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PERA NOTES

Punjab Enforcement and Regulation Act 2024

1.​ What is the official title of the Act mentioned in the document?​

a) Punjab Regulation and Compliance Act 2024​

b) Punjab Enforcement and Regulation Act 2024​

c) Punjab Legal Enforcement Act 2024​

d) Punjab Public Administration Act 2024​

Answer: b) Punjab Enforcement and Regulation Act 2024

2.​ To which geographical area does the Act extend?​

a) Punjab and Sindh​

b) Only major cities of Punjab​

c) Whole of Punjab​

d) Only rural areas of Punjab​

Answer: c) Whole of Punjab

3.​ Who is responsible for establishing the Punjab Enforcement and Regulatory

Authority?​

a) Supreme Court of Pakistan​

b) Government of Punjab​

c) National Assembly​

d) Punjab Bar Council​

Answer: b) Government of Punjab

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4.​ Under which section of the Act is the Punjab Enforcement and Regulatory Authority

established?​

a) Section 2​

b) Section 3​

c) Section 10​

d) Section 12​

Answer: b) Section 3

5.​ Who appoints the Authorized Officer under the Act?​

a) Punjab Bar Council​

b) Supreme Court​

c) Authority​

d) Federal Government​

Answer: c) Authority

6.​ What does "Assets" refer to in this Act?​

a) Only movable property​

b) Only immovable property​

c) All movable and immovable properties of a defaulter or his dependents​

d) Government-owned properties only​

Answer: c) All movable and immovable properties of a defaulter or his dependents

7.​ What is the function of the "Board" as defined in the Act?​

a) Legislative drafting​

b) Managing state property​

c) Law enforcement and regulation at the district level​

d) Issuing judicial verdicts​

Answer: c) Law enforcement and regulation at the district level

8.​ Who is the head of the Authority?​

a) Director General​

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b) Chief Justice​

c) Chairperson​

d) Magistrate​

Answer: c) Chairperson

9.​ What is the role of a "Sergeant" under the Act?​

a) Investigation​

b) Regulatory enforcement​

c) Issuing licenses​

d) Auditing financial records​

Answer: b) Regulatory enforcement

10.​What does the term "Enforcement" include under this Act?​

a) Issuing licenses and permits​

b) Financial auditing​

c) Compelling compliance with the Act and Scheduled laws​

d) Regulating banking transactions​

Answer: c) Compelling compliance with the Act and Scheduled laws

11.​What does "EPO" stand for under the Act?​

a) Emergency Prevention Order​

b) Emergency Protection Order​

c) Emergency Prohibition Order​

d) Emergency Procurement Order​

Answer: c) Emergency Prohibition Order

12.​Who determines the enforcement costs under the Act?​

a) The Court​

b) The Government​

c) The Hearing Officer​

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d) The Enforcement Officer​

Answer: c) The Hearing Officer

13.​What is the function of an "Enforcement Officer"?​

a) Monitoring public grievances​

b) Enforcing the provisions of the Act​

c) Conducting training for law enforcement​

d) Financial auditing of state property​

Answer: b) Enforcing the provisions of the Act

14.​What is meant by "Illegal Occupier" under the Act?​

a) Any trespasser on State property​

b) A temporary occupant of government land​

c) A person awaiting legal ownership documents​

d) A foreigner staying in Punjab without permission​

Answer: a) Any trespasser on State property

15.​What is the purpose of the "Grievance Redressal Commissioner"?​

a) Handling court cases​

b) Managing public grievances related to enforcement and regulation​

c) Conducting inspections of businesses​

d) Issuing property ownership certificates​

Answer: b) Managing public grievances related to enforcement and regulation

16.​What does the "Fund" under the Act refer to?​

a) Government’s general budget​

b) Punjab Enforcement and Regulatory Authority Fund​

c) Private sector investment fund​

d) Social welfare fund​

Answer: b) Punjab Enforcement and Regulatory Authority Fund

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17.​Who is responsible for investigating violations under this Act?​

a) Authorized Officer​

b) Magistrate​

c) Investigation Officer​

d) Chairperson of the Authority​

Answer: c) Investigation Officer

18.​What does "Whistle-blower" mean under this Act?​

a) A person who files a public complaint against another citizen​

b) A person who informs the Authority about an actual or suspected violation​

c) A lawyer advocating against the Act​

d) A government official responsible for regulation​

Answer: b) A person who informs the Authority about an actual or suspected

violation

19.​Which entity is defined as the "Custodian of the State property"?​

a) Any government employee​

b) The officer responsible for managing, maintaining, and protecting State property​

c) The Chief Minister of Punjab​

d) The Punjab Revenue Department​

Answer: b) The officer responsible for managing, maintaining, and protecting State

property

20.​What does "Scheduled laws" refer to in this Act?​

a) The Constitution of Pakistan​

b) Laws mentioned in the Schedule of the Act​

c) Laws that apply only to major cities​

d) Unwritten legal customs​

Answer: b) Laws mentioned in the Schedule of the Act

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21.​What does "Public Place" include under this Act?​

a) Private property​

b) Streets, highways, schools, hospitals, and public offices​

c) Commercial businesses only​

d) Parks and recreational areas​

Answer: b) Streets, highways, schools, hospitals, and public offices

22.​Who constitutes the "Selection Panel" under this Act?​

a) Members appointed by the Authority​

b) Parliament members​

c) Supreme Court judges​

d) Business professionals​

Answer: a) Members appointed by the Authority

23.​Under the Act, who is responsible for issuing "Notices"?​

a) Court of Session​

b) Enforcement Officer​

c) Prosecutor​

d) Any government official​

Answer: b) Enforcement Officer

24.​What is the main function of an "Enforcement Station"?​

a) A station for processing land revenue payments​

b) A designated place for enforcing the Act at the sub-division level​

c) A court for handling property disputes​

d) A monitoring station for construction projects​

Answer: b) A designated place for enforcing the Act at the sub-division level

25.​Who can issue a "Reference" under this Act?​

a) Any citizen​

b) A Department reporting a violation to the Authority​

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c) A foreign agency​

d) Only the Supreme Court​

Answer: b) A Department reporting a violation to the Authority

26.​What does "Encroachment" refer to under this Act?​

a) Unauthorized interference with State property​

b) Leasing State land legally​

c) Expanding private property legally​

d) Purchasing land from the government​

Answer: a) Unauthorized interference with State property

27.​What is the function of a "Hearing Officer"?​

a) Conducting hearings for offences under the Act​

b) Issuing building permits​

c) Managing tax collection​

d) Reviewing parliamentary laws​

Answer: a) Conducting hearings for offences under the Act

28.​Who can impose a "Penalty" under the Act?​

a) The Authority or a Court​

b) Local police officers​

c) Any citizen​

d) District Commissioner​

Answer: a) The Authority or a Court

29.​Who is defined as an "Offender" under this Act?​

a) Any government employee​

b) A person violating provisions of the Act​

c) Only those committing financial crimes​

d) Only those involved in land disputes​

Answer: b) A person violating provisions of the Act

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30.​What is the role of the "Prosecutor" under this Act?​

a) Defending accused persons​

b) Conducting criminal prosecutions under the Act​

c) Monitoring land records​

d) Issuing regulations for business operations​

Answer: b) Conducting criminal prosecutions under the Act

Chapter I: Preliminary

1.​ What is the short title of the Act?​

a) Punjab Regulation and Control Act 2024​

b) Punjab Law Enforcement Act 2024​

c) Punjab Enforcement and Regulation Act 2024​

d) Punjab Administrative Act 2024​

Answer: c) Punjab Enforcement and Regulation Act 2024

2.​ The Punjab Enforcement and Regulation Act 2024 extends to:​

a) Only Lahore​

b) Whole of Punjab​

c) Selected districts of Punjab​

d) Federal and provincial territories​

Answer: b) Whole of Punjab

3.​ Who has the authority to specify the commencement date and applicable area of the

Act?​

a) Chief Justice of Punjab​

b) Chief Minister of Punjab​

c) Government of Punjab​

d) Punjab High Court​

Answer: c) Government of Punjab

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4.​ The term “Authority” in the Act refers to:​

a) Punjab Law Commission​

b) Punjab Enforcement and Regulatory Authority​

c) Punjab Home Department​

d) Punjab Law and Order Commission​

Answer: b) Punjab Enforcement and Regulatory Authority

5.​ What does “Encroachment” include?​

a) Any interference with State property​

b) Unauthorized structures or movable objects on State property​

c) Both a & b​

d) None of the above​

Answer: c) Both a & b

6.​ The “Board” under the Act refers to:​

a) Punjab Revenue Board​

b) District Enforcement and Regulatory Board​

c) Provincial Public Safety Board​

d) Local Government Development Board​

Answer: b) District Enforcement and Regulatory Board

7.​ Who is responsible for managing and protecting State property?​

a) Magistrate​

b) Director General​

c) Custodian of the State Property​

d) Hearing Officer​

Answer: c) Custodian of the State Property

8.​ Illegal Occupier under the Act refers to:​

a) A person trespassing on State property​

b) A lessee continuing occupation after lease expiry​

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c) An allottee staying beyond cancellation of allotment​

d) All of the above​

Answer: d) All of the above

9.​ The “EPO” in the Act stands for:​

a) Emergency Police Operation​

b) Emergency Property Ordinance​

c) Emergency Prohibition Order​

d) Emergency Public Order​

Answer: c) Emergency Prohibition Order

10.​The term “Offender” under the Act refers to:​

a) A person accused of an offence​

b) A person reasonably suspected of committing an offence​

c) Both a & b​

d) None of the above​

Answer: c) Both a & b

Chapter II: Establishment of Punjab Enforcement & Regulatory Authority

11.​The Punjab Enforcement and Regulatory Authority is established by:​

a) Notification in the official Gazette​

b) Presidential order​

c) High Court directive​

d) Provincial Assembly vote​

Answer: a) Notification in the official Gazette

12.​The headquarters of the Punjab Enforcement and Regulatory Authority is located

in:​

a) Rawalpindi​
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b) Islamabad​

c) Lahore​

d) Faisalabad​

Answer: c) Lahore

13.​Which of the following is a power of the Authority?​

a) Enter into contracts​

b) Acquire or dispose of property​

c) Sue or be sued​

d) All of the above​

Answer: d) All of the above

14.​Who is the Chairperson of the Authority?​

a) Chief Minister of Punjab​

b) Chief Secretary of Punjab​

c) Director General of the Authority​

d) Home Secretary​

Answer: a) Chief Minister of Punjab

15.​Who serves as the Vice Chairperson of the Authority?​

a) Senior Member, Board of Revenue​

b) Chief Secretary, Punjab​

c) Secretary, Finance Department​

d) Secretary, Home Department​

Answer: b) Chief Secretary, Punjab

16.​How many independent members are appointed in the Authority?​

a) Two​

b) Three​

c) Four​

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d) Five​

Answer: c) Four

17.​The Selection Panel is responsible for:​

a) Appointing independent members​

b) Reviewing government policies​

c) Conducting criminal investigations​

d) Auditing financial records​

Answer: a) Appointing independent members

18.​How many members from the Provincial Assembly of Punjab are nominated to the

Authority?​

a) Two​

b) Three​

c) Four​

d) Five​

Answer: b) Three

19.​One of the Provincial Assembly members nominated to the Authority must be:​

a) A retired government officer​

b) A female member​

c) A lawyer​

d) An independent candidate​

Answer: b) A female member

20.​Who is responsible for law enforcement operations under the Act?​

a) Magistrates​

b) Punjab Police​

c) Enforcement Officers​

d) Prosecutors​

Answer: c) Enforcement Officers

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General Questions

21.​The Enforcement Station is established at the:​

a) District level​

b) Tehsil level​

c) Sub-division level​

d) Union council level​

Answer: c) Sub-division level

22.​The Director General of the Authority serves as the:​

a) Chairperson​

b) Vice Chairperson​

c) Member/Secretary​

d) Investigation Officer​

Answer: c) Member/Secretary

23.​The Hearing Officer is responsible for:​

a) Imposing penalties​

b) Conducting inquiries​

c) Reviewing enforcement costs​

d) All of the above​

Answer: d) All of the above

24.​The Fund under the Act is called:​

a) Punjab Regulatory and Development Fund​

b) Punjab Enforcement and Regulatory Authority Fund​

c) Punjab Law Enforcement Fund​

d) Government Protection Fund​

Answer: b) Punjab Enforcement and Regulatory Authority Fund

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25.​Whistle-blowers under the Act:​

a) Report violations in the public interest​

b) Are punished for exposing corruption​

c) Work only for the government​

d) Need to disclose their identity​

Answer: a) Report violations in the public interest

26.​The Emergency Prohibition Order (EPO) is issued under the Act to:​

a) Protect State property​

b) Stop unlawful occupation​

c) Prevent illegal activities​

d) All of the above​

Answer: d) All of the above

27.​What is the role of the Custodian of the State Property?​

a) Manage and protect State property​

b) Sell encroached land​

c) Distribute government property​

d) Demolish private properties​

Answer: a) Manage and protect State property

28.​Which entity is responsible for criminal prosecution under the Act?​

a) Punjab Police​

b) Public Prosecution Department​

c) Enforcement Board​

d) Home Department​

Answer: b) Public Prosecution Department

29.​What is Enforcement Cost?​

a) Cost imposed on the offender for violation​

b) The penalty for non-compliance​

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c) The fee for legal services​

d) None of the above​

Answer: a) Cost imposed on the offender for violation

30.​The Act applies to which of the following entities?​

a) Local government bodies​

b) Autonomous bodies​

c) Semi-government entities​

d) All of the above​

Answer: d) All of the above

Chapter II: Establishment of Punjab Enforcement & Regulatory Authority

1.​ The Punjab Enforcement and Regulatory Authority is established by:​

a) Presidential order​

b) High Court directive​

c) Provincial Assembly vote​

d) Notification in the official Gazette​

Answer: d) Notification in the official Gazette

2.​ The Punjab Enforcement and Regulatory Authority is a:​

a) Government department​

b) Private regulatory agency​

c) Body corporate​

d) Law enforcement unit​

Answer: c) Body corporate

3.​ The headquarters of the Authority shall be located in:​

a) Rawalpindi​

b) Islamabad​

c) Lahore​
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d) Faisalabad​

Answer: c) Lahore

4.​ The Authority has the power to:​

a) Enter into contracts​

b) Acquire or dispose of property​

c) Sue or be sued​

d) All of the above​

Answer: d) All of the above

5.​ Who is the Chairperson of the Authority?​

a) Chief Minister of Punjab​

b) Chief Secretary of Punjab​

c) Director General of the Authority​

d) Home Secretary​

Answer: a) Chief Minister of Punjab

6.​ Who serves as the Vice Chairperson of the Authority?​

a) Secretary, Finance Department​

b) Chief Secretary, Punjab​

c) Senior Member, Board of Revenue​

d) Secretary, Home Department​

Answer: b) Chief Secretary, Punjab

7.​ The Authority consists of how many independent members?​

a) Two​

b) Three​

c) Four​

d) Five​

Answer: c) Four

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8.​ Who is responsible for appointing independent members?​

a) Chief Minister​

b) Punjab Assembly​

c) Selection Panel​

d) Enforcement Board​

Answer: c) Selection Panel

9.​ How many members from the Provincial Assembly of Punjab are nominated to the

Authority?​

a) Two​

b) Three​

c) Four​

d) Five​

Answer: b) Three

10.​One of the Provincial Assembly members nominated to the Authority must be:​

a) A retired government officer​

b) A female member​

c) A lawyer​

d) An independent candidate​

Answer: b) A female member

11.​The Director General of the Authority serves as the:​

a) Chairperson​

b) Vice Chairperson​

c) Member/Secretary​

d) Investigation Officer​

Answer: c) Member/Secretary

12.​The Secretary of which department is NOT part of the Authority?​

a) Finance Department​

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b) Home Department​

c) Education Department​

d) Law and Parliamentary Affairs Department​

Answer: c) Education Department

13.​The Authority may establish regional offices in:​

a) Islamabad​

b) Any area deemed appropriate​

c) Only district capitals​

d) Only provincial headquarters​

Answer: b) Any area deemed appropriate

14.​The Authority is primarily responsible for:​

a) Regulating the private sector​

b) Enforcing state property regulations​

c) Managing educational policies​

d) Supervising law enforcement agencies​

Answer: b) Enforcing state property regulations

15.​The Authority can sue or be sued under its:​

a) Corporate identity​

b) Chairperson’s name​

c) Government ownership​

d) Special law provision​

Answer: a) Corporate identity

General Questions Related to the Act

16.​The Custodian of State Property is responsible for:​

a) Managing and protecting state property​

b) Selling encroached land​

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c) Distributing government property​

d) Conducting criminal investigations​

Answer: a) Managing and protecting state property

17.​The Enforcement Station is established at the:​

a) District level​

b) Tehsil level​

c) Sub-division level​

d) Union council level​

Answer: c) Sub-division level

18.​The Hearing Officer is responsible for:​

a) Imposing penalties​

b) Conducting inquiries​

c) Reviewing enforcement costs​

d) All of the above​

Answer: d) All of the above

19.​The Fund under the Act is called:​

a) Punjab Regulatory and Development Fund​

b) Punjab Enforcement and Regulatory Authority Fund​

c) Punjab Law Enforcement Fund​

d) Government Protection Fund​

Answer: b) Punjab Enforcement and Regulatory Authority Fund

20.​The Emergency Prohibition Order (EPO) is issued under the Act to:​

a) Protect State property​

b) Stop unlawful occupation​

c) Prevent illegal activities​

d) All of the above​

Answer: d) All of the above

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21.​What is the role of the Public Prosecution Department under the Act?​

a) Conducting public awareness campaigns​

b) Criminal prosecution​

c) Property management​

d) Regulating independent agencies​

Answer: b) Criminal prosecution

22.​The Enforcement Cost is imposed on:​

a) The offender​

b) The Punjab Government​

c) The Chairperson​

d) The public prosecutor​

Answer: a) The offender

23.​Illegal occupation under the Act includes:​

a) Unauthorized construction​

b) Trespassing on state property​

c) Continuation after lease expiry​

d) All of the above​

Answer: d) All of the above

24.​Who issues directives for law enforcement operations under the Act?​

a) Punjab Police​

b) Chief Minister​

c) Enforcement Officers​

d) Provincial Assembly​

Answer: c) Enforcement Officers

25.​Whistle-blowers under the Act:​

a) Report violations in the public interest​

b) Are punished for exposing corruption​

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c) Work only for the government​

d) Must disclose their identity​

Answer: a) Report violations in the public interest

26.​The Authority can establish additional rules under:​

a) Presidential orders​

b) Its internal regulations​

c) High Court directives​

d) Constitutional amendments​

Answer: b) Its internal regulations

27.​How many government secretaries are included in the Authority’s composition?​

a) Four​

b) Six​

c) Seven​

d) Nine​

Answer: d) Nine

28.​The Chief Minister's role in the Authority is to:​

a) Enforce laws​

b) Prosecute offenders​

c) Act as Chairperson​

d) Conduct investigations​

Answer: c) Act as Chairperson

29.​The Authority is established under which legal mechanism?​

a) A government ordinance​

b) The Punjab Enforcement and Regulatory Authority Act​

c) The Police Reforms Act​

d) A court ruling​

Answer: b) The Punjab Enforcement and Regulatory Authority Act

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30.​How many total members make up the Authority?​

