthquake Load.

Reaction of Pile Due to Load Reaction of Pile Due to Moment

Pu 2 = 1.32 D L + 1.1 L L + 1.1 M u 2 = 1.1 M u

EL
P P M
Rp1 = u2 Rp2 = u2 + u2 X
n n Iy
V u 1 = nR p 1 V u2 = nR p2

If critical wide beam shear, choose the largest value V u.

Solve for nominal punching shear stress.
Vu
Piles v u=
bd

Moment at Critical Section M = Pu x m

Punching Shear on If two load combinations are present.

Piles
● Due to Dead + Live Load.
Reaction of Pile Due to Load Reaction of Pile Due to Moment

Pu 1 = 1.4 D L + 1.7 L L −¿
P −¿
Rp = u1
n
V u = nR p −¿
where n, is the number of piles
outside the punching area.

● Due to Dead + Live + Earthquake Load.

Reaction of Pile Due to Load Reaction of Pile Due to Moment

Pu 2 = 1.32 D L + 1.1 L L + 1.1 −¿

EL
P −¿
Rp1 = u2
n
 V u 1 = Pu 2 - R p 1 −¿

If critical wide beam shear, choose the largest value V u.

Solve for nominal punching shear stress.
Vu
v u=
∅ bo d
Where b o is the perimeter of the column.
b o=4 ¿)
MSTE - Mathematics, Surveying and Transportation Engineering (na wala sa notecards)

● Roads and Transportation Engineering

Impact Factor v²
If =
gR
where,
● v = velocity (m/s)
● g = gravity
● R = radius

Braking Distance v²
BD =
2 g(u+G)
where,
● u = coefficient of friction
● G = grade

Thickness of Pavement (Due to Bearing) t = √❑ - r

where,
● W = force
● Fp = bearing capacity
● r = radius

Thickness of Pavement (Due to Tensile) t = √❑

without dowels

Thickness of Pavement at the Edge with t =√ ❑

Dowels

Thickness of Pavement at the Center with t = √❑

Dowels

Frog Number θ
Fn = 0.5cot( )
2

Period 2π
T=
√❑
where,
● ρ = density of liquid in kg/m³
● A = cross-sectional area in m²
● M = mass in kg

Accident Rate Per Million Accident x 10⁶

AR =
ADT (365 n)

Elevation/Superelevation v²
e+f=
127 R
where,
● v = design speed in kph
● R = radius in meters

Arc Basis (Radius of Curve) 3600

R=
πD egree

Time of Oscillation of Pendulum 2π

t=
√❑
where,
● L = length

Headway Capacity ML
h=
RP
 where,
● M = maximum seating capacity
● L = Load Factor
● R = Ratio of Passenger
● P = Passenger per hour

Steepness H
S=
L
where,
● H = Height of wave
● L = Length of wave

Deep Water Wave Speed If d 0.5/,

2πv² = gλ
where,
● λ = wavelength

Tidal Range tr = HWL - LWL

Gravity Sheet Pile RWL = LWL - (⅓)tr

Quay Sheet Pile RWL = LWL - (⅔)tr

● Construction Engineering
Limit Economic Haul LEH = FDH + EOH
where,
● FDH = free haul distance
● EOH = economic overhaul

Cost of Borrow
EOH =
Cost of Overhaul
where,
● Cost of Borrow = Cb x 20
(1 station = 20 meters)

Compact Volume CV = Bank Volume x Shrinkage Factor

where,
● BV = Loose Volume x Load Factor
Wt of Loose
● Load Factor =
Wt of Bank
1
Load Factor =
(1+ Swell)
Wt of Bank
● Swell = -1
Wt of Loose
Wt of Bank
● SF = 1 -
Wt of Compact

Effective Grade Percentage Rolling Resistance Factor

EG = Grade +
10

Total Resistance TR = Rolling Resistance + Grade Resistance

where,
● Rolling Resistance = Rolling
Resistance Factor x Vehicle Wt.
(tons)
● RRF = 20 + 6 x penetration
● Grade Resistance = Grade
Resistance Factor x Vehicle Wt.
 (tons)
● GRF = 10 x penetration

Air Voids (%) Gmax−G bulk

AV = x 100
G max