a) 10​

b) 15​

c) 16​

d) 18​

Answer: d) 18

MCQs with Answers

Meetings of the Authority

1.​ Who presides over the meetings of the Authority in the absence of the Chairperson?​

a) Director General​

b) Any member nominated by the Chairperson​

c) Senior-most member​

d) Chief Minister​

Answer: b) Any member nominated by the Chairperson

2.​ What is the quorum for a meeting of the Authority?​

a) One-third of the total members​

b) Two-thirds of the total members​

c) One-half of the total members​

d) Three-fourths of the total members​

Answer: c) One-half of the total members

3.​ Who maintains the complete record of the minutes and decisions of the Authority?​

a) Chairperson​

b) Director General​

c) Secretary of the Authority​

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d) Chief Minister​

Answer: b) Director General

4.​ In case of an equality of votes in a meeting, who has the casting vote?​

a) Director General​

b) Chairperson or, in his absence, the presiding member​

c) Senior-most member of the Authority​

d) Chief Minister​

Answer: b) Chairperson or, in his absence, the presiding member

5.​ Can a decision of the Authority be declared invalid due to a vacancy in its

constitution?​

a) Yes, all decisions must be reconsidered​

b) No, decisions remain valid despite a vacancy​

c) Only if the vacancy is for more than three months​

d) Only if the vacancy is for more than six months​

Answer: b) No, decisions remain valid despite a vacancy

Director General

6.​ Who appoints the Director General?​

a) Chairperson of the Authority​

b) Prime Minister​

c) Chief Minister​

d) Secretary of the Authority​

Answer: c) Chief Minister

7.​ What is the minimum Basic Pay Scale (BPS) required for the appointment of a

Director General?​

a) BPS-17​

b) BPS-18​

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c) BPS-19​

d) BPS-20​

Answer: c) BPS-19

8.​ What is one of the key responsibilities of the Director General?​

a) Issuing laws and regulations​

b) Supervising the implementation of policy guidelines​

c) Performing secretariat functions for the Authority​

d) Appointing members of the Authority​

Answer: c) Performing secretariat functions for the Authority

Committees of the Authority

9.​ Who has the authority to constitute committees under this Act?​

a) Director General​

b) Chairperson​

c) The Authority​

d) Chief Minister​

Answer: c) The Authority

10.​Can a person who is not a member of the Authority be co-opted into a committee

meeting?​

a) No, only members can attend​

b) Yes, if permitted by the Chairperson​

c) Yes, if permitted by the Director General​

d) No, unless authorized by the Chief Minister​

Answer: b) Yes, if permitted by the Chairperson

Powers and Functions of the Authority

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11.​Who is responsible for appointing Hearing Officers under this Act?​

a) The Authority​

b) The Chief Minister​

c) The Director General​

d) The Chairperson​

Answer: a) The Authority

12.​What is the minimum rank for an Authorized Officer appointed by the Authority?​

a) BPS-16​

b) BPS-17​

c) BPS-18​

d) BPS-19​

Answer: c) BPS-18

13.​What function does the Authority perform regarding employee performance?​

a) Providing financial benefits​

b) Conducting situational assessments​

c) Devise a mechanism for performance appraisal​

d) Approving promotions​

Answer: c) Devise a mechanism for performance appraisal

14.​Who does the Authority provide guidelines to for implementing enforcement

mechanisms?​

a) Chief Minister’s Office​

b) District Enforcement and Regulatory Boards​

c) Ministry of Law​

d) Federal Government​

Answer: b) District Enforcement and Regulatory Boards

15.​What power does the Authority have regarding hiring experts?​

a) It can hire experts, consultants, or advisors as needed​

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b) It can only hire experts with government approval​

c) It can only hire experts for a maximum period of one year​

d) It cannot hire experts directly​

Answer: a) It can hire experts, consultants, or advisors as needed

16.​Which of the following is NOT a function of the Authority?​

a) Conducting inquiries as required by the Act​

b) Recommending budget estimates to the Government​

c) Administering the Enforcement Stations​

d) Issuing new laws directly without government approval​

Answer: d) Issuing new laws directly without government approval

17.​What financial power does the Authority have?​

a) It can define the pecuniary limitations of employees to impose fines​

b) It can directly allocate government funds​

c) It can approve its own annual budget​

d) It can impose taxes on regulatory bodies​

Answer: a) It can define the pecuniary limitations of employees to impose fines

18.​What power does the Authority have concerning the Director General?​

a) It can delegate its powers to the Director General​

b) It can remove the Director General without government approval​

c) It can appoint the Director General directly​

d) It can suspend the Director General indefinitely​

Answer: a) It can delegate its powers to the Director General

19.​How does the Authority maintain discipline among employees?​

a) By imposing penalties based on government directives​

b) By taking measures to establish and maintain discipline​

c) By allowing employees to self-regulate​

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d) By delegating the responsibility to the Director General only​

Answer: b) By taking measures to establish and maintain discipline

20.​What role does the Authority play in budget allocation?​

a) It directly approves and allocates funds​

b) It recommends budget estimates to the Government​

c) It has no role in financial matters​

d) It only monitors budget utilization​

Answer: b) It recommends budget estimates to the Government

Meetings of the Authority

1.​ Who presides over the meetings of the Authority in the absence of the Chairperson?​

a) Director General​

b) Any member nominated by the Chairperson​

c) Senior-most member​

d) Chief Minister​

Answer: b) Any member nominated by the Chairperson

2.​ What is the quorum for a meeting of the Authority?​

a) One-third of the total members​

b) Two-thirds of the total members​

c) One-half of the total members​

d) Three-fourths of the total members​

Answer: c) One-half of the total members

3.​ Who maintains the complete record of the minutes and decisions of the Authority?​

a) Chairperson​

b) Director General​

c) Secretary of the Authority​

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d) Chief Minister​

Answer: b) Director General

4.​ In case of an equality of votes in a meeting, who has the casting vote?​

a) Director General​

b) Chairperson or, in his absence, the presiding member​

c) Senior-most member of the Authority​

d) Chief Minister​

Answer: b) Chairperson or, in his absence, the presiding member

5.​ Can a decision of the Authority be declared invalid due to a vacancy in its

constitution?​

a) Yes, all decisions must be reconsidered​

b) No, decisions remain valid despite a vacancy​

c) Only if the vacancy is for more than three months​

d) Only if the vacancy is for more than six months​

Answer: b) No, decisions remain valid despite a vacancy

Director General

6.​ Who appoints the Director General?​

a) Chairperson of the Authority​

b) Prime Minister​

c) Chief Minister​

d) Secretary of the Authority​

Answer: c) Chief Minister

7.​ What is the minimum Basic Pay Scale (BPS) required for the appointment of a

Director General?​

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a) BPS-17​

b) BPS-18​

c) BPS-19​

d) BPS-20​

Answer: c) BPS-19

8.​ What is one of the key responsibilities of the Director General?​

a) Issuing laws and regulations​

b) Supervising the implementation of policy guidelines​

c) Performing secretariat functions for the Authority​

d) Appointing members of the Authority​

Answer: c) Performing secretariat functions for the Authority

Committees of the Authority

9.​ Who has the authority to constitute committees under this Act?​

a) Director General​

b) Chairperson​

c) The Authority​

d) Chief Minister​

Answer: c) The Authority

10.​Can a person who is not a member of the Authority be co-opted into a committee

meeting?​

a) No, only members can attend​

b) Yes, if permitted by the Chairperson​

c) Yes, if permitted by the Director General​

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d) No, unless authorized by the Chief Minister​

Answer: b) Yes, if permitted by the Chairperson

Powers and Functions of the Authority

11.​Who is responsible for appointing Hearing Officers under this Act?​

a) The Authority​

b) The Chief Minister​

c) The Director General​

d) The Chairperson​

Answer: a) The Authority

12.​What is the minimum rank for an Authorized Officer appointed by the Authority?​

a) BPS-16​

b) BPS-17​

c) BPS-18​

d) BPS-19​

Answer: c) BPS-18

13.​What function does the Authority perform regarding employee performance?​

a) Providing financial benefits​

b) Conducting situational assessments​

c) Devise a mechanism for performance appraisal​

d) Approving promotions​

Answer: c) Devise a mechanism for performance appraisal

14.​Who does the Authority provide guidelines to for implementing enforcement

mechanisms?​

a) Chief Minister’s Office​

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b) District Enforcement and Regulatory Boards​

c) Ministry of Law​

d) Federal Government​

Answer: b) District Enforcement and Regulatory Boards

15.​What power does the Authority have regarding hiring experts?​

a) It can hire experts, consultants, or advisors as needed​

b) It can only hire experts with government approval​

c) It can only hire experts for a maximum period of one year​

d) It cannot hire experts directly​

Answer: a) It can hire experts, consultants, or advisors as needed

16.​Which of the following is NOT a function of the Authority?​

a) Conducting inquiries as required by the Act​

b) Recommending budget estimates to the Government​

c) Administering the Enforcement Stations​

d) Issuing new laws directly without government approval​

Answer: d) Issuing new laws directly without government approval

17.​What financial power does the Authority have?​

a) It can define the pecuniary limitations of employees to impose fines​

b) It can directly allocate government funds​

c) It can approve its own annual budget​

d) It can impose taxes on regulatory bodies​

Answer: a) It can define the pecuniary limitations of employees to impose fines

18.​What power does the Authority have concerning the Director General?​

a) It can delegate its powers to the Director General​

b) It can remove the Director General without government approval​

c) It can appoint the Director General directly​

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d) It can suspend the Director General indefinitely​

Answer: a) It can delegate its powers to the Director General

19.​How does the Authority maintain discipline among employees?​

a) By imposing penalties based on government directives​

b) By taking measures to establish and maintain discipline​

c) By allowing employees to self-regulate​

d) By delegating the responsibility to the Director General only​

Answer: b) By taking measures to establish and maintain discipline

20.​What role does the Authority play in budget allocation?​

a) It directly approves and allocates funds​

b) It recommends budget estimates to the Government​

c) It has no role in financial matters​

d) It only monitors budget utilization​

Answer: b) It recommends budget estimates to the Government

MCQs on District Enforcement and Regulatory Board

1.​ Who serves as the Chairperson of the District Enforcement and Regulatory Board?​

a) District Attorney​

b) Additional Deputy Commissioner (General)​

c) Deputy Commissioner​

d) District Public Prosecutor​

Answer: c) Deputy Commissioner

2.​ How is the quorum for a meeting of the Board determined?​

a) One-fourth of the total members​

b) One-third of the total members​

c) One-half of the total members​

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d) Two-thirds of the total members​

Answer: c) One-half of the total members

3.​ Who is responsible for calling a meeting of the Board?​

a) Any Board Member​

b) Secretary of the Board, on the direction of the Chairperson​

c) District Public Prosecutor​

d) Any District Head of the Department of Scheduled Laws​

Answer: b) Secretary of the Board, on the direction of the Chairperson

4.​ How are decisions of the Board taken?​

a) By unanimous vote​

b) By the Chairperson’s sole discretion​

c) By majority vote of the members present​

d) By the Secretary’s approval​

Answer: c) By majority vote of the members present

5.​ In case of an equality of votes, who has the casting vote?​

a) District Attorney​

b) Any public servant​

c) Chairperson or the presiding member in absence of the Chairperson​

d) District Public Prosecutor​

Answer: c) Chairperson or the presiding member in absence of the Chairperson

6.​ Where is the District Enforcement and Regulatory Board housed?​

a) Provincial Headquarters​

b) Sub-Division Office​

c) Enforcement Station​

d) District Headquarter​

Answer: d) District Headquarter

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7.​ What is one of the key functions of the Board?​

a) Supervising, monitoring, and reviewing the progress of Enforcement Stations​

b) Conducting national-level assessments​

c) Issuing laws and regulations independently​

d) Conducting criminal trials​

Answer: a) Supervising, monitoring, and reviewing the progress of Enforcement

Stations

8.​ Which entity can assign additional powers and functions to the Board?​

a) The Hearing Officer​

b) The Secretary of the Board​

c) The Authority​

d) The Provincial Government​

Answer: c) The Authority

MCQs on Committees

9.​ Who has the power to constitute committees under the Act?​

a) The Secretary of the Board​

b) The Chairperson alone​

c) The Board​

d) The District Attorney​

Answer: c) The Board

10.​What is the purpose of the committees constituted by the Board?​

a) To hear public grievances​

b) To issue new regulations​

c) To exercise powers and perform functions assigned by the Board​

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d) To conduct elections​

Answer: c) To exercise powers and perform functions assigned by the Board

MCQs on Powers and Functions of the Board

11.​Which of the following is NOT a function of the Board?​

a) Conducting situational assessments​

b) Monitoring the Enforcement Stations​

c) Issuing final judicial verdicts​

d) Proposing payment of rewards to whistle-blowers​

Answer: c) Issuing final judicial verdicts

12.​Who is responsible for monitoring the implementation of the Act at the district level?​

a) The District Public Prosecutor​

b) The Chairperson of the Board​

c) The Additional Deputy Commissioner​

d) The Secretary of the Board​

Answer: b) The Chairperson of the Board

13.​Which of the following is NOT a duty of the Chairperson?​

a) Conducting performance reviews of Enforcement Stations​

b) Deciding the reference sent by the Hearing Officer​

c) Redressal of grievances against Authority employees​

d) Directly imposing fines​

Answer: d) Directly imposing fines

MCQs on Hearing Officer

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14.​Who appoints the Hearing Officer?​

a) The Board​

b) The Authority​

c) The Chairperson​

d) The Secretary of the Board​

Answer: b) The Authority

15.​Which of the following matters can be represented before the Hearing Officer?​

a) Confiscation of articles​

b) Sealing of premises​

c) Removal of encroachments​

d) All of the above​

Answer: d) All of the above

16.​What is NOT within the powers of the Hearing Officer?​

a) Determining whether an offence occurred​

b) Deciding about the disposal of confiscated articles​

c) Imposing criminal sentences​

d) Imposing additional fines upon failure of representation​

Answer: c) Imposing criminal sentences

17.​In what circumstances can the Hearing Officer refund a fine?​

a) If the representation is successful​

b) If the offender provides an apology​

c) If the offender requests a second hearing​

d) If the fine was imposed more than 30 days ago​

Answer: a) If the representation is successful

18.​What factor may the Hearing Officer consider in deciding a case?​

a) Gravity and duration of the offence​

b) Age and gender of the offender​

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c) Habitual nature of the offender​

d) All of the above​

Answer: d) All of the above

19.​Which of the following is NOT an enforcement action under the Hearing Officer’s

powers?​

a) Issuing an Absolute Order​

b) Ordering the auction of confiscated items​

c) Declaring laws unconstitutional​

d) Issuing a removal order​

Answer: c) Declaring laws unconstitutional

20.​What kind of relief can the Hearing Officer provide to an aggrieved person?​

a) Monetary compensation only​

b) Interim relief as prescribed​

c) Criminal prosecution of the offender​

d) None of the above​

Answer: b) Interim relief as prescribed

MCQs on Hearing Process and Enforcement Stations

Hearing Process

1.​ Which of the following is NOT a requirement in the rules for the hearing process?​

a) Procedure of hearing​

b) Rules of evidence and discovery​

c) Prohibition on legal representation​

d) Deadlines for each step of the hearing process​

Answer: c) Prohibition on legal representation

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2.​ Who has the authority to impose fines or costs on persons delaying the hearing

process?​

a) The Government​

b) The Hearing Officer​

c) The Enforcement Officer​

d) The Magistrate​

Answer: b) The Hearing Officer

3.​ What is the nature of hearings under this Act?​

a) Formal and strictly procedural​

b) Informal and summarily conducted​

c) Conducted only in written form​

d) Governed by Qanun-e-Shahadat 1984​

Answer: b) Informal and summarily conducted

4.​ What method may be used by the Hearing Officer to ensure transparency during

hearings?​

a) Only written records​

b) Audio-video recordings​

c) Police surveillance​

d) Public broadcast of proceedings​

Answer: b) Audio-video recordings

5.​ What kind of evidence may be submitted at a hearing?​

a) Only oral evidence​

b) Only written evidence​

c) Both written and oral evidence​

d) Only evidence presented by the government​

Answer: c) Both written and oral evidence

Recording of Evidence
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6.​ Under this Act, how must evidence be recorded?​

a) Only in written form​

b) Taken on oath or affirmation​

c) Verbal communication is sufficient​

d) No record is required​

Answer: b) Taken on oath or affirmation

7.​ How may documents be submitted to the Hearing Officer?​

a) Only through physical submission​

b) Through verbal communication​

c) Electronically, in a prescribed manner​

d) Through a witness​

Answer: c) Electronically, in a prescribed manner

Enforcement Stations

8.​ Who has the authority to declare a place as an Enforcement Station?​

a) The Magistrate​

b) The Government​

c) The Board Secretary​

d) The Hearing Officer​

Answer: b) The Government

9.​ Which of the following ranks is the minimum requirement for an Enforcement Officer?​

a) BPS-07​

b) BPS-11​

c) BPS-14​

d) BPS-16​

Answer: c) BPS-14

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10.​What is the primary function of an Enforcement Station?​

a) Conducting hearings​

b) Enforcing decisions of the Authority​

c) Representing offenders in court​

d) Supervising magistrates​

Answer: b) Enforcing decisions of the Authority

11.​What must Enforcement Station employees carry at all times?​

a) Firearms​

b) A government-issued uniform​

c) Identification cards or badges​

d) Warrants of authority​

Answer: c) Identification cards or badges

12.​What facilities must be provided to each Enforcement Station?​

a) Surveillance cameras​

b) Marked vehicles and motorbikes​

c) Secret communication channels​

d) None of the above​

Answer: b) Marked vehicles and motorbikes

Powers and Functions of Enforcement Stations

13.​Which of the following is NOT a function of an Enforcement Station?​

a) Conducting inspections and inquiries​

b) Registering FIRs and conducting investigations​

c) Supervising court proceedings​

d) Enforcing the provisions of the Act and Scheduled laws​

Answer: c) Supervising court proceedings

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14.​Who is responsible for record-keeping at the Enforcement Station?​

a) Hearing Officer​

b) Enforcement Officer​

c) Sub Divisional Enforcement Officer​

d) Magistrate​

Answer: c) Sub Divisional Enforcement Officer

15.​Which entity can an Enforcement Station send a requisition to for support or

assistance?​

a) The Police Station​

b) The Board Secretary​

c) The Government directly​

d) The Local Magistrate​

Answer: b) The Board Secretary

Sub Divisional Enforcement Officer

16.​What is the role of the Sub Divisional Enforcement Officer?​

a) Conducting court trials​

b) Issuing orders under the Act​

c) Supervising the Enforcement Station​

d) Both b and c​

Answer: d) Both b and c

17.​Who has the power to appoint a Sub Divisional Enforcement Officer?​

a) The Magistrate​

b) The Government​

c) The Authority​

d) The Board Secretary​

Answer: c) The Authority

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18.​Which of the following is a responsibility of the Sub Divisional Enforcement Officer?​

a) Issuing notices or summons to offenders​

b) Conducting elections​

c) Presiding over court hearings​

d) Making laws​

Answer: a) Issuing notices or summons to offenders

19.​What power does the Sub Divisional Enforcement Officer have regarding

investigations?​

a) He can only recommend investigations​

b) He can register FIRs and conduct investigations​

c) He has no role in investigations​

d) He can only investigate cases after court approval​

Answer: b) He can register FIRs and conduct investigations

20.​Which of the following is NOT a function of the Sub Divisional Enforcement Officer?​

a) Acting as Drawing and Disbursing Officer (DDO)​

b) Submitting reports to the Hearing Officer and Authority​

c) Managing police stations​

d) Conducting performance appraisals of subordinates​

Answer: c) Managing police stations

MCQs on Enforcement Officers and Their Powers

1.​ Who appoints the Enforcement Officers for each Enforcement Station?​

a) The Government​

b) The Authority​

c) The Police Department​

d) The Judiciary​

Answer: b) The Authority

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2.​ Which of the following is a function of an Enforcement Officer?​

a) Conducting educational seminars​

b) Issuing fines and notices to offenders​

c) Only supervising police officers​

d) Conducting financial audits​

Answer: b) Issuing fines and notices to offenders

3.​ What is required for an Enforcement Officer to inspect and search private property?​

a) A verbal order from the Authority​

b) A notification from the department​

c) A warrant or order from the Magistrate​

d) No requirement, they can inspect anytime​

Answer: c) A warrant or order from the Magistrate

4.​ An Enforcement Officer has the power to:​

a) Arrest an offender​

b) Conduct cyber surveillance​

c) Seal a public property​

d) All of the above​

Answer: d) All of the above

5.​ What should an Enforcement Officer do after seizing any item related to an offence?​

a) Sell it at an auction​

b) Return it immediately​

c) List it in the register of seized items and issue a receipt​

d) Submit it to the offender​

Answer: c) List it in the register of seized items and issue a receipt

MCQs on Powers and Duties of Enforcement Officers

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6.​ Under what conditions can an Enforcement Officer use reasonable force?​

a) During interrogation​

b) In case of retaliation or obstruction​

c) Without any specific reason​

d) Only after obtaining prior approval​

Answer: b) In case of retaliation or obstruction

7.​ How can an Enforcement Officer collect electronic evidence?​

a) Through video recording, CCTV footage, and digital forensics​

b) By recording conversations secretly without legal approval​

c) By hacking personal emails​

d) By physically confiscating mobile phones without permission​

Answer: a) Through video recording, CCTV footage, and digital forensics

8.​ Who assigns the area of jurisdiction to an Enforcement Officer?​

a) The local police station​

b) The Authority or the Authorized Officer of the Authority​

c) The local government​

d) The district commissioner​

Answer: b) The Authority or the Authorized Officer of the Authority

9.​ What additional power can be conferred upon an Enforcement Officer by the

Government?​

a) Powers of a judge​

b) Additional powers of a police officer​

c) Powers of a forensic scientist​

d) None, their powers are fixed​

Answer: b) Additional powers of a police officer

10.​Which of the following is NOT a duty of an Enforcement Officer?​

a) Protecting civic rights​

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b) Promoting community peace​

c) Conducting financial transactions on behalf of offenders​

d) Preventing the commission of violations/offences

Answer: c) Conducting financial transactions on behalf of offenders

MCQs on Enforcement Procedures

11.​An Enforcement Officer must communicate the information about the arrest of a

person to:​

a) The offender’s employer​

b) The offender’s family or lawyer​

c) The local news agency​

d) The general public

Answer: b) The offender’s family or lawyer

12.​The duty of the Enforcement Officer includes:​

a) Bringing offenders to justice​

b) Collecting and communicating intelligence on civic rights violations​

c) Executing all lawful orders from the Sub Divisional Enforcement Officer​

d) All of the above

Answer: d) All of the above

13.​Who should an Enforcement Officer report to after arresting a person?​

a) The police only​

b) The Hearing Officer through the Sub Divisional Enforcement Officer​

c) The media​

d) The offender’s family

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Answer: b) The Hearing Officer through the Sub Divisional Enforcement Officer

14.​How can an Enforcement Officer enforce compliance with the laws specified in the

Schedule?​

a) By educating offenders instead of penalizing them​

b) By preventing and detecting violations and bringing offenders to justice​

c) By avoiding interaction with the public​

d) By referring all cases to the court without intervention

Answer: b) By preventing and detecting violations and bringing offenders to justice

15.​Which of the following is NOT included in the electronic evidence collection powers of

an Enforcement Officer?​

a) Geo-fencing and mobile device tracking​

b) Digital forensics and cyber surveillance​

c) Personal data theft​

d) CCTV and audio/video recordings

Answer: c) Personal data theft

MCQs on Investigation Officers, Sergeants, Enforcement Squads, and

Prosecutors

Investigation Officer

1.​ Who appoints Investigation Officers for each Enforcement Station?​

a) The Government​

b) The Magistrate​

c) The Authority​

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d) The Police Department​

Answer: c) The Authority

2.​ Which of the following is NOT a power of an Investigation Officer?​

a) Issuing summons to offenders​

b) Arresting an offender​

c) Conducting inquiries under the direction of the initiating authority​

d) Issuing fines to offenders​

Answer: d) Issuing fines to offenders

3.​ What is required for an Investigation Officer to enter and inspect a private property?​

a) Verbal approval from the Authority​

b) A warrant or order from the Magistrate​

c) A special permit from the Director General​

d) Approval from the Prosecutor​

Answer: b) A warrant or order from the Magistrate

4.​ How should seized items be recorded by an Investigation Officer?​

a) In an electronic database​

b) In the register of seized items​

c) In a personal notebook​

d) In the authority’s general report​

Answer: b) In the register of seized items

5.​ What type of evidence collection methods can an Investigation Officer use?​

a) Video and audio recordings​

b) Mobile device tracking​

c) Cyber surveillance​

d) All of the above​

Answer: d) All of the above

Sergeants
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6.​ What is the primary function of a Sergeant?​

a) Assisting officers and employees of the Authority in enforcing the Act​

b) Conducting investigations independently​

c) Issuing legal notices​

d) Overseeing Enforcement Squads​

Answer: a) Assisting officers and employees of the Authority in enforcing the Act

7.​ Which of the following is NOT a duty of a Sergeant?​

a) Carrying weapons as prescribed under the rules​

b) Assisting in enforcement​

c) Conducting legal prosecutions​

d) Performing other prescribed functions​

Answer: c) Conducting legal prosecutions

Enforcement Squad

8.​ Who are the members of the Enforcement Squad?​

a) Sub Divisional Enforcement Officer​

b) Investigation Officers​

c) Sergeants​

d) All of the above​

Answer: d) All of the above

9.​ Who is responsible for training and certifying members of the Enforcement Squad?​

a) The Director General​

b) The Public Prosecution Department​

c) The Authority​

d) The Ministry of Justice​

Answer: c) The Authority

Administration of the Squad

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10.​Who holds administrative control over the Enforcement Squad?​

a) The Director General​

b) The Magistrate​

c) The Public Prosecutor​

d) The Parliament​

Answer: a) The Director General

11.​Which official exercises powers over the Enforcement Squad at the sub-divisional

level?​

a) The Investigation Officer​

b) The Prosecutor​

c) The Sub Divisional Enforcement Officer​

d) The Chief Justice​

Answer: c) The Sub Divisional Enforcement Officer

Uniform and Weapons

12.​What is required for the Enforcement Squad regarding uniforms and weapons?​

a) They can choose their uniform style​

b) They shall wear uniforms and carry weapons as prescribed​

c) They only wear uniforms but do not carry weapons​

d) They can only carry weapons under the Magistrate’s permission​

Answer: b) They shall wear uniforms and carry weapons as prescribed

Prosecutor

13.​Where is a Prosecutor appointed from?​

a) The Public Prosecution Department of the Government​

b) The Magistrate's office​

c) The Ministry of Defense​

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d) The District Administration Office​

Answer: a) The Public Prosecution Department of the Government

14.​What is the primary role of a Prosecutor at an Enforcement Station?​

a) Supervising police operations​

b) Conducting trials and legal proceedings​

c) Training Enforcement Officers​

d) Conducting surveillance activities​

Answer: b) Conducting trials and legal proceedings

Chapter VI: ARREST

1.​ Who has the power to arrest under this Act?​

a) Any citizen​

b) Only the Magistrate​

c) Sub Divisional Enforcement Officer, Enforcement Officer, and Investigation Officer​

d) Only Police Officers​

Answer: c) Sub Divisional Enforcement Officer, Enforcement Officer, and

Investigation Officer

2.​ Which of the following is NOT a valid reason for arrest under this Act?​

a) A person involved in an offence​

b) A person who follows all regulations​

c) A person obstructing an Enforcement Officer in duty​

d) A person escaping from lawful custody​

Answer: b) A person who follows all regulations

3.​ Within how many hours must a person be presented before a Magistrate after

arrest?​

a) 12 hours​

b) 24 hours​
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c) 48 hours​

d) 72 hours​

Answer: b) 24 hours

4.​ Who maintains the record of arrests under this Act?​

a) The Magistrate​

b) The Investigation Officer​

c) The Sub Divisional Enforcement Officer of Enforcement Station​

d) The Police Chief​

Answer: c) The Sub Divisional Enforcement Officer of Enforcement Station

5.​ What action must the Sub Divisional Enforcement Officer take after an arrest?​

a) Release the person after inquiry​

b) Register an FIR immediately and present the person before a Magistrate​

c) Send the person home with a warning​

d) Keep the person in custody for a week without action​

Answer: b) Register an FIR immediately and present the person before a Magistrate

Chapter VII: PUBLIC NUISANCE & ENCROACHMENTS

6.​ What constitutes a public nuisance under this Act?​

a) A minor inconvenience to one person​

b) Any illegal act or omission causing injury, obstruction, or annoyance to the public​

c) A lawful business causing noise​

d) A private dispute between neighbors​

Answer: b) Any illegal act or omission causing injury, obstruction, or annoyance to

the public

7.​ Who can file a complaint regarding public nuisance?​

a) Only the police​

b) Only government departments​

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c) Any aggrieved person, whistle-blower, or employee of the Authority​

d) Only the offender​

Answer: c) Any aggrieved person, whistle-blower, or employee of the Authority

8.​ What is an EPO?​

a) Emergency Police Order​

b) Environmental Protection Order​

c) Enforcement Protection Order​

d) Enforcement Proceedings Order​

Answer: d) Enforcement Proceedings Order

9.​ If an offender fails to comply with an EPO, what action can be taken?​

a) Fine recovery​

b) Confiscation of articles or goods​

c) Sealing of premises​

d) All of the above​

Answer: d) All of the above

10.​Who has the authority to determine the cost of enforcement in case of public

nuisance?​

a) The Police Chief​

b) The Magistrate​

c) The Hearing Officer of the Enforcement Station​

d) The offender himself​

Answer: c) The Hearing Officer of the Enforcement Station

11.​What happens if the proceeds of a confiscated goods auction exceed the

enforcement cost?​

a) The excess is given to the offender​

b) The extra amount is retained by the Authority​

c) The Enforcement Officer keeps the money​

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d) The government takes ownership​

Answer: a) The excess is given to the offender

12.​What does "Encroachment" mean as per this Act?​

a) Interfering with private property​

b) Intrusion into State property​

c) Trespassing into another person’s house​

d) Using footpaths for business​

Answer: b) Intrusion into State property

13.​Who can report an encroachment?​

a) Only the police​

b) Only the property owner​

c) The Enforcement Officer, whistle-blower, or the custodian of State property​

d) Only the local government​

Answer: c) The Enforcement Officer, whistle-blower, or the custodian of State

property

14.​What action can an Enforcement Officer take to remove public nuisance?​

a) Issue a warning only​

b) Use reasonable force if necessary​

c) Ignore the nuisance if minor​

d) Only wait for the offender to act voluntarily​

Answer: b) Use reasonable force if necessary

15.​What happens if an offender denies the existence of a public right against an

EPO?​

a) The EPO is canceled immediately​

b) The matter is referred to a civil court for determination​

c) The offender is fined without inquiry​

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d) The Hearing Officer decides without investigation​

Answer: b) The matter is referred to a civil court for determination

Chapter VI: ARREST

1. Who has the power to arrest under this Act?​

a) Any citizen​

b) Only the Magistrate​

c) Sub Divisional Enforcement Officer, Enforcement Officer, and Investigation Officer​

d) Only Police Officers​

Answer: c) Sub Divisional Enforcement Officer, Enforcement Officer, and Investigation

Officer

2. Which of the following is NOT a valid reason for arrest under this Act?​

a) A person involved in an offence​

b) A person who follows all regulations​

c) A person obstructing an Enforcement Officer in duty​

d) A person escaping from lawful custody​

Answer: b) A person who follows all regulations

3. Within how many hours must a person be presented before a Magistrate after

arrest?​

a) 12 hours​

b) 24 hours​

c) 48 hours​

d) 72 hours​

Answer: b) 24 hours

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4. Who maintains the record of arrests under this Act?​

a) The Magistrate​

b) The Investigation Officer​

c) The Sub Divisional Enforcement Officer of Enforcement Station​

d) The Police Chief​

Answer: c) The Sub Divisional Enforcement Officer of Enforcement Station

5. What action must the Sub Divisional Enforcement Officer take after an arrest?​

a) Release the person after inquiry​

b) Register an FIR immediately and present the person before a Magistrate​

c) Send the person home with a warning​

d) Keep the person in custody for a week without action​

Answer: b) Register an FIR immediately and present the person before a Magistrate

Chapter VII: PUBLIC NUISANCE & ENCROACHMENTS

6. What constitutes a public nuisance under this Act?​

a) A minor inconvenience to one person​

b) Any illegal act or omission causing injury, obstruction, or annoyance to the public​

c) A lawful business causing noise​

d) A private dispute between neighbors​

Answer: b) Any illegal act or omission causing injury, obstruction, or annoyance to the public

7. Who can file a complaint regarding public nuisance?​

a) Only the police​

b) Only government departments​

c) Any aggrieved person, whistle-blower, or employee of the Authority​

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d) Only the offender​

Answer: c) Any aggrieved person, whistle-blower, or employee of the Authority

8. What is an EPO?​

a) Emergency Police Order​

b) Environmental Protection Order​

c) Enforcement Protection Order​

d) Enforcement Proceedings Order​

Answer: d) Enforcement Proceedings Order

9. If an offender fails to comply with an EPO, what action can be taken?​

a) Fine recovery​

b) Confiscation of articles or goods​

c) Sealing of premises​

d) All of the above​

Answer: d) All of the above

10. Who has the authority to determine the cost of enforcement in case of public

nuisance?​

a) The Police Chief​

b) The Magistrate​

c) The Hearing Officer of the Enforcement Station​

d) The offender himself​

Answer: c) The Hearing Officer of the Enforcement Station

11. What happens if the proceeds of a confiscated goods auction exceed the

enforcement cost?​

a) The excess is given to the offender​

b) The extra amount is retained by the Authority​

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c) The Enforcement Officer keeps the money​

d) The government takes ownership​

Answer: a) The excess is given to the offender

12. What does "Encroachment" mean as per this Act?​

a) Interfering with private property​

b) Intrusion into State property​

c) Trespassing into another person’s house​

d) Using footpaths for business​

Answer: b) Intrusion into State property

13. Who can report an encroachment?​

a) Only the police​

b) Only the property owner​

c) The Enforcement Officer, whistle-blower, or the custodian of State property​

d) Only the local government​

Answer: c) The Enforcement Officer, whistle-blower, or the custodian of State property

14. What action can an Enforcement Officer take to remove public nuisance?​

a) Issue a warning only​

b) Use reasonable force if necessary​

c) Ignore the nuisance if minor​

d) Only wait for the offender to act voluntarily​

Answer: b) Use reasonable force if necessary

15. What happens if an offender denies the existence of a public right against an

EPO?​

a) The EPO is canceled immediately​

b) The matter is referred to a civil court for determination​

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c) The offender is fined without inquiry​

d) The Hearing Officer decides without investigation​

Answer: b) The matter is referred to a civil court for determination

Chapter X: Preventive Measures

1.​ Who has the authority to require a person to execute a bond under this Act?​

a) The Police Chief​

b) The Hearing Officer​

c) The Investigation Officer​

d) The Magistrate​

Answer: b) The Hearing Officer

2.​ Under which chapter of the Code can the Hearing Officer proceed to require security

and bonds?​

a) Chapter VI​

b) Chapter VII​

c) Chapter VIII​

d) Chapter IX​

Answer: c) Chapter VIII

3.​ What can be required as security under this Act?​

a) A written apology​

b) A bond of a certain amount or sureties​

c) A verbal promise​

d) None of the above​

Answer: b) A bond of a certain amount or sureties

Chapter XI: Offences

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4.​ What is the punishment for disobeying any order issued under this Act?​

a) Imprisonment up to six months​

b) Fine up to rupees three hundred thousand​

c) Both imprisonment and fine​

d) Only a warning​

Answer: c) Both imprisonment and fine

5.​ Which of the following is NOT an offence under this Act?​

a) Refusing to receive a summons​

b) Providing false information to the officer​

c) Appearing before an officer when summoned​

d) Encroaching on State property​

Answer: c) Appearing before an officer when summoned

6.​ What is the penalty for obstructing an officer in the discharge of functions?​

a) Up to six months of imprisonment​

b) Fine up to rupees three hundred thousand​

c) Both imprisonment and fine​

d) None of the above​

Answer: c) Both imprisonment and fine

7.​ If an individual attempts to commit or abets an offence under this Act, they are:​

a) Not punishable​

b) Liable for imprisonment or fine or both​

c) Only fined​

d) Exempt from punishment​

Answer: b) Liable for imprisonment or fine or both

Offences by Companies

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8.​ When a company commits an offence under this Act, what penalty does it face?​

a) Only a warning​

b) Fine, costs, or other compensation​

c) Dissolution of the company​

d) Blacklisting without a fine​

Answer: b) Fine, costs, or other compensation

9.​ If a company commits an offence, who can be held responsible apart from the

company itself?​

a) Only the CEO​

b) Any director, manager, secretary, or other officer responsible​

c) Only the shareholders​

d) No individual can be held responsible​

Answer: b) Any director, manager, secretary, or other officer responsible

10.​What does the term "company" include under this Act?​

a) Only registered corporations​

b) Only multinational organizations​

c) A body corporate, firm, or any association of persons​

d) Only state-owned enterprises​

Answer: c) A body corporate, firm, or any association of persons

Personating an Officer

11.​Under which section of the Pakistan Penal Code is the offence of pretending to hold

an official post covered?​

a) Section 420​

b) Section 170​

c) Section 302​

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d) Section 144​

Answer: b) Section 170

12.​What is the offence of pretending to be an officer under this Act?​

a) Fraudulent representation​

b) False documentation​

c) Personation​

d) Encroachment​

Answer: c) Personation

Misuse of Authority by an Officer

13.​What is the punishment for an officer who misuses authority under this Act?​

a) Imprisonment up to six months​

b) Fine up to rupees fifty thousand​

c) Both imprisonment and fine​

d) Only departmental suspension​

Answer: c) Both imprisonment and fine

14.​Which of the following actions by an officer is NOT considered an offence?​

a) Conducting an investigation with due process​

b) Entering premises without lawful authority​

c) Vexatiously detaining a person​

d) Delaying the forwarding of an arrested person to court​

Answer: a) Conducting an investigation with due process

15.​If an officer makes a false or misleading statement in an investigation, what is the

consequence?​

a) Only an official warning​

b) Punishment under this Act, including imprisonment or fine​

c) Immediate dismissal from service​

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d) No consequences​

Answer: b) Punishment under this Act, including imprisonment or fine

16.​Which of the following is considered a misuse of authority under this Act?​

a) Conducting an unauthorized search​

b) Making a false statement​

c) Accepting a bribe​

d) All of the above​

Answer: d) All of the above

Conduct of Inquiry

1.​ Who can initiate an inquiry under Chapter XII?​

a) Only the Enforcement Officer​

b) Only the Hearing Officer​

c) Any Authority, Board, Hearing Officer, Sub Divisional Enforcement Officer, or

Enforcement Officer​

d) Only a Whistle-blower​

Answer: c) Any Authority, Board, Hearing Officer, Sub Divisional Enforcement

Officer, or Enforcement Officer

2.​ Who cannot be appointed as an Inquiry Officer?​

a) Any public servant subordinate to the initiating authority​

b) Any employee of the Authority except Sergeants and support staff​

c) Any Board Member​

d) Any Whistle-blower​

Answer: b) Any employee of the Authority except Sergeants and support staff

3.​ Which of the following is NOT a power of the Inquiry Officer?​

a) Summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person​

b) Imposing penalties​
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c) Receiving evidence on affidavit​

d) Compelling the production of documents​

Answer: b) Imposing penalties

4.​ What happens if the allegations are proved in the inquiry findings?​

a) The case is dismissed​

b) The initiating authority refers the matter to the Sub Divisional Enforcement Officer

for further proceedings​

c) The initiating authority can impose a penalty directly​

d) The case is forwarded to the police​

Answer: b) The initiating authority refers the matter to the Sub Divisional

Enforcement Officer for further proceedings

5.​ If the initiating authority is not satisfied with the inquiry findings, what action

can it take?​

a) Impose a penalty without further inquiry​

b) Dismiss the case​

c) Order a de-novo inquiry through another inquiry officer​

d) Refer the case directly to court​

Answer: c) Order a de-novo inquiry through another inquiry officer

Jurisdiction and Procedure

6.​ What is the nature of offences punishable under this Act?​

a) Cognizable and bailable​

b) Cognizable and non-bailable​

c) Non-cognizable and bailable​

d) Non-cognizable and non-bailable​

Answer: b) Cognizable and non-bailable

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7.​ Which authority has the power to impose fines under this Act?​

a) Only the Court​

b) Only the Sub Divisional Enforcement Officer​

c) Only the Hearing Officer​

d) Both the Enforcement Officer and Hearing Officer​

Answer: d) Both the Enforcement Officer and Hearing Officer

8.​ Who can file an appeal against a decision made on a representation?​

a) Only the complainant​

b) Only the offender​

c) Any offender aggrieved by a decision on a representation​

d) Only the Enforcement Officer​

Answer: c) Any offender aggrieved by a decision on a representation

9.​ Who handles complaints against an officer for misuse of authority?​

a) The Grievance Redressal Commissioner​

b) The Inquiry Officer​

c) The Enforcement Officer​

d) The Sub Divisional Enforcement Officer​

Answer: a) The Grievance Redressal Commissioner

Regulatory Coordination & Enforcement

10.​Who is considered the "lead regulator" under the Act?​

a) The Local Government​

b) The Enforcement Officer​

c) The Authority​

d) The Sub Divisional Enforcement Officer​

Answer: c) The Authority

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11.​What happens if the Government designates another regulatory body as the

lead regulator?​

a) The Authority continues to function as the lead regulator​

b) The designated regulatory body assumes the role of the lead regulator​

c) No change occurs in the regulatory structure​

d) The Authority is dissolved​

Answer: b) The designated regulatory body assumes the role of the lead regulator

12.​What is the purpose of a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between the

Authority and other regulatory bodies?​

a) To completely remove the authority of the secondary regulator​

b) To establish a distribution of powers and functions for better enforcement​

c) To allow the Authority to take full control of all regulatory matters​

d) To prevent information sharing between regulatory bodies​

Answer: b) To establish a distribution of powers and functions for better enforcement

13.​Who can issue general or specific policy directives to the Authority?​

a) The Sub Divisional Enforcement Officer​

b) The Government​

c) The Local Government​

d) The Hearing Officer​

Answer: b) The Government

14.​What type of information must Departments share with the Authority?​

a) Only classified information​

b) Any information/documents requested for the Authority’s functions​

c) Only public information​

d) Only information related to criminal cases​

Answer: b) Any information/documents requested for the Authority’s functions

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15.​With whose approval can the Authority enter into an arrangement for

exchanging information with external bodies?​

a) The Enforcement Officer​

b) The Court​

c) The Government​

d) The Local Government​

Answer: c) The Government

ASSISTANCE TO AUTHORITY: WHISTLE-BLOWER DISCLOSURE

1.​ According to the Act, all executive authorities and law enforcement agencies,

including the Punjab Police, are required to:​

a) Operate independently of the Authority​

b) Provide all possible assistance to the Authority​

c) Report only to the Enforcement Squad​

d) Ignore the Authority’s directives​

Answer: b) Provide all possible assistance to the Authority

2.​ A valid Whistle-blower disclosure must:​

a) Be based on personal reasons​

b) Contain a personal declaration affirming the belief in its truth​

c) Be submitted in oral form only​

d) Be anonymous​

Answer: b) Contain a personal declaration affirming the belief in its truth

3.​ What is required for a Whistle-blower disclosure to be considered by the Authority?​

a) It must be made in written or electronic form​

b) The Whistle-blower’s identity must be verified​

c) It must contain supporting documents or material​

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d) All of the above​

Answer: d) All of the above

4.​ If a Whistle-blower’s identity is found to be incorrect or false upon verification, the

Authority will:​

a) Proceed with an investigation​

b) Reward the person for coming forward​

c) Take no action on the disclosure​

d) Forward the case to the police​

Answer: c) Take no action on the disclosure

5.​ Upon receiving a Whistle-blower disclosure, the Hearing Officer must:​

a) Immediately arrest the accused​

b) Conduct an assessment and verification of the information​

c) Publish the Whistle-blower’s identity​

d) Ignore disclosures without financial evidence​

Answer: b) Conduct an assessment and verification of the information

6.​ If a Whistle-blower disclosure leads to successful detection of a violation, the

Whistle-blower is entitled to:​

a) A certificate of appreciation​

b) A reward from the Authority’s Fund​

c) Both a and b​

d) A guaranteed government job​

Answer: c) Both a and b

7.​ No reward for Whistle-blower disclosure will be granted if:​

a) The information is already known to the Authority​

b) The information is a matter of public record​

c) No collection or recovery is made​

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d) All of the above​

Answer: d) All of the above

8.​ A person who makes a false or frivolous Whistle-blower disclosure may face:​

a) Imprisonment up to one year​

b) A fine up to rupees one hundred thousand​

c) Both a and b​

d) No consequences​

Answer: c) Both a and b

9.​ The identity of a Whistle-blower will remain confidential unless:​

a) The Authority decides to reveal it​

b) The person gives written consent for disclosure​

c) The case is closed​

d) A news agency demands the details​

Answer: b) The person gives written consent for disclosure

10.​Who is responsible for ensuring protection measures for a Whistle-blower?​

a) The Enforcement Squad​

b) The Hearing Officer​

c) The Punjab Police​

d) The Sub Divisional Enforcement Officer

Answer: b) The Hearing Officer

PUBLIC ASSISTANCE & REPORTING

11.​What is the public’s responsibility towards the Authority?​

a) Assist in preventing breaches of the Act​

b) Help in enforcement of the Act​

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c) Provide information on offences​

d) All of the above

Answer: d) All of the above

12.​Every person aware of an offence under the Act is required to:​

a) Keep the information confidential​

b) Report it to the nearest Enforcement Station or Authority employee​

c) Wait for others to report it​

d) Only report if a reward is guaranteed

Answer: b) Report it to the nearest Enforcement Station or Authority employee

13.​Who is responsible for reporting offences in villages, Dehs, or Mauzas?​

a) Local headmen and chaukidars​

b) The Punjab Police​

c) Only the victims of the offence​

d) None of the above

Answer: a) Local headmen and chaukidars

COSTS, REWARDS, AND REFUNDS

14.​Who is responsible for certifying enforcement and its associated costs?​

a) The Enforcement Squad​

b) The Sub Divisional Enforcement Officer​

c) The Chief of Police​

d) The Punjab Government

Answer: b) The Sub Divisional Enforcement Officer

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15.​If an offender refuses to pay the enforcement costs, what action can be taken?​

a) The amount is deducted from their salary​

b) The cost is recovered through auction or sale of confiscated goods​

c) The offender is given a warning​

d) No action is taken

Answer: b) The cost is recovered through auction or sale of confiscated goods

16.​In case of further non-payment of enforcement costs, the amount will be recovered

as:​

a) A bank loan​

b) Arrears of land revenue​

c) An interest-free loan​

d) A public donation

Answer: b) Arrears of land revenue

17.​What benefits can be granted to employees of the Authority for meritorious services?​

a) A monetary reward​

b) Compensation for health or life loss​

c) Both a and b​

d) A government job

Answer: c) Both a and b

18.​Who is eligible for a reward if a Whistle-blower disclosure leads to successful

enforcement and recovery?​

a) The Whistle-blower​

b) The accused​

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c) The general public​

d) Only government employees

Answer: a) The Whistle-blower

19.​If a fine is overturned on appeal, what happens?​

a) The Hearing Officer refunds the fine​

b) The case is dismissed with no further action​

c) The Authority keeps the fine amount​

d) The person must pay additional fees

Answer: a) The Hearing Officer refunds the fine

20.​Rents on illegally occupied State property shall be determined by:​

a) The Punjab Police​

b) The Hearing Officer​

c) The Whistle-blower​

d) The Enforcement Squad

Answer: b) The Hearing Officer

MCQs on Finance, Accounts, and Audit (Punjab Enforcement and

Regulatory Authority Act)

Fund (Section 79)

1.​ What is the name of the fund established under this Act?​

a) Punjab Regulatory Fund​

b) Punjab Authority Fund​

c) Punjab Enforcement and Regulatory Authority Fund​

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d) Punjab Government Regulatory Fund​

Answer: c) Punjab Enforcement and Regulatory Authority Fund

2.​ Who administers and controls the Punjab Enforcement and Regulatory Authority

Fund?​

a) The Government of Punjab​

b) The Auditor General of Pakistan​

c) The Authority​

d) The Provincial Finance Department​

Answer: c) The Authority

3.​ The Fund shall consist of sums of money received from which of the following

sources?​

a) The Government​

b) Receipts permitted by the Government​

c) Private sector investments​

d) Both a and b​

Answer: d) Both a and b

4.​ Who is authorized to withdraw funds for rewards and enforcement costs?​

a) Auditor General of Pakistan​

b) Hearing Officer​

c) Finance Minister of Punjab​

d) Chief Justice of Punjab​

Answer: b) Hearing Officer

5.​ In case of revenue deficit, who provides financial support to the Authority?​

a) World Bank​

b) Provincial Government​

c) Private donors​

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d) International Monetary Fund​

Answer: b) Provincial Government

Accounts (Section 80)

6.​ What type of records is the Authority required to maintain?​

a) Income and expenditures​

b) Assets and liabilities​

c) Both a and b​

d) None of the above​

Answer: c) Both a and b

Budget (Section 81)

7.​ Who prepares the budget for the Authority?​

a) Finance Minister​

b) Authorized Officer of the Authority​

c) Auditor General​

d) Provincial Assembly​

Answer: b) Authorized Officer of the Authority

8.​ The budget prepared by the Authority is submitted to whom for consideration and

approval?​

a) The Government​

b) The Provincial Assembly​

c) The Finance Ministry​

d) The Chief Minister​

Answer: a) The Government

Audit (Section 82)

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9.​ Who is responsible for auditing the accounts of the Authority annually?​

a) Auditor General of Pakistan​

b) Punjab Revenue Authority​

c) Federal Board of Revenue​

d) Provincial Finance Department​

Answer: a) Auditor General of Pakistan

10.​Who appoints the qualified auditor or audit agency for the Authority?​

a) The Authority itself​

b) The Chief Minister of Punjab​

c) The Government with approval​

d) The Finance Minister​

Answer: c) The Government with approval

Annual Report (Section 83)

11.​When must the Authority submit its annual performance report to the Government?​

a) Within six months of the financial year-end​

b) Within three months of the financial year-end​

c) Within one month of the financial year-end​

d) Within ninety days of the financial year-end​

Answer: b) Within three months of the financial year-end

12.​The annual performance report must include which of the following?​

a) Statement of accounts and audited reports​

b) Work and activities of the Authority and its Enforcement Stations​

c) Future plans and proposed projects​

d) All of the above​

Answer: d) All of the above

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13.​Where is the annual performance report submitted after being published?​

a) The Provincial Assembly of Punjab​

b) The Supreme Court of Pakistan​

c) The Federal Finance Ministry​

d) The Prime Minister’s Office​

Answer: a) The Provincial Assembly of Punjab

Finance, Accounts, and Audit

1. What is the name of the fund established under the Act?

a) Punjab Regulatory Fund​

b) Punjab Enforcement and Regulatory Authority Fund​

c) Punjab Financial Authority Fund​

d) Punjab Compliance Fund​

Answer: b) Punjab Enforcement and Regulatory Authority Fund

2. Which of the following is NOT a source of money credited to the Fund?

a) Government allocations​

b) Rewards from employees​

c) Refund of fines​

d) Foreign donations​

Answer: d) Foreign donations

3. Who administers and controls the Punjab Enforcement and Regulatory Authority

Fund?

a) The Government​

b) The Auditor General of Pakistan​

c) The Authority​
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d) The Chief Minister of Punjab​

Answer: c) The Authority

4. Who is authorized to withdraw and disburse funds for employee rewards and

enforcement costs?

a) Chief Minister​

b) Hearing Officer​

c) Secretary of Finance​

d) Deputy Director Operations​

Answer: b) Hearing Officer

5. The accounts of the Authority are audited annually by:

a) The Provincial Government​

b) A private firm​

c) The Auditor General of Pakistan​

d) The Authority’s internal committee​

Answer: c) The Auditor General of Pakistan

6. How long after the end of the financial year must the Authority submit its annual

performance report?

a) One month​

b) Two months​

c) Three months​

d) Six months​

Answer: c) Three months

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Miscellaneous

7. Which power CANNOT be delegated by the Authority?

a) Approving the annual budget​

b) Conducting field inspections​

c) Issuing notices for violations​

d) Hiring temporary employees​

Answer: a) Approving the annual budget

8. Under the Act, persons acting in official capacity are deemed as:

a) Public servants​

b) Private employees​

c) Independent contractors​

d) Law enforcement officers​

Answer: a) Public servants

9. Which of the following is NOT protected under the indemnity clause?

a) Government​

b) Authority members​

c) Private contractors​

d) Authority employees​

Answer: c) Private contractors

10. In case of conflict between this Act and another law, which one prevails?

a) The Act​

b) The other law​

c) The provincial judiciary’s decision​

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d) The Governor’s directive​

Answer: a) The Act

11. Who has the power to make rules under this Act?

a) The Authority​

b) The Provincial Assembly​

c) The Government​

d) The Supreme Court​

Answer: c) The Government

12. Who has the power to amend the Schedule under this Act?

a) The Government​

b) The Authority​

c) The Auditor General​

d) The Chief Minister​

Answer: a) The Government

13. The Punjab Enforcement and Regulatory Authority is primarily established for:

a) Supervising tax collection​

b) Managing public infrastructure projects​

c) Implementing and enforcing special laws in Punjab​

d) Conducting financial audits of government bodies​

Answer: c) Implementing and enforcing special laws in Punjab

14. Which of the following is NOT listed in the Schedule of the Act?

a) The Colonization of Government Lands Act, 1912​

b) The Punjab Prevention of Hoarding Act, 2020​

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c) The Punjab Price Control of Essential Commodities Act, 2024​

d) The Punjab Public Services Act, 2018​

Answer: d) The Punjab Public Services Act, 2018

15. What is one of the primary reasons for establishing the Punjab Enforcement and

Regulatory Authority?

a) Strengthening the education sector​

b) Addressing price control, anti-hoarding, and public nuisance issues​

c) Managing tourism and cultural affairs​

d) Regulating banking and finance in Punjab​

Answer: b) Addressing price control, anti-hoarding, and public nuisance issues

General Knowledge: Punjab

I. General Understanding of Geography of Punjab

1. Location and Boundaries:

●​ Punjab is located in the northeastern part of Pakistan.

●​ Geographical Coordinates: Latitude 30.3753° N, Longitude 69.3451° E.
●​ Total Area: 205,344 square kilometers (79,284 square miles), making it the largest
province by population but second-largest by area after Balochistan.
●​ Borders:
○​ India (East): Punjab, Haryana, and Rajasthan.
○​ Sindh (South): Shares a boundary near Rahim Yar Khan.
○​ Balochistan (Southwest): Shares a boundary with Dera Ghazi Khan.
○​ Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Northwest): Touches Attock and Mianwali.
○​ Azad Jammu & Kashmir (Northeast): Near Jhelum and Bhimber.

2. Topography and Physical Features:

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●​ Punjab's landscape is characterized by five river plains, formed by Indus,

Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, and Sutlej rivers, providing fertile land for agriculture.
●​ Pothohar Plateau (Northern Punjab): Covers approximately 22,000 square
kilometers, including Rawalpindi, Jhelum, and Chakwal, and is known for olive and
fruit production.
●​ Salt Range:
○​ Extends over 300 km from Jhelum to Mianwali.
○​ Home to Khewra Salt Mines, the second-largest salt mine in the world,
producing around 387,747 metric tons of salt annually.
●​ Thal Desert (Western Punjab): Covers over 20,000 square kilometers, mainly in
Bhakkar and Layyah, with efforts underway for agricultural development.

3. Climate and Weather Patterns:

●​ Punjab has a subtropical continental climate, with extreme summers and winters.
●​ Average Annual Rainfall: Ranges from 250 mm in the south to 1000 mm in the
north.
●​ Temperature Extremes:
○​ Hottest recorded temperature: 50.3°C (122.5°F) in Bahawalpur (2023).
○​ Coldest recorded temperature: -2°C (28.4°F) in Murree (2022).
●​ Monsoon (July–September): Accounts for 65-70% of annual rainfall, essential for
agriculture.

4. Soil and Vegetation:

●​ Punjab’s alluvial soil (brought by rivers) covers 85% of its land, supporting major
crops.
●​ Major soil types:
○​ Loamy and silty soils in central Punjab (ideal for wheat, sugarcane, and
rice).
○​ Clayey and saline soils in southern Punjab (less fertile, requiring irrigation
improvements).
●​ Forested Land: Punjab has only 4.7% forest cover, with government afforestation
programs to increase green areas.

5. Agriculture and Natural Resources:

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●​ Punjab contributes 76% of Pakistan’s total wheat production and over 90% of its
rice exports.
●​ Major crops:
○​ Wheat (21 million metric tons per year).
○​ Rice (5.5 million metric tons per year, mainly Basmati).
○​ Sugarcane (65 million metric tons per year).
●​ Livestock Sector: Produces over 60% of Pakistan’s total milk production.
●​ Natural Resources:
○​ Coal reserves of 235 million tons in Salt Range and Makarwal.
○​ Gypsum reserves exceeding 53 million tons.
○​ Limestone reserves over 1 billion tons, essential for cement production.

6. Demographic and Economic Features:

●​ Population: Over 110 million (as per 2023 census), making up 52% of Pakistan’s
total population.
●​ Urban vs. Rural Population: 40% urban, 60% rural.
●​ Major Cities:
○​ Lahore: 13.5 million people, Punjab’s economic and cultural hub.
○​ Faisalabad: Pakistan’s textile capital, contributing $3 billion annually in
exports.
○​ Sialkot: World’s leading producer of sports goods, exporting $2 billion
annually.

7. Environmental Issues and Developments:

●​ Deforestation: Punjab loses 12,000 hectares of forest per year, but the Billion
Tree Tsunami Project has started afforestation efforts.
●​ Air Pollution: Lahore’s AQI often exceeds 400, making it one of the world’s most
polluted cities. Government initiatives include electric buses and emission
control policies.
●​ Water Crisis: Groundwater depletion rates increase by 1.5 meters annually, but
construction of new dams and water conservation programs are in progress.

2. Geography & Demographics

Feature​ Pakistani Punjab​ Indian Punjab

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Area​ 205,344 km²​ 50,362 km²

Population​ ~110 million​ ~27 million

Major Cities​ Lahore, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Multan​ Amritsar, Ludhiana, Jalandhar,

Patiala

Language​ Punjabi (Shahmukhi script), Urdu, English​ Punjabi (Gurmukhi script), Hindi,
English

Religious Composition​ 97% Muslim, 1.5% Christian, 1% Hindu​ 58% Sikh, 39%
Hindu, 2% Muslim

II. Important Places and Personalities of Punjab

1. Important Places:

●​ Lahore: Cultural capital, home to UNESCO World Heritage Sites (Lahore Fort &
Shalimar Gardens).
●​ Multan: Produces 1.2 million tons of mangoes annually, famous for shrines.
●​ Taxila: Ancient Gandhara site, over 3,000 years old, known for Buddhist
monasteries.
●​ Sialkot: Supplies 70% of the world’s hand-stitched footballs.

2. Important Personalities:

●​ Allama Iqbal: Born 1877 in Sialkot, visionary behind Pakistan’s ideology.

●​ Faiz Ahmed Faiz: Awarded Lenin Peace Prize in 1962.
●​ Mian Muhammad Bakhsh: Wrote Saif-ul-Malook, a famous Sufi poetry collection.

Ancient & Medieval Punjab

1.​ Raja Porus (c. 4th Century BCE) – Fought against Alexander the Great at the Battle
of Hydaspes (326 BCE).

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2.​ Taxila (Founded around 1000 BCE) – A major center of learning in ancient Gandhara
civilization; flourished during the Mauryan and Kushan empires.
3.​ Harappa (c. 3300–1300 BCE) – One of the major cities of the Indus Valley
Civilization.
4.​ Guru Nanak Dev Ji (Born 1469, Nankana Sahib) – Founder of Sikhism.
5.​ Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni (971–1030 CE) – Conducted invasions into Punjab (11th
Century CE).
6.​ Prithviraj Chauhan (c. 1149–1192 CE) – Defeated by Muhammad Ghori in the
Second Battle of Tarain (1192).
7.​ Qutb-ud-Din Aibak (1150–1210 CE) – Established the Delhi Sultanate and ruled
Punjab as the first Sultan (1206 CE).
8.​ Baba Farid (Fariduddin Ganjshakar) (1173–1266 CE) – A Sufi saint who
contributed to Punjabi spiritual culture.

2. Mughal Era in Punjab (1526–1857)

9.​ Emperor Akbar (1542–1605 CE) – Established Lahore as an administrative center

(1585 CE).
10.​Badshahi Mosque (Lahore) – Built by Emperor Aurangzeb in 1673 CE.
11.​Shalimar Gardens (Lahore) – Constructed by Emperor Shah Jahan in 1641 CE.
12.​Wazir Khan Mosque (Lahore) – Built by Governor Wazir Khan in 1641 CE.
13.​Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi (1564–1624 CE) – An Islamic scholar who opposed Akbar’s
religious policies.

3. Sikh Rule and Resistance (1707–1849)

14.​Maharaja Ranjit Singh (1780–1839 CE) – Established the Sikh Empire in 1799 CE.
15.​Harimandir Sahib (Golden Temple, Amritsar) – Founded in 1581 CE; extensively
renovated by Ranjit Singh in the early 19th century.
16.​Nau Nihal Singh Haveli (1830s CE) – A historic palace built in Lahore.
17.​Baba Deep Singh (1682–1757 CE) – Defended the Golden Temple against Afghan
invaders.
18.​Hari Singh Nalwa (1791–1837 CE) – Expanded the Sikh Empire to Peshawar in the
early 19th century.
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19.​Rani Jindan Kaur (1817–1863 CE) – Led resistance against the British after Ranjit
Singh’s death.
20.​Battle of Gujarat (1849 CE) – The final battle that led to Punjab’s annexation by the
British.

4. British Raj in Punjab (1849–1947)

21.​Jallianwala Bagh (Amritsar) – Site of the massacre on April 13, 1919.

22.​Sir Ganga Ram (1851–1927 CE) – A philanthropist who developed Lahore’s
infrastructure in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
23.​Montgomery (now Sahiwal) Central Jail – Built in the late 19th century; Bhagat
Singh was hanged here in 1931.
24.​Lahore High Court – Established in 1919 as a major colonial-era institution.
25.​Allama Iqbal (1877–1938 CE) – Delivered the Allahabad Address in 1930,
envisioning Pakistan.
26.​Lahore Resolution (1940) – Passed at Minto Park (now Iqbal Park) on March 23,
1940.
27.​Data Ganj Bakhsh (Ali Hujwiri) (1009–1072 CE) – His shrine was established in
Lahore in the 11th century.
28.​Government College University (Lahore) – Founded in 1864 during British rule.

5. Post-Partition Punjab (1947–Present)

29.​Wagah Border (Lahore) – Established as a border crossing in 1947; became

famous for the flag-lowering ceremony in later decades.
30.​Minar-e-Pakistan (Lahore) – Built between 1960 and 1968 to commemorate the
Lahore Resolution.
31.​Islamia College, Lahore – Established in 1892; played a role in the Pakistan
Movement.
32.​Chaudhry Rehmat Ali (1897–1951) – Coined the name “Pakistan” in 1933.
33.​Ferozepur Road (Lahore) – Witnessed major migration events during Partition in
1947.
34.​Shahbaz Sharif (Former CM Punjab) – Led major infrastructure development
projects (1997–1999, 2008–2018).
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35.​Faisalabad (formerly Lyallpur) – Established as an agricultural city in 1890 and

renamed Faisalabad in 1979.
36.​Metro Bus System (Lahore, Rawalpindi, Multan) – Launched in Lahore in 2013,
followed by Rawalpindi and Multan.
37.​Kartarpur Corridor – Opened in 2019 to allow Indian Sikhs visa-free access to
Gurdwara Darbar Sahib.
38.​Shaukat Khanum Cancer Hospital (Lahore) – Established in 1994 by Imran Khan.
39.​D.G. Khan Cement Industry – Founded in 1986; became a major contributor to
Punjab’s economy.
40.​Multan Fort – Existed since the early centuries but was renovated during the Mughal
and Sikh eras.

PERSONALITIES

Maharaja Ranjit Singh

●​ Born: November 13, 1780

●​ Died: June 27, 1839
●​ Known For: Founder of the Sikh Empire
●​ Significance: Unified Punjab and established a secular government

2. Allama Muhammad Iqbal

●​ Born: November 9, 1877

●​ Died: April 21, 1938
●​ Known For: Philosopher, poet, and politician
●​ Significance: Conceptualized the idea of an independent Muslim state

3. Faiz Ahmed Faiz

●​ Born: February 13, 1911

●​ Died: November 20, 1984
●​ Known For: Urdu poet and author
●​ Significance: His poetry inspired social justice movements

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4. Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan

●​ Born: October 13, 1948

●​ Died: August 16, 1997
●​ Known For: Legendary Qawwali singer
●​ Significance: Popularized Sufi music globally

5. Noor Jehan

●​ Born: September 21, 1926

●​ Died: December 23, 2000
●​ Known For: Playback singer and actress
●​ Significance: Titled the “Queen of Melody”

6. Bulleh Shah

●​ Born: 1680
●​ Died: 1757
●​ Known For: Sufi poet
●​ Significance: Promoted love and tolerance through poetry

7. Waris Shah

●​ Born: 1722
●​ Died: 1798
●​ Known For: Poet and writer of Heer Ranjha
●​ Significance: His work is a classic in Punjabi literature

8. Alam Lohar

●​ Born: 1928
●​ Died: July 3, 1979
●​ Known For: Pioneer of Punjabi folk music
●​ Significance: Introduced Jugni in folk music

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9. Attaullah Khan Esakhelvi

●​ Born: August 19, 1951

●​ Known For: Saraiki and Punjabi folk singer
●​ Significance: Holds a Guinness World Record for the highest number of albums

10. Ustad Shaukat Hussain

●​ Born: 1930
●​ Died: 1996
●​ Known For: Tabla player
●​ Significance: Contributed significantly to Pakistani classical music

11. Ali Arshad Mir

●​ Born: 1937
●​ Died: 1998
●​ Known For: Epic Punjabi poet
●​ Significance: His poetry highlighted social struggles

12. Arshad Nadeem

●​ Born: January 2, 1997

●​ Known For: Javelin thrower
●​ Significance: Won Pakistan’s first Olympic gold in track and field

13. Bapsi Sidhwa

●​ Born: August 11, 1938

●​ Died: January 10, 2025
●​ Known For: English-language novelist
●​ Significance: Wrote Ice Candy Man, highlighting the partition

14. Imran Khan

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●​ Born: October 5, 1952

●​ Known For: Former cricketer and Prime Minister
●​ Significance: Led Pakistan to its first Cricket World Cup victory in
1992

15. Malala Yousafzai

●​ Born: July 12, 1997

●​ Known For: Youngest Nobel Prize laureate
●​ Significance: Advocates for girls’ education worldwide

16. Abdus Salam

●​ Born: January 29, 1926

●​ Died: November 21, 1996
●​ Known For: Theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate
●​ Significance: Contributed to electroweak unification

17. Saadat Hasan Manto

●​ Born: May 11, 1912

●​ Died: January 18, 1955
●​ Known For: Urdu short story writer
●​ Significance: Wrote about social issues and the partition

18. Sadequain

●​ Born: June 30, 1930

●​ Died: February 10, 1987
●​ Known For: Painter and calligrapher
●​ Significance: His murals are considered masterpieces

19. Arfa Karim

●​ Born: February 2, 1995

●​ Died: January 14, 2012
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●​ Known For: Youngest Microsoft Certified Professional

●​ Significance: Achieved international recognition in technology

20. M.M. Alam

●​ Born: July 6, 1935

●​ Died: March 18, 2013
●​ Known For: Air Commodore, PAF
●​ Significance: Shot down five Indian aircraft in under a minute (1965 War)

21. Hafeez Jalandhari

●​ Born: January 14, 1900

●​ Died: December 21, 1982
●​ Known For: Poet and writer of Pakistan’s national anthem

22. Wasim Akram

●​ Born: June 3, 1966

●​ Known For: Cricketer and captain of Pakistan’s team
●​ Significance: Considered one of the greatest fast bowlers

23. Shaan Shahid

●​ Born: April 27, 1971

●​ Known For: Actor, producer, and director
●​ Significance: Leading star in Pakistani cinema

24. Choudhry Rahmat Ali

●​ Born: November 16, 1897

●​ Died: February 3, 1951
●​ Known For: Coined the name “Pakistan”

25. Maulvi Abdul Haq

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●​ Born: April 20, 1870

●​ Died: August 16, 1961
●​ Known For: Scholar and linguist
●​ Significance: Known as the “Father of Modern Urdu”

26. Aslam Pahalwan

●​ Born: 1927
●​ Died: January 7, 1989
●​ Known For: Wrestler
●​ Significance: Rustam-e-Pakistan titleholder

27. Mustansar Hussain Tarar

●​ Born: March 1, 1939

●​ Known For: Writer, TV host, and mountaineer
●​ Significance: Hosted PTV’s Subah Bakhair (1988)

28. Maya Ali

●​ Born: July 27, 1989

●​ Known For: Actress
●​ Significance: Starred in Mann Mayal and Teefa in Trouble

29. Fawad Khan

●​ Born: November 29, 1981

●​ Known For: Actor and singer
●​ Significance: Rose to fame with Humsafar

30. Ali Zafar

●​ Born: May 18, 1980

●​ Known For: Singer, actor, and producer
●​ Significance: Also involved in philanthropy

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III. Pre-Partition and Post-Partition History of Punjab

1. Pre-Partition History:

●​ Indus Valley Civilization (3300–1300 BCE): Harappa, one of the world’s earliest
cities, was located in Punjab.
●​ Sikh Empire (1799–1849): Ranjit Singh unified Punjab, ruling a kingdom of over
200,000 square kilometers.
●​ British Rule (1849–1947): Lahore became a major hub for the independence
movement.
●​ Lahore Resolution (1940): Passed on March 23, 1940, laying the foundation for
Pakistan.

2. Post-Partition History and Developments:

●​ Partition of 1947: Punjab witnessed the largest migration in history, with over 14
million people displaced.
●​ Rehabilitation of Refugees: Major settlements were established in Lahore,
Faisalabad, and Sargodha.
●​ Industrial Growth: Punjab’s GDP contribution to Pakistan exceeds 57%.
●​ Infrastructure Developments:
○​ Lahore Metrobus serves over 150,000 passengers daily.
○​ CPEC Projects: Motorways and energy plants in Punjab have boosted
economic growth by 4.7% annually.
○​ Orange Line Metro: First electric train project in Pakistan, facilitating over
250,000 commuters daily.

Current Affairs (Last 6 Months)

National and International Affairs

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A) Political Developments in Pakistan

1. General Elections 2024

●​ Date: February 8, 2024

●​ Key Details:
○​ The general elections were held across Pakistan for both National
Assembly (NA) and provincial assemblies.
○​ Results were delayed due to alleged irregularities and counting issues.
○​ No party won a clear majority, leading to coalition negotiations.
○​ Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N), Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP),
and other allies formed a coalition government.
○​ PTI-backed independent candidates won a significant number of seats,
but their ability to form a government was restricted.

2. Maryam Nawaz Becomes First Female Chief Minister of Punjab

●​ Date: February 26, 2024

●​ Key Details:
○​ Maryam Nawaz Sharif, daughter of Nawaz Sharif, was elected as Punjab’s
first female Chief Minister.
○​ She belongs to Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N).
○​ Her focus includes education reforms, health improvements, and
infrastructure projects in Punjab.

3. Political Unrest After Elections

●​ Date: February 9, 2024 – March 2024

●​ Key Details:
○​ Following the general elections, Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) and other
opposition parties alleged massive rigging in vote counting.
○​ Nationwide protests and sit-ins were held, particularly in Islamabad,
Lahore, Karachi, and Peshawar.
○​ The Election Commission of Pakistan (ECP) dismissed allegations and
upheld the results.

4. Senate Elections 2024

●​ Date: Expected in March-April 2024

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●​ Key Details:
○​ The elections for Senate seats are scheduled to take place, further shaping
parliamentary politics.

5. Military Influence in Governance

●​ Date: Ongoing (2023-2024)

●​ Key Details:
○​ The Special Investment Facilitation Council (SIFC), backed by the
Pakistan Army, has gained a more dominant role in economic projects.
○​ The army’s role in economic and administrative matters has expanded,
with senior military officials taking part in major policy decisions.

B) International Affairs

1. Israel-Palestine War (Gaza Conflict 2023-2024)

●​ Start Date: October 7, 2023 (Ongoing in 2024)

●​ Key Details:
○​ Hamas launched an attack on Israel, leading to retaliatory strikes by
Israel in Gaza.
○​ Pakistan condemned Israeli aggression, calling for an immediate
ceasefire.
○​ Over 30,000 people killed in Gaza (as of February 2024).
○​ Pakistan supported ceasefire resolutions in the UN General Assembly
and OIC.

2. Pakistan-India Relations

●​ Date: Ongoing (2023-2024)

●​ Key Details:
○​ No diplomatic engagement between Pakistan and India in the last six
months.
○​ Trade remains suspended, and Kashmir dispute tensions continue.
○​ Pakistan's foreign office criticized India's new policies in Jammu and
Kashmir.

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3. Pakistan-China Relations (CPEC & Economic Ties)

●​ Date: January – February 2024

●​ Key Details:
○​ China reaffirmed commitment to CPEC projects, focusing on Gwadar
development.
○​ New agreements were signed in infrastructure and energy sectors.

4. Russia-Ukraine War & Pakistan’s Stance

●​ Date: Ongoing (2023-2024)

●​ Key Details:
○​ Pakistan maintains neutrality but allegedly supplied arms to Ukraine
through third parties.
○​ Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov visited Pakistan to discuss trade
and energy.

5. Afghanistan-Pakistan Border Tensions

●​ Date: November 2023 – February 2024

●​ Key Details:
○​ Pakistan closed the Torkham border multiple times due to terrorist
activities linked to TTP and Afghan smugglers.
○​ Pakistan issued warnings to Afghanistan over the presence of TTP
militants in Afghan territory.

C) Major Global Events Affecting Pakistan

1. Economic Crises in Neighboring Countries

●​ Sri Lanka & Bangladesh: Economic recovery post-crisis.

●​ Iran-Pakistan Relations: Pakistan and Iran resolved border tensions after
airstrikes in January 2024.

2. Pakistan’s Role in Global Forums

●​ COP28 Climate Summit (December 2023): Pakistan emphasized climate finance.

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●​ UN General Assembly (September 2023): Pakistan urged global powers to act

against Islamophobia.

D) Notable Diplomatic Visits to Pakistan

1. China-Pakistan Economic Talks

●​ Date: January 2024

●​ Visitors: Chinese officials and business leaders.

2. Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’s Visit (Expected 2024)

●​ Purpose: Strengthening military and economic cooperation.

3. Saudi Investment Delegation Visit

●​ Date: December 2023

●​ Purpose: Saudi Arabia pledged $5 billion investment in energy and
infrastructure.

CURRENT AFFAIRS - WORLD AFFAIRS

1. Escalating Tensions Between the U.S. and Ukraine

• Date: February 20, 2025

• Key Figures: U.S. President Donald Trump and Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy

• Event: President Trump labeled President Zelenskyy a “dictator” and questioned the
legitimacy of his leadership, suggesting that Ukraine should hold elections despite ongoing
martial law.

• Significance: These remarks have strained U.S.-Ukraine relations and raised concerns
about future U.S. support for Ukraine amidst its conflict with Russia.

2. Russian Drone Attacks on Odesa

• Date: February 19-20, 2025

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• Event: Russia conducted consecutive drone assaults on the southern Ukrainian city of
Odesa, targeting energy infrastructure.

• Impact: The attacks resulted in power outages affecting approximately 5,000 residents and
caused injuries to at least one individual.

3. U.S. Defense Policy Adjustments

• Date: February 12, 2025

• Key Figure: U.S. Secretary of Defense Pete Hegseth

• Announcement: Secretary Hegseth stated that a return to Ukraine’s pre-2014 borders is

“an unrealistic objective” and suggested that NATO membership for Ukraine is unlikely.

• Significance: This marks a significant shift in U.S. defense policy, potentially impacting the
dynamics of the Russia-Ukraine conflict.

4. Munich Security Conference Highlights

• Date: February 14-16, 2025

• Event: The 61st Munich Security Conference took place, focusing on global security
challenges.

• Key Discussions: Debates centered around the ongoing Russia-Ukraine war, with calls for
increased European defense spending and discussions on the role of the U.S. in European
security.

5. U.S.-Russia Diplomatic Engagements

• Date: February 18, 2025

• Event: Delegations from the U.S. and Russia met in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, to develop a
framework for peace negotiations concerning the Ukraine conflict.

• Significance: This diplomatic initiative indicates a potential shift in efforts to resolve the
ongoing war, though the exclusion of Ukraine from these talks has drawn criticism.

6. European Leaders’ Response to U.S. Policy

• Date: February 13, 2025

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• Key Figures: German Defense Minister Boris Pistorius and French Defense Minister
Sébastien Lecornu

• Event: European leaders expressed concern over the U.S. making concessions to Russia
without prior consultation, emphasizing the need for a unified approach to European security.

• Significance: This highlights potential rifts within Western alliances regarding strategies to
address the Russia-Ukraine conflict.

7. Proposed U.S.-Ukraine Resource Agreement

• Date: February 17, 2025

• Event: The U.S. proposed taking control of 50% of Ukraine’s vital minerals in exchange for
security guarantees.

• Outcome: Ukrainian President Zelenskyy instructed his ministers not to sign the proposed
agreement, citing concerns over national interests.

8. Internal Criticism of U.S. Foreign Policy

• Date: February 13, 2025

• Key Figure: Former U.S. National Security Adviser John Bolton

• Statement: Bolton criticized President Trump’s approach to negotiations with Russia,

suggesting that early concessions undermine U.S. and allied positions.

• Significance: This internal dissent reflects broader debates within the U.S. regarding the
administration’s foreign policy strategies.

9. Ukrainian Leadership’s Response to U.S. Criticism

• Date: February 19, 2025

• Key Figure: Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy

• Statement: President Zelenskyy accused President Trump of being influenced by Russian

disinformation, defending Ukraine’s sovereignty and leadership decisions.

• Significance: This exchange underscores the heightened tensions and challenges in

U.S.-Ukraine diplomatic relations.
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10. Impact of Russian Attacks on Ukrainian Civilians

• Date: February 19, 2025

• Event: Russian drone attacks on Odesa resulted in significant infrastructure damage,

leaving thousands without power and heat amid winter conditions.

• Significance: These attacks highlight the ongoing humanitarian challenges faced by

Ukrainian civilians in conflict zones.

Apologies for any confusion in the previous messages. Here are concise notes on 20
significant global events from February 2025, including key dates, figures, and statistics:

11. U.S. Imposes Tariffs on Canada, Mexico, and China

• Date: February 1, 2025

• Event: President Donald Trump imposed 25% tariffs on most imports from Canada and
Mexico, and 10% on goods from China, aiming to address illegal immigration and drug
trafficking concerns.

• Impact: Global stock markets tumbled, and Canada and Mexico announced retaliatory
tariffs on U.S. goods.

12. China Retaliates with Export Controls

• Date: February 4, 2025

• Event: In response to U.S. tariffs, China announced export controls and increased tariffs on
certain American imports.

• Impact: Escalation of the trade war between the world’s two largest economies.

13. Mass Shooting in Örebro, Sweden

• Date: February 4, 2025

• Event: A gunman opened fire at an adult education center in Örebro, resulting in 11 deaths
and 15 injuries.

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• Significance: Marked as the deadliest mass shooting in Sweden’s history.

14. U.S. Announces Control Over Gaza Strip

• Date: February 4, 2025

• Event: President Trump declared that the U.S. would take control of the Gaza Strip in an
agreement with Israel, with U.S. military overseeing reconstruction efforts.

• Implications: Significant shift in Middle East policy, raising international debates.

15. Baltic States Synchronize with European Power Grid

• Date: February 9, 2025

• Event: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania completed synchronization of their power grids with
continental Europe’s, disconnecting from Russia’s grid.

• Significance: Enhanced energy independence from Russia.

16. Liechtenstein General Election

• Date: February 9, 2025

• Event: The Progressive Citizens’ Party (VU), led by Brigitte Haas, remained the largest
party in the Landtag.

• Outcome: Continuation of VU’s political influence in Liechtenstein.

17. U.S. Imposes Additional Tariffs on Steel and Aluminum

• Date: February 10, 2025

• Event: President Trump imposed a 25% tariff on all steel and aluminum imports, without
exemptions.

• Impact: Potential increase in domestic manufacturing costs and further trade tensions.

18. Guatemala Bus Tragedy

• Date: February 10, 2025

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• Event: A bus fell off a bridge over the Las Vacas River in Guatemala City, resulting in at
least 55 fatalities and 9 serious injuries.

• Significance: One of the deadliest transportation accidents in Guatemala’s recent history.

19. Election of Greek President

• Date: February 12, 2025

• Event: Konstantinos Tasoulas was elected President of Greece by the Hellenic Parliament
after four rounds of voting.

• Outcome: New leadership aiming to address Greece’s ongoing economic and political
challenges.

20. Resignation of Romanian President

• Date: February 12, 2025

• Event: Klaus Iohannis resigned as President of Romania, marking the first resignation of a
Romanian president post-revolution.

• Implications: Potential political instability and the need for early elections.

21. U.S. and Russia Restore Diplomatic Relations

• Date: February 18, 2025

• Event: Presidents Trump and Putin announced the restoration of diplomatic missions as a
first step in Ukraine war negotiations.

• Significance: A potential de-escalation in U.S.-Russia tensions.

22. Discovery of Pharaoh Thutmose II’s Tomb

• Date: February 18, 2025

• Event: Egypt announced the discovery of Thutmose II’s tomb, the first royal tomb found
since Tutankhamun’s in 1922.

• Significance: Major archaeological breakthrough shedding light on Egypt’s Eighteenth

Dynasty.

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23. ICC Champions Trophy Commences

• Date: February 19, 2025

• Event: The 2025 ICC Champions Trophy began in Pakistan and Dubai.

• Highlight: Showcase of top cricketing nations competing in a major international

tournament.

24. AI Action Summit in Paris

• Date: February 10–11, 2025

• Event: The AI Action Summit was held at the Grand Palais in Paris, co-chaired by France
and India.

• Outcome: 58 countries signed a joint declaration on inclusive and sustainable AI; however,
the U.S. and UK refused to sign the declaration.

25. Genesis Invitational Golf Tournament

• Date: February 13–16, 2025

• Event: The Genesis Invitational took place at Torrey Pines Golf Course in San Diego.

• Highlight: Patrick Rodgers led at 8-under, with top golfers like Rory McIlroy and Scottie
Scheffler in contention.

26. Global Markets React to Trade and Ukraine Tensions

• Date: February 20, 2025

• Event: Global markets experienced subdued activity due to ongoing trade tensions and
Washington’s surprising stance against its Ukrainian ally.

• Impact: Despite market volatility, Wall Street and European stocks approached record
highs; gold reached new record levels.

27. Astronomical Events in February 2025

• Date: February 25, 2025

• Event: A planetary parade featuring Mercury, Venus, Jupiter, Saturn, and Mars was visible.
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• Significance: Offered a spectacular celestial display for stargazers worldwide.

28. Music Events in Early 2025

• Date: January–February 2025

• Event: Rising country star Max McNown performed sold-out shows at Irving Plaza in NYC.

• Highlight: Kendrick Lamar and SZA extended their joint tour following their Super Bowl
halftime performance.

29. Cultural Observances in February 2025

• Date: February 2025

Events:
• February 1: National Freedom Day

• February 1–7: World Interfaith Harmony Week

• February 2: World Wetlands Day

• February 13: World Radio Day

• February 20: World Day of Social Justice

• February 21: International Mother Language Day

• Significance: These observances highlight various social, cultural, and environmental

issues globally.

30. Travel Industry Events in February 2025

• Date: February 2025

• Events:

• January 30–February 2: Icelandair Mid-Atlantic Tradeshow in Reykjavik, Iceland

• January 30–February 1: The Destinations Holiday & Travel Show in London, UK

• Significance: These events provided platforms for travel industry

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Knowledge of ICTS

Citizen Services & E-Governance Apps

These apps provide public services digitally, improving efficiency and accessibility.

a) Pakistan Citizen Portal

●​ Launched: 2018

●​ Founder: Prime Minister’s Office

●​ Purpose: Online complaint system for public grievances

●​ Major Updates:

○​ 2019: AI-based complaint sorting

○​ 2021: Complaint tracking via SMS

○​ 2023: Integrated with Punjab e-Khidmat centers

●​ Future Prospects: AI-driven analytics for complaint resolution

b) Punjab Citizen Portal

●​ Launched: 2020

●​ Founder: Punjab IT Board (PITB)

●​ Purpose: Digital complaint system for Punjab residents

●​ Major Updates:

○​ 2021: Integrated with property and vehicle records

○​ 2023: E-Challan & land verification added

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●​ Future Prospects: AI chatbots for instant resolutions

c) Balochistan Citizen Portal

●​ Launched: 2021

●​ Founder: Balochistan IT Board

●​ Purpose: Complaint management for provincial services

●​ Major Updates:

○​ 2022: Automated case tracking for public complaints

●​ Future Prospects: Expansion to include online property and education services

2. Identity, Registration & Legal

Documents Apps

Apps offering CNIC, passport, and legal documentation digitally.

a) NADRA Pak-ID Mobile App

●​ Launched: 2022

●​ Founder: National Database & Registration Authority (NADRA)

●​ Purpose: CNIC registration and renewal from mobile

●​ Major Updates:

○​ 2023: Biometric verification via mobile

○​ 2024: AI-powered ID verification

●​ Future Prospects: Smart CNICs with embedded digital wallets

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b) Passport Fee Asaan App

●​ Launched: 2019

●​ Founder: Directorate General of Immigration & Passports

●​ Purpose: Online passport fee payment and application tracking

●​ Major Updates:

○​ 2021: Integration with e-Pay Punjab

●​ Future Prospects: Full passport renewal and application submission

c) MTMIS Punjab (Vehicle Verification App)

●​ Launched: 2017

●​ Founder: Punjab Excise & Taxation Department

●​ Purpose: Vehicle registration verification

●​ Major Updates:

○​ 2020: Added online ownership transfer request

○​ 2023: AI-powered fraud detection

●​ Future Prospects: Blockchain integration for tamper-proof vehicle history

3. Digital Payment & Taxation Apps

Apps facilitating tax payments, e-billing, and financial transactions.

a) e-Pay Punjab

●​ Launched: 2019

●​ Founder: Punjab IT Board (PITB) & Finance Department

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●​ Purpose: Online tax and utility bill payments

●​ Major Updates:

○​ 2021: JazzCash & Easypaisa integration

○​ 2023: QR-code-based tax payments

●​ Future Prospects: Expansion to Balochistan & KPK

b) FBR Tax Asaan App

●​ Launched: 2021

●​ Founder: Federal Board of Revenue (FBR)

●​ Purpose: Online tax return filing and NTN verification

●​ Major Updates:

○​ 2022: Added corporate tax filing

●​ Future Prospects: AI-assisted tax calculation

c) PayPak (Pakistan’s Domestic Payment Gateway)

●​ Launched: 2016

●​ Founder: State Bank of Pakistan

●​ Purpose: Alternative to Visa/Mastercard

●​ Major Updates:

○​ 2023: Enabled international transactions for remittances

●​ Future Prospects: E-commerce payment integrations

4. Education & Learning Apps

These apps enhance online learning through digital platforms.

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a) Taleem Ghar

●​ Launched: 2020

●​ Founder: Punjab IT Board & School Education Department

●​ Purpose: Online classes for students (especially during COVID-19)

●​ Major Updates:

○​ 2022: AI-driven personalized learning

●​ Future Prospects: Virtual reality classrooms

b) HEC e-Portal

●​ Launched: 2021

●​ Founder: Higher Education Commission (HEC)

●​ Purpose: Digital degree verification and scholarship applications

●​ Major Updates:

○​ 2023: Blockchain-based degree verification

●​ Future Prospects: AI-powered scholarship recommendations

Pakistan Learning Festival App

●​ Launched: 2022

●​ Founder: Idara-e-Taleem-o-Aagahi.

●​ Purpose: Offers e-books, storytelling, and literacy courses for students.

5. Health & Emergency Response Apps

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Apps supporting medical services and disaster response.

a) Sehat Sahulat Program (SSP) App

●​ Launched: 2020

●​ Founder: Government of Pakistan (Ministry of Health)

●​ Purpose: Health insurance for low-income citizens

●​ Major Updates:

○​ 2022: Digital hospital network integration

●​ Future Prospects: AI-based telemedicine services

b) Pakistan Red Crescent First Aid App

●​ Launched: 2019

●​ Founder: Pakistan Red Crescent Society (PRCS)

●​ Purpose: First aid guidance and emergency response

●​ Major Updates:

○​ 2021: AI-based emergency response suggestions

●​ Future Prospects: GPS-linked emergency service request

e-Khidmat Centers

●​ Invention Year: 2015

●​ Purpose: One-window service for CNIC, driving licenses, domicile, and other legal

documents.

●​ Founder: Government of Punjab, Pakistan.

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6. Agriculture & Farmers’ Assistance

Apps

These apps help farmers with real-time updates on crops, weather, and government

subsidies.

a) Kisan Dost App

●​ Launched: 2021

●​ Founder: Punjab Agriculture Department

●​ Purpose: Fertilizer rates, weather forecasts, and subsidies

●​ Major Updates:

○​ 2023: AI-based pest control alerts

●​ Future Prospects: Smart irrigation recommendations

b) Pak Zarai App

●​ Launched: 2022

●​ Founder: Ministry of Food Security & Research

●​ Purpose: Market rate updates and government assistance for farmers

●​ Major Updates:

○​ 2023: Online subsidy applications for seeds and fertilizers

●​ Future Prospects: AI-driven yield predictions

7. Transport & Traffic Management Apps

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Apps enhancing travel convenience through digital services.

a) City Traffic Police App (Rasta App – Punjab & KP)

●​ Launched: 2019

●​ Founder: Punjab Safe Cities Authority

●​ Purpose: E-challan payments and driving license services

●​ Major Updates:

○​ 2022: Real-time traffic updates

●​ Future Prospects: AI-powered accident prevention alerts

b) Pakistan Railways App

●​ Launched: 2020

●​ Founder: Pakistan Railways

●​ Purpose: Online train booking and schedule tracking

●​ Major Updates:

○​ 2023: Smart ticketing via QR codes

●​ Future Prospects: AI-driven predictive scheduling

8. Tourism & Cultural Heritage Apps

Apps promoting tourism and cultural preservation.

a) Pakistan Tourism Development Corporation (PTDC) App

●​ Launched: 2021

●​ Founder: PTDC
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●​ Purpose: Virtual tour guides and hotel booking

●​ Major Updates:

○​ 2023: AI-powered personalized itineraries

●​ Future Prospects: Augmented reality tourism experiences

b) Walled City Lahore Authority (WCLA) App

●​ Launched: 2020

●​ Founder: Punjab Government

●​ Purpose: Virtual exploration of historical sites in Lahore

●​ Major Updates:

○​ 2022: Interactive guided tours

●​ Future Prospects: 3D-augmented virtual visits

Apple App Store

●​ Invention Year: 2008

●​ Purpose: First official marketplace for iOS apps, allowing developers to distribute

applications.

●​ Founder: Steve Jobs (Apple Inc.)

●​ Major Updates:

○​ 2008: Launched with 500 apps.

○​ 2010: In-App Purchases introduced.

○​ 2013: iOS 7 Redesign – new UI, auto-app updates.

○​ 2016: App thinning (reduced app size for better performance).

○​ 2020: App Clips introduced (small app experiences without downloading full

apps).
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○​ 2023: Vision Pro support – integration for augmented reality apps.

2. Google Play Store (formerly Android Market)

●​ Invention Year: 2008 (as Android Market), 2012 (rebranded as Google Play Store).

●​ Purpose: Digital distribution platform for Android apps.

●​ Founder: Google (Larry Page & Sergey Brin).

●​ Major Updates:

○​ 2012: Rebranded as Google Play Store.

○​ 2016: Introduced Instant Apps (apps that can run without full installation).

○​ 2019: Play Pass launched (subscription-based model).

○​ 2021: Enhanced privacy and security measures.

○​ 2023: AI-powered app recommendations added.

3. WhatsApp

●​ Invention Year: 2009

●​ Purpose: Instant messaging, voice, and video calling.

●​ Founder: Brian Acton & Jan Koum (acquired by Facebook/Meta in 2014).

●​ Major Updates:

○​ 2014: Voice calling added.

○​ 2016: End-to-end encryption introduced.

○​ 2017: WhatsApp Business launched.

○​ 2018: Group video calls added.

○​ 2021: Multi-device support released.

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○​ 2023: AI-powered chatbot features & message editing added.

4. Facebook Mobile App

●​ Invention Year: 2010

●​ Purpose: Social networking on mobile.

●​ Founder: Mark Zuckerberg (Meta).

●​ Major Updates:

○​ 2012: Facebook Messenger separated into a standalone app.

○​ 2015: Facebook Live streaming introduced.

○​ 2018: Enhanced security & privacy tools post-Cambridge Analytica scandal.

○​ 2021: Meta Rebranding – Focus on VR and Metaverse.

○​ 2023: AI-powered feed ranking introduced.

5. Instagram

●​ Invention Year: 2010

●​ Purpose: Photo and video-sharing social media.

●​ Founder: Kevin Systrom & Mike Krieger (acquired by Meta in 2012).

●​ Major Updates:

○​ 2013: Video support added (15 seconds).

○​ 2016: Instagram Stories introduced.

○​ 2018: IGTV launched for long-form videos.

○​ 2020: Reels introduced (competitor to TikTok).

○​ 2023: AI-generated content suggestions added.

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6. Uber

●​ Invention Year: 2011

●​ Purpose: Ride-hailing app connecting drivers and passengers.

●​ Founder: Garrett Camp & Travis Kalanick.

●​ Major Updates:

○​ 2014: UberPOOL (carpooling service) launched.

○​ 2018: Uber Eats expanded as a separate entity.

○​ 2020: AI-based fare prediction added.

○​ 2023: Uber Green (EV taxis) expanded globally.

7. Google Maps (Mobile Version)

●​ Invention Year: 2008 (mobile app), originally launched in 2005 for desktop.

●​ Purpose: GPS navigation and real-time location tracking.

●​ Founder: Google (Lars & Jens Rasmussen).

●​ Major Updates:

○​ 2012: Turn-by-turn navigation added.

○​ 2015: Offline maps introduced.

○​ 2018: Augmented Reality (AR) walking directions.

○​ 2022: Live View AI for real-time navigation.

○​ 2023: AI-powered route optimization for fuel efficiency.

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8. TikTok

●​ Invention Year: 2016

●​ Purpose: Short-video sharing platform.

●​ Founder: ByteDance (Zhang Yiming).

●​ Major Updates:

○​ 2018: Merged with Musical.ly.

○​ 2020: TikTok LIVE launched.

○​ 2021: 3-minute videos allowed.

○​ 2022: Shopping features integrated.

○​ 2023: AI-powered video creation tools added.

9. Zoom

●​ Invention Year: 2013

●​ Purpose: Video conferencing for business and education.

●​ Founder: Eric Yuan.

●​ Major Updates:

○​ 2020: Surged in popularity due to COVID-19.

○​ 2021: AI-powered noise suppression added.

○​ 2023: Zoom AI Companion launched.

10. Banking & Digital Payment Apps

PayPal
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●​ Year: 1998, mobile app in 2010

●​ Founder: Elon Musk, Peter Thiel, Max Levchin

●​ Updates: Mobile payments, international transfers, crypto transactions.

Easypaisa (Pakistan)

●​ Year: 2009

●​ Founder: Telenor Pakistan

●​ Updates: QR code payments, utility bills, remittances.

JazzCash

●​ Year: 2012

●​ Founder: Mobilink

●​ Updates: NFC payments, international transfers.

Use of AI Platforms (ChatGPT, Meta AI,

etc.) – Detailed Analysis

1. ChatGPT (Developed by OpenAI)

Introduction & Evolution

●​ Founder: OpenAI

●​ Launch Date: June 2020 (GPT-3), November 2022 (ChatGPT), March 2023 (GPT-4)

●​ Purpose: Conversational AI for natural language understanding and generation

●​ Major Versions:

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○​ GPT-3 (2020): First widely available advanced language model

○​ GPT-3.5 (2022): Improved efficiency and response quality

○​ GPT-4 (2023): Enhanced reasoning, multimodal capabilities (image + text)

○​ GPT-4 Turbo (2023): Faster and cheaper with better memory features

Key Features

●​ Natural Language Processing (NLP): Generates human-like text for various

applications

●​ Multimodal Capabilities: Supports text and image input (GPT-4)

●​ Memory & Personalization: Retains user preferences for customized interactions

●​ Integration in Apps: Embedded in Microsoft Office (Word, Excel) and other

platforms

Use Cases

●​ Education: AI-assisted tutoring, essay writing, and exam preparation

●​ Business: Content creation, report generation, and email drafting

●​ Customer Support: AI-powered chatbots for automated responses

●​ Programming: Code assistance, debugging, and automation

Future Prospects

●​ Improved Reasoning: Advanced critical thinking and decision-making abilities

●​ Real-Time Learning: More dynamic knowledge updates and personalization

●​ Voice & Video AI: AI-driven virtual assistants with voice/video support

2. Meta AI (Developed by Meta)

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Introduction & Evolution

●​ Founder: Meta (formerly Facebook)

●​ Launch Date: 2023 (Meta AI 1.0)

●​ Purpose: AI-powered assistance integrated into Meta platforms (Facebook,

WhatsApp, Instagram)

●​ Major Developments:

○​ 2023: Meta AI chatbot launched in Messenger, Instagram, and WhatsApp

○​ 2024: Meta AI integration in smart glasses and VR (Meta Quest)

Key Features

●​ Conversational AI: Integrated with social media apps for instant assistance

●​ Multimodal AI: Supports text, images, and voice interactions

●​ AI-Generated Images: Uses Emu AI to create visuals from text prompts

●​ Smart Search: AI-powered search engine for Facebook and Instagram

Use Cases

●​ Social Media Assistance: AI suggestions for captions, hashtags, and content ideas

●​ AR & VR Applications: Meta AI enhances VR experiences in Meta Quest

●​ Messaging: AI-generated responses and auto-summarization of messages

●​ E-Commerce: AI-powered shopping assistants on Facebook Marketplace

Future Prospects

●​ Advanced VR AI: AI-driven metaverse interactions

●​ Emotional Intelligence AI: AI capable of understanding and responding to emotions

●​ AI-Powered Video Generation: Real-time video editing and content creation

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3. Google Bard (Now Gemini, Developed by Google

DeepMind)

Introduction & Evolution

●​ Founder: Google DeepMind

●​ Launch Date: February 2023 (Bard), January 2024 (Rebranded as Gemini)

●​ Purpose: AI assistant for search, research, and content generation

●​ Major Developments:

○​ 2023: Launched as Google Bard

○​ 2024: Upgraded to Gemini with multimodal support

Key Features

●​ Integration with Google Services: Direct access to Google Search, Docs, and

Gmail

●​ Multimodal AI: Supports text, images, and audio input

●​ Code Assistance: AI-powered programming help

●​ Real-Time Data Access: Uses Google’s vast knowledge base for updated

information

Use Cases

●​ Research & Writing: Academic writing, summarization, and citation generation

●​ Business Productivity: AI-powered reports and presentations in Google Workspace

●​ Search Assistance: AI-enhanced search queries for better results

●​ Programming & Coding: AI-generated code suggestions in Python, Java, etc.

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Future Prospects

●​ AI-Powered Video Creation: Google Gemini AI-generated short videos

●​ Advanced Personalization: Context-aware recommendations and interactions

●​ Full Android Integration: AI-driven mobile assistance

4. Microsoft Copilot (Developed by Microsoft)

Introduction & Evolution

●​ Founder: Microsoft

●​ Launch Date: March 2023

●​ Purpose: AI assistant for Windows, Office apps, and Bing search

●​ Major Developments:

○​ 2023: Integrated into Microsoft Office (Word, Excel, Outlook)

○​ 2024: AI-powered Windows 11 features

Key Features

●​ Office 365 Integration: AI-generated content in Word, PowerPoint, and Excel

●​ AI-Powered Coding: Embedded in GitHub Copilot for software development

●​ Real-Time Data Analysis: Smart Excel formulas and PowerPoint automation

●​ AI-Assisted Emails: Drafting, summarizing, and responding in Outlook

Use Cases

●​ Business Automation: AI-powered reports and financial forecasting

●​ Software Development: AI-generated code snippets and debugging assistance

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●​ Productivity Boost: AI-driven task management and scheduling

●​ AI Search Assistant: Smart Bing search with conversational AI

Future Prospects

●​ Fully AI-Powered Windows OS: AI-enhanced user interface and automation

●​ AI-Based Learning Hub: AI-driven tutorials for Office users

●​ Personalized AI Experience: Adaptive AI suggestions in all Microsoft apps

5. Claude AI (Developed by Anthropic)

Introduction & Evolution

●​ Founder: Anthropic

●​ Launch Date: 2023

●​ Purpose: AI-powered conversational assistant focusing on ethical AI

●​ Major Developments:

○​ 2023: Claude AI launched with safety-first AI design

Key Features

●​ Ethical & Secure AI: Trained to minimize biases and harmful content

●​ Long-Context Understanding: Processes long documents efficiently

●​ Enterprise-Focused AI: Designed for business use cases

Use Cases

●​ Legal & Compliance Work: AI-assisted contract analysis

●​ Customer Support: Safe and ethical AI chatbots

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●​ Research & Analysis: AI-driven data summarization

Future Prospects

●​ AI-Powered Compliance Monitoring: Automated legal document processing

●​ Advanced Secure AI Models: Enhanced privacy-focused AI interactions

6. xAI (Developed by Elon Musk)

Introduction & Evolution

●​ Founder: Elon Musk

●​ Launch Date: 2023

●​ Purpose: AI with transparency and logic-driven reasoning

●​ Major Developments:

○​ 2023: xAI introduced "Grok," an alternative AI chatbot

Key Features

●​ AI with Real-World Understanding: Focuses on accurate reasoning

●​ Integration with X (formerly Twitter): AI-powered social media interactions

●​ AI-Driven News Analysis: Summarizes and fact-checks online information

Use Cases

●​ Social Media Insights: AI-powered content recommendations

●​ Research & Journalism: AI-assisted fact-checking

●​ Conversational AI: Interactive chatbot experiences

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Future Prospects

●​ AI-Driven Search Engine: Competing with Google Search

●​ AI-Powered Financial Analysis: Predictive market insights

7. IBM Watson (Developed by IBM)

Introduction & Evolution

●​ Founder: IBM

●​ Launch Date: 2010

●​ Purpose: AI-driven data analysis, natural language processing, and enterprise

solutions

●​ Major Developments:

○​ 2011: Won Jeopardy! against human champions

○​ 2014: Watson Health introduced for AI-driven medical diagnostics

○​ 2021: IBM shifts focus to cloud-based AI services

Key Features

●​ AI-Powered Data Analysis: Helps businesses make data-driven decisions

●​ Healthcare & Medicine: AI-powered diagnostics and patient management

●​ Natural Language Processing: Enhances chatbots and customer service

automation

●​ Enterprise AI Solutions: AI integration in finance, cybersecurity, and supply chains

Use Cases
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●​ Healthcare: AI-assisted diagnosis and drug discovery

●​ Financial Services: Fraud detection and risk assessment

●​ Customer Support: AI-powered chatbots for businesses

Future Prospects

●​ Quantum AI: Integration with quantum computing for complex problem-solving

●​ AI-Powered Legal Analysis: AI-driven contract review and compliance

8. DeepMind AlphaFold & AlphaGo (Developed by

DeepMind, a subsidiary of Google)

Introduction & Evolution

●​ Founder: DeepMind (acquired by Google in 2014)

●​ Launch Date:

○​ AlphaGo (2016): Defeated the world champion in the game of Go

○​ AlphaFold (2020): AI for protein structure prediction in biology

Key Features

●​ AlphaFold: AI-powered protein structure prediction for medical research

●​ AlphaGo: AI mastering complex strategic games (Go, Chess, StarCraft)

●​ Reinforcement Learning: Self-learning AI without human intervention

Use Cases

●​ Medical Research: Accelerating drug discovery with AI-generated protein structures

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●​ Gaming & AI Strategy: AI mastering board games and strategic decision-making

●​ Autonomous Learning: AI that learns without predefined rules

Future Prospects

●​ AI in Drug Development: Faster discovery of new medicines

●​ AI in Robotics: Advanced reinforcement learning for automation

9. Hugging Face (Open-Source AI Platform for NLP &

ML)

Introduction & Evolution

●​ Founder: Clement Delangue and Team

●​ Launch Date: 2016

●​ Purpose: Open-source AI models for natural language processing (NLP)

●​ Major Developments:

○​ 2018: Open-source transformer-based AI models

○​ 2021: Collaboration with Microsoft and Google for AI research

Key Features

●​ Transformer-Based Models: Provides AI models like BERT, GPT-2, and T5

●​ Open-Source AI: Accessible AI models for developers and researchers

●​ Community-Driven AI: AI model training and fine-tuning for various applications

Use Cases

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●​ Machine Learning Research: AI model development and optimization

●​ Language Translation: AI-powered multilingual content generation

●​ Chatbots & Virtual Assistants: AI-driven customer support

Future Prospects

●​ AI Democratization: Open AI models for wider accessibility

●​ Advanced NLP Models: More powerful AI-driven content generation

10. Perplexity AI (AI-Powered Search Engine)

Introduction & Evolution

●​ Founder: Denis Yarats, Johnny Ho, and Team

●​ Launch Date: 2022

●​ Purpose: AI-powered search engine with real-time sources

●​ Major Developments:

○​ 2022: Launched as an alternative to Google Search

○​ 2023: Added real-time citation-based search results

Key Features

●​ AI-Powered Search Engine: Provides summarized answers with source citations

●​ Real-Time Data Retrieval: Ensures up-to-date and reliable information

●​ Conversational AI Interface: Uses NLP for smart search queries

Use Cases

●​ Research & Learning: AI-powered academic search engine

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●​ Fact-Checking: Provides sources for news verification

●​ Business Intelligence: AI-driven market research and analysis

Future Prospects

●​ AI-Powered Visual Search: Search by images and videos

●​ Deeper AI Integration: Enhanced real-time AI responses

11. Jasper AI (AI for Marketing & Content Writing)

Introduction & Evolution

●​ Founder: Dave Rogenmoser and Team

●​ Launch Date: 2021

●​ Purpose: AI-powered content creation and marketing automation

●​ Major Developments:

○​ 2021: Launched as a GPT-3 powered AI writing tool

○​ 2023: Added AI-driven SEO optimization features

Key Features

●​ AI-Powered Content Writing: Blog posts, marketing copy, and SEO content

●​ SEO Optimization: AI-driven keyword suggestions

●​ AI Art Generator: Text-to-image AI-based creative design

Use Cases

●​ Digital Marketing: AI-generated ad copies and sales emails

●​ SEO Blogging: AI-driven content optimization for search rankings

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●​ E-Commerce: AI-powered product descriptions

Future Prospects

●​ AI Video Content Creation: Automated script generation

●​ Voice AI for Marketing: AI-generated voiceovers

12. Stability AI (Text-to-Image AI - Stable Diffusion)

Introduction & Evolution

●​ Founder: Emad Mostaque

●​ Launch Date: 2022

●​ Purpose: AI-powered image generation from text prompts

●​ Major Developments:

○​ 2022: Launched Stable Diffusion 1.0

○​ 2023: Improved model with better image realism

Key Features

●​ AI-Generated Art: Creates realistic images from text descriptions

●​ Customization & Fine-Tuning: AI-powered image editing

●​ Open-Source AI: Community-driven development

Use Cases

●​ Graphic Design: AI-generated images for marketing

●​ Gaming & Animation: AI-powered character design

●​ Social Media: AI-driven visual content creation

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Future Prospects

●​ AI Video Generation: AI-generated animations

●​ Real-Time AI Art Editing: AI-powered Photoshop alternatives

13. Mistral AI (European AI Competitor to OpenAI)

Introduction & Evolution

●​ Founder: Arthur Mensch, Guillaume Lample, and Team

●​ Launch Date: 2023

●​ Purpose: Open-weight AI models competing with GPT and LLaMA

●​ Major Developments:

○​ 2023: Released Mistral 7B (lightweight AI model)

○​ 2024: Developing an open AI ecosystem

Key Features

●​ Lightweight AI Models: Faster and more efficient AI processing

●​ Privacy-Focused AI: Designed for secure AI applications

●​ Open-Weight Models: Accessible for AI developers

Use Cases

●​ Enterprise AI: Secure AI-driven automation

●​ Data Privacy Applications: AI-powered cybersecurity solutions

●​ AI Research: Community-driven AI innovation

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Future Prospects

●​ AI-Powered Personal Assistants: Multimodal AI-driven assistants

●​ AI Ethics & Regulation: AI models focusing on safety and privacy

Use of ICTs in Governance: Microsoft Office (Word,

PowerPoint, Excel)

1. Microsoft Word in Governance

Introduction & Evolution

●​ Developer: Microsoft Corporation

●​ Founded By: Bill Gates & Paul Allen

●​ Initial Release: 1983 (as Multi-Tool Word for Xenix & MS-DOS)

●​ Latest Version: Microsoft Word 2024 (AI-integrated)

●​ Purpose: Word processing software for creating, editing, formatting, and managing

text-based documents.

Core Functionalities

✅ Official Document Drafting: Letters, government orders, policy reports, legislative drafts​
✅ Track Changes & Collaboration: Multi-user editing for policy formulation​
✅ Automated Formatting & Templates: Standardized government document formats​
✅ PDF Export & Digital Signatures: Secure document verification​
✅ Multi-Language Support & AI Translation: Enhancing accessibility in multi-lingual
governance

Applications in Governance
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●​ Legislative Documentation: Drafting bills, policies, and regulatory frameworks

●​ Official Correspondence: Memos, notifications, government circulars

●​ Legal & Administrative Work: Court rulings, contracts, compliance reports

●​ Public Communication: Press releases, public notices, annual reports

Recent Technological Advancements

●​ AI-Powered Writing Assistance (Copilot AI): Automating document drafting

●​ Cloud Collaboration (OneDrive & SharePoint): Real-time document editing across

departments

●​ Enhanced Security Features: Encrypted storage for classified government files

2. Microsoft PowerPoint in Governance

Introduction & Evolution

●​ Originally Developed By: Forethought, Inc. (Acquired by Microsoft in 1987)

●​ Initial Release: 1987

●​ Latest Version: Microsoft PowerPoint 2024 (AI-enhanced)

●​ Purpose: Presentation software for data visualization, briefings, and policy

communication

Core Functionalities

✅ Slide-Based Presentations: Structuring and organizing policy briefs​

✅ Smart Art & Data Charts: Graphical representation of government reports​
✅ Live Collaboration & Remote Access: Inter-departmental discussions on national
strategies​
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✅ Embedded Multimedia (Audio & Video): Enhancing policy communication with visual
aids​

✅ Live Captions & AI-Based Translations: Accessibility for multi-lingual governance

Applications in Governance

●​ Policy Briefings & Cabinet Presentations: Government strategies, annual planning

●​ Public Awareness Campaigns: Health, education, digital literacy initiatives

●​ Training & Development Programs: Civil servant training on e-governance tools

●​ Financial & Performance Reports: Budget allocations, project evaluations

Recent Technological Advancements

●​ AI-Generated Presentations (Copilot AI): Automated slide creation with predictive

analytics

●​ Integration with Microsoft Teams & OneNote: Synchronized presentations for

digital governance

●​ Data-Driven Visualizations: Real-time statistical tracking of governance initiatives

3. Microsoft Excel in Governance

Introduction & Evolution

●​ Developer: Microsoft Corporation

●​ Initial Release: 1985

●​ Latest Version: Microsoft Excel 2024 (Advanced AI-based Data Analytics)

●​ Purpose: Spreadsheet software for data analysis, financial planning, and policy

modeling
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Core Functionalities

✅ Data Management & Record Keeping: Organizing government databases​

✅ Advanced Formulas & Statistical Functions: Economic and demographic trend
analysis​

✅ Pivot Tables & Big Data Analytics: Real-time governance insights​

✅ Automation with Macros & VBA: Streamlining repetitive data entry tasks​
✅ Integration with Power BI & AI-Based Predictions: Enhancing evidence-based
policymaking

Applications in Governance

●​ Public Budgeting & Fiscal Analysis: Tracking government expenditures

●​ E-Governance & Citizen Databases: Managing national population records

●​ Policy Formulation & Impact Assessments: Predictive analytics for

decision-making

●​ Performance Monitoring & Transparency Reports: Public accountability initiatives

Recent Technological Advancements

●​ AI-Driven Data Insights (Copilot AI): Predictive trend analysis in governance

●​ Integration with Cloud Platforms (Azure, SharePoint): Real-time government data

tracking

●​ Advanced Security & Access Controls: Preventing unauthorized data

manipulation

Impact of ICTs (MS Office) on Governance

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✅ Enhanced Administrative Efficiency: Reducing manual paperwork​

✅ Data-Driven Decision-Making: Advanced analytics in governance​
✅ Increased Transparency & Accountability: Digital records minimize corruption risks​
✅ Improved Public Engagement: AI-driven reports for citizen awareness​
✅ Real-Time Collaboration: Cloud-based document sharing across government
departments

Future of ICTs in Governance

🔹 AI-Driven Governance: Automating policy drafting and data analytics​

🔹 Cloud-Based Governance Infrastructure: Secure document storage via Microsoft
Azure​

🔹 Blockchain for Public Records: Enhancing transparency in legal documentation​

🔹 Big Data & Predictive Analytics: AI-powered forecasting for national planning

Digital Platforms / Apps of Punjab Government for Public

Service Delivery​

Citizen Services & Complaint Management Apps

i. Punjab Citizen Portal

●​ Launch Year: 2018

●​ Developed By: Punjab Information Technology Board (PITB)

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●​ Purpose: A centralized grievance redressal system where citizens can lodge

complaints regarding government departments.

●​ Key Features:​

✅ Lodge and track complaints online​

✅ Direct communication with officials​
✅ Citizen feedback and resolution tracking
ii. Pakistan Citizen Portal (Federal but Used in Punjab)

●​ Launch Year: 2018

●​ Developed By: Prime Minister’s Office & National IT Board

●​ Purpose: Allows Punjab citizens to report complaints and seek redressal at both

provincial and federal levels.

●​ Key Features:​

✅ Complaint lodging across multiple departments​

✅ Transparency in government responses​
✅ Performance monitoring of government officials
iii. Qeemat Punjab (Price Control App)

●​ Launch Year: 2019

●​ Developed By: PITB

●​ Purpose: Enables citizens to check real-time prices of essential commodities and

report overpricing.

●​ Key Features:​

✅ Daily updated price lists​

✅ Complaint submission against price violations​
✅ Government crackdown on profiteering
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2. Health & Emergency Services Apps

iv. Sehat Sahulat Program App

●​ Launch Year: 2020

●​ Developed By: Punjab Health Initiative Management Company (PHIMC)

●​ Purpose: Provides details about health insurance (Sehat Card Plus) for free

medical treatment at designated hospitals.

●​ Key Features:​

✅ Check Sehat Card eligibility​

✅ Find panel hospitals​
✅ Track usage and claim status
v. Rescue 1122 App

●​ Launch Year: 2021

●​ Developed By: Punjab Emergency Services (Rescue 1122) & PITB

●​ Purpose: Emergency response app for citizens to request ambulance, fire brigade,

and disaster management services.

●​ Key Features:​

✅ One-tap SOS emergency call​

✅ GPS tracking for real-time rescue updates​
✅ First aid guidelines
vi. Dengue Reporting App

●​ Launch Year: 2012 (Updated in 2023)

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●​ Developed By: PITB & Health Department Punjab

●​ Purpose: Allows citizens and health officials to report dengue hotspots and track

the government's response.

●​ Key Features:​

✅ Geo-tagging of dengue breeding sites​

✅ Public awareness about dengue prevention​
✅ Real-time case monitoring

3. Education & Learning Apps

vii. eLearn Punjab

●​ Launch Year: 2015

●​ Developed By: Punjab IT Board & School Education Department

●​ Purpose: A digital learning platform with e-books, lectures, and animations for

students.

●​ Key Features:​

✅ Free access to Punjab Textbook Board curriculum​

✅ Video lectures, quizzes, and exercises​
✅ Covers primary to higher secondary education
viii. Taleem Ghar App

●​ Launch Year: 2020 (During COVID-19)

●​ Developed By: Punjab Education Department & PITB

●​ Purpose: Provides online classes for students affected by school closures.

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●​ Key Features:​

✅ Video lectures and e-books​

✅ Live class sessions​
✅ Interactive learning materials
ix. School Information System (SIS Punjab)

●​ Launch Year: 2017

●​ Developed By: PITB & Punjab School Education Department

●​ Purpose: Tracks teachers, students, and school performance across Punjab.

●​ Key Features:​

✅ Online student enrollment and teacher attendance​

✅ Performance monitoring of schools​
✅ Real-time data for education reforms

4. Transport & Traffic Management Apps

x. Punjab Police App (P-Safe) & e-Gadget Punjab

●​ Launch Year: 2022

●​ Developed By: Punjab Police & PITB

●​ Purpose: Provides online crime reporting, verification services, and police

assistance.

●​ Key Features:​

✅ Lodge FIRs and track cases​

✅ Verify vehicles and mobile IMEIs​
✅ Emergency police assistance
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xi. Rasta App (Traffic Police Punjab)

●​ Launch Year: 2019

●​ Developed By: City Traffic Police Lahore & PITB

●​ Purpose: Online driving license applications and traffic fine payments.

●​ Key Features:​

✅ Apply and renew driving licenses​

✅ Pay e-challans online​
✅ Real-time traffic updates
xii. Punjab Vehicle Verification App (MTMIS Punjab)

●​ Launch Year: 2016

●​ Developed By: Excise & Taxation Department Punjab

●​ Purpose: Check vehicle ownership and registration details online.

●​ Key Features:​

✅ Verify car and bike details​

✅ Check token tax status​
✅ Avoid illegal vehicle fraud

5. Land & Property Management Apps

xiii. Punjab Land Records Authority (PLRA) App

●​ Launch Year: 2017

●​ Developed By: Punjab Land Records Authority

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●​ Purpose: Provides online access to land records (Fard) and property ownership

verification.

●​ Key Features:​

✅ Digitized land records of Punjab​

✅ Ownership verification with CNIC​
✅ Reduce land fraud and corruption
xiv. e-Stamping Punjab

●​ Launch Year: 2016

●​ Developed By: Board of Revenue Punjab

●​ Purpose: Online issuance of stamp papers to prevent fraud in property

transactions.

●​ Key Features:​

✅ Secure digital stamp papers​

✅ Transparent property transactions​
✅ Reduce land mafia activities

6. Agriculture & Farmers Support Apps

xv. Kisaan App Punjab

●​ Launch Year: 2019

●​ Developed By: Agriculture Department Punjab & PITB

●​ Purpose: Provides agriculture-related information to farmers, including crop

disease alerts and weather updates.

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●​ Key Features:​

✅ Weather forecasts and crop advisory​

✅ Subsidy information on fertilizers and seeds​
✅ Direct complaints to the Agriculture Department
xvi. Smart Agri App

●​ Launch Year: 2021

●​ Developed By: Punjab Agriculture Department & PITB

●​ Purpose: Uses AI-based technology to provide personalized farming advice.

●​ Key Features:​

✅ AI-powered crop disease detection​

✅ Market price updates for farmers​
✅ Govt subsidy tracking

7. Digital Payment & Tax Services Apps

xvii. e-Pay Punjab

●​ Launch Year: 2019

●​ Developed By: Punjab IT Board & Finance Department

●​ Purpose: Online tax payments, challans, and utility bills.

●​ Key Features:​

✅ Pay property tax, token tax, and vehicle registration fees​

✅ Secure digital payment system​
✅ Integration with JazzCash, Easypaisa, and banks
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English Language Comprehension

Rules to Prevent Common Sentence Errors

Here are some simple rules to help you correct sentences easily. Each rule comes with
clear examples to help you understand better.

1. Subject-Verb Agreement Errors

A sentence must have the correct match between the subject (who or what the sentence is
about) and the verb (the action).

✅ Rule 1: A singular subject (one person or thing) takes a singular verb. A plural subject
(more than one) takes a plural verb.

✅ Correct: She runs every morning.​

❌ Incorrect: She run every morning.
✅ Correct: The cats are playing outside.​
❌ Incorrect: The cats is playing outside.
✅ Rule 2: When two subjects are joined by "and," use a plural verb.
✅ Correct: Sara and Ali are best friends.​
❌ Incorrect: Sara and Ali is best friends.
✅ Rule 3: When two subjects are joined by "or" or "nor," use a verb that matches the closer
subject.

✅ Correct: Either the teacher or the students are responsible.​

✅ Correct: Either the students or the teacher is responsible.

2. Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement Errors

A pronoun (he, she, it, they) must match the noun it replaces.

✅ Rule 4: A singular noun must have a singular pronoun, and a plural noun must have a
plural pronoun.

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✅ Correct: Every student must bring his or her book.​

❌ Incorrect: Every student must bring their book. (‘Student’ is singular, so ‘his or her’ is
correct.)

✅ Correct: All employees must submit their reports.​

❌ Incorrect: All employees must submit his reports. (‘Employees’ is plural, so ‘their’ is
correct.)

3. Tense Errors (Past, Present, Future)

Tense tells us when something happens (past, present, or future).

✅ Rule 5: Keep the same tense in one sentence.

✅ Correct: She was watching TV when the phone rang.​
❌ Incorrect: She was watching TV when the phone rings. (Mixing past and present is
incorrect.)

✅ Rule 6: Use "had" for actions that happened before another past event.
✅ Correct: She had finished her work before I arrived.​
❌ Incorrect: She finished her work before I arrived. (‘Had finished’ shows it happened
first.)

4. Parallel Structure Errors

When listing things, keep the same structure (all verbs or all nouns).

✅ Rule 7: Use the same type of words in a list.

✅ Correct: She likes reading, writing, and dancing.​
❌ Incorrect: She likes reading, to write, and dancing.
✅ Correct: He is not only smart but also hardworking.​
❌ Incorrect: He is not only smart but he is also hardworking.

5. Misplaced Modifiers (Wrong Placement of Words)

A modifier is a word that describes something. It should be placed next to what it
describes.

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✅ Rule 8: Put the describing word near the correct noun.

✅ Correct: Running down the street, I saw a dog. (I was running.)​
❌ Incorrect: Running down the street, a dog was seen. (Sounds like the dog was
running!)

✅ Correct: She gave the book with a red cover to Ali. (The book has a red cover.)​
❌ Incorrect: She gave the book to Ali with a red cover. (Now it sounds like Ali has a red
cover!)

6. Double Negatives Errors

Using two negatives makes the sentence incorrect.

✅ Rule 9: Avoid two negative words together.

✅ Correct: I have never seen such a big house.​
❌ Incorrect: I have never not seen such a big house. (‘Never’ and ‘not’ together make it
wrong.)

✅ Correct: He said nothing about the problem.​

❌ Incorrect: He didn’t say nothing about the problem. (Use ‘anything’ instead of ‘nothing.’)

7. Wrong Word Choice (Common Confusions)

Some words look or sound similar but have different meanings.

✅ Rule 10: Use the correct word for the situation.

●​ ✅ Their house is beautiful. (Belonging to them.)
●​ ❌ There house is beautiful. (‘There’ means a place.)
●​ ✅ I accept your apology. (Accept means agree.)
●​ ❌ I except your apology. (‘Except’ means exclude.)
●​ ✅ The effect of the storm was severe. (Effect = result.)
●​ ❌ The affect of the storm was severe. (Affect = to change.)

8. Avoid Redundant Words (Extra Unnecessary Words)

Some words repeat the same meaning and should be removed.

✅ Rule 11: Do not repeat words unnecessarily.

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✅ Correct: He returned home.​

❌ Incorrect: He returned back home. (‘Back’ is extra.)
✅ Correct: She made a decision.​
❌ Incorrect: She made a final decision. (‘Decision’ already means final.)

9. Incorrect Prepositions (in, on, at, for, etc.)

A preposition connects words and shows relationships.

✅ Rule 12: Use the correct preposition for the word.

✅ Correct: She is interested in science.​
❌ Incorrect: She is interested on science.
✅ Correct: The book is on the table.​
❌ Incorrect: The book is in the table. (Use ‘in’ for inside something.)
✅ Correct: He apologized for his mistake.​
❌ Incorrect: He apologized about his mistake.

10. Articles Errors (A, An, The)

Articles (a, an, the) must be used correctly.

✅ Rule 13: Use "a" before consonant sounds and "an" before vowel sounds.
✅ Correct: She bought an apple. (Apple starts with a vowel sound.)​
❌ Incorrect: She bought a apple.
✅ Correct: He is the best player in the team. (‘The’ is used for something specific.)​
❌ Incorrect: He is a best player in the team.

11. Passive vs. Active Voice Errors

Active voice is clearer than passive voice.

✅ Rule 14: Use active voice when possible.

✅ Correct (Active): The teacher gave the students homework.​
✅ Correct (Passive): The students were given homework by the teacher.
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❌ Incorrect: The students was given homework by the teacher. (‘Was’ should be ‘were.’)

12. Run-on Sentences (Too Many Ideas in One

Sentence)
Run-on sentences make it hard to understand.

✅ Rule 15: Separate ideas with punctuation or connecting words.

✅ Correct: I wanted to go out, but it was raining.​
✅ Correct: I wanted to go out. However, it was raining.​
❌ Incorrect: I wanted to go out it was raining.

13. Sentence Fragments (Incomplete Sentences)

A sentence needs a subject (who/what) and a verb (action).

✅ Rule 16: Make sure the sentence is complete.

✅ Correct: She left early because she was feeling sick.​
❌ Incorrect: Because she was feeling sick. (This is incomplete.)
✅ Correct: The boy who won the race is my brother.​
❌ Incorrect: The boy who won the race. (No main verb or clause.)

1 Synonyms
Definition:

Synonyms are words that have similar meanings but may differ in usage, tone, or context.

Rules & Principles:

1.​ Context Matters: Even though two words are synonyms, their usage can vary.
○​ Example: "Happy" and "Ecstatic" both mean joy, but "ecstatic" is a stronger
expression.
■​ She was happy with her results. (General feeling)
■​ She was ecstatic after winning the competition. (Extreme happiness)
2.​ Formality Differences: Some synonyms have formal and informal versions.
○​ Example:
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■​ Informal: "Help"
■​ Formal: "Assist"
■​ Can you help me? (Casual)
■​ Can you assist me? (More professional)
3.​ Usage in Phrases: Some synonyms work differently in phrases.
○​ Example: "Talk" vs. "Speak"
■​ We need to talk about something important. (Casual)
■​ May I speak with the manager? (Formal)

Examples of Synonyms:

●​ Big → Large, Huge, Enormous

●​ Fast → Quick, Rapid, Swift
●​ Angry → Mad, Furious, Annoyed
●​ Smart → Intelligent, Clever, Bright

2. Antonyms
Definition:

Antonyms are words that have opposite meanings.

Rules & Principles:

1.​ Exact Opposites: Some antonyms are direct opposites.

○​ Example:
■​ Happy vs. Sad
■​ Win vs. Lose
2.​ Degrees of Opposition: Some words have varying degrees of opposition.
○​ Example:
■​ "Cold" (cool, freezing, icy) vs. "Hot" (warm, boiling, scorching)
■​ "Love" vs. "Hate" (strong emotion), while "Like" vs. "Dislike" is weaker.
3.​ Prefixes Change Meaning: Many antonyms are formed by adding prefixes such as
un-, in-, im-, dis-, or non-.
○​ Example:
■​ Honest → Dishonest
■​ Possible → Impossible
■​ Legal → Illegal

Examples of Antonyms:

●​ Brave → Cowardly
●​ Generous → Stingy
●​ Success → Failure

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●​ Easy → Difficult

3. Sentence Correction
Definition:

Sentence correction involves identifying and fixing grammatical, structural, and logical errors
in a sentence.

Rules & Principles:

1.​ Subject-Verb Agreement: Singular subjects take singular verbs, and plural subjects
take plural verbs.
○​ Incorrect: The boy play football every day.
○​ Correct: The boy plays football every day.
2.​ Tense Consistency: Keep verb tenses consistent within a sentence.
○​ Incorrect: She goes to school and met her teacher.
○​ Correct: She goes to school and meets her teacher.
3.​ Pronoun Consistency: Pronouns must match their antecedents in number and
gender.
○​ Incorrect: Every student should bring their book.
○​ Correct: Every student should bring his or her book.
4.​ Parallelism: Use the same grammatical structure for lists and comparisons.
○​ Incorrect: She likes reading, swimming, and to dance.
○​ Correct: She likes reading, swimming, and dancing.
5.​ Misplaced Modifiers: Place descriptive words correctly.
○​ Incorrect: She almost drove her car for ten hours.
○​ Correct: She drove her car for almost ten hours.

4. Sentence Completion
Definition:

Sentence completion tests vocabulary and logical understanding by filling in blanks with
appropriate words.

Rules & Principles:

1.​ Use Context Clues: The sentence provides hints about the missing word.
○​ Example:
■​ The weather was so ___ that we had to cancel the picnic.
■​ Options: a) Pleasant b) Terrible c) Cold
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■​ Answer: b) Terrible (since the picnic was canceled)

2.​ Check for Positive or Negative Meaning:
○​ Example:
■​ She is always ___ about her future.
■​ Options: a) Optimistic b) Pessimistic c) Doubtful
■​ Answer: a) Optimistic (if she has a positive outlook)
3.​ Grammar Fit: The missing word should match the sentence structure.
○​ Example:
■​ She was so tired that she could hardly keep her eyes open.

5. One-Word Substitution
Definition:

One-word substitution means replacing a phrase with a single word.

Rules & Principles:

1.​ Condense Meaning: The word must fully replace the phrase without changing the
meaning.
○​ Example:
■​ "A person who writes dictionaries" → Lexicographer
■​ "A government ruled by a king or queen" → Monarchy
2.​ Commonly Used One-Word Substitutions:
○​ A person who talks too much → Talkative
○​ A person who does not eat meat → Vegetarian
○​ A place where books are kept → Library

6. Idioms & Phrases

Definition:

Idioms are fixed expressions with meanings that cannot be understood literally.

Rules & Principles:

1.​ Idioms Have Figurative Meanings:

○​ Example:
■​ "Break the ice" → To start a conversation in a social situation.
2.​ Cannot Be Translated Literally:
○​ Example:
■​ "Let the cat out of the bag" → Reveal a secret.
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3.​ Use in Sentences:

○​ Example:
■​ "A piece of cake" → Something very easy.
■​ The exam was a piece of cake because I studied well.
4.​ Common Idioms:
○​ "Once in a blue moon" → Very rarely.
○​ "Spill the beans" → Reveal a secret.
○​ "Hit the sack" → Go to bed.
○​ "Bite the bullet" → Endure pain bravely.

SET-7

1-10

1.​ Aberrant – Deviant, Abnormal, Atypical

2.​ Acquiesce – Agree, Submit, Comply

3.​ Aggrandize – Exaggerate, Amplify, Magnify

4.​ Altruistic – Selfless, Charitable, Benevolent

5.​ Apocryphal – False, Spurious, Unverified

6.​ Arduous – Difficult, Strenuous, Laborious

7.​ Assiduous – Hardworking, Diligent, Persevering

8.​ Avarice – Greed, Materialism, Cupidity

9.​ Balk – Hesitate, Refuse, Resist

10.​Bifurcate – Divide, Split, Branch

11-20
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11.​Blithe – Carefree, Cheerful, Lighthearted

12.​Burgeon – Flourish, Thrive, Expand

13.​Cajole – Persuade, Coax, Sweet-talk

14.​Capricious – Unpredictable, Whimsical, Fickle

15.​Carp – Complain, Grumble, Criticize

16.​Circumvent – Avoid, Evade, Bypass

17.​Coalesce – Merge, Unite, Combine

18.​Confluent – Flowing together, Merging, Joining

19.​Cursory – Superficial, Hasty, Incomplete

20.​Debilitate – Weaken, Exhaust, Impair

21-30

21.​Decry – Criticize, Denounce, Condemn

22.​Defenestrate – Throw out, Expel, Eject

23.​Delineate – Describe, Outline, Depict

24.​Deplore – Regret, Lament, Mourn

25.​Desultory – Random, Aimless, Haphazard

26.​Diaphanous – Transparent, Sheer, Delicate

27.​Dilatory – Delaying, Procrastinating, Sluggish

28.​Dissemble – Pretend, Feign, Conceal

29.​Effrontery – Boldness, Impudence, Audacity

30.​Emulate – Imitate, Copy, Mimic

31-40

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31.​Enervate – Weaken, Drain, Exhaust

32.​Ennui – Boredom, Weariness, Dullness

33.​Eschew – Avoid, Shun, Abstain

34.​Euphony – Pleasant sound, Harmony, Melody

35.​Exonerate – Clear, Acquit, Pardon

36.​Fatuous – Foolish, Silly, Absurd

37.​Feckless – Ineffective, Useless, Incompetent

38.​Flout – Disregard, Defy, Ignore

39.​Garrulous – Talkative, Chatty, Loquacious

40.​Grandiloquent – Pompous, Pretentious, Bombastic

41-50

41.​Hackneyed – Overused, Trite, Clichéd

42.​Hapless – Unfortunate, Luckless, Miserable

43.​Harangue – Lecture, Rant, Tirade

44.​Hiatus – Break, Pause, Interruption

45.​Immutable – Unchangeable, Constant, Fixed

46.​Inchoate – Undeveloped, Nascent, Rudimentary

47.​Intransigent – Stubborn, Uncompromising, Unyielding

48.​Juxtaposition – Comparison, Contrast, Adjacency

49.​Lugubrious – Mournful, Gloomy, Melancholy

50.​Mellifluous – Sweet-sounding, Musical, Harmonious

SET-7
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1-10

1.​ Abstruse – Complex, Obscure, Difficult

2.​ Acrimony – Bitterness, Hostility, Resentment

3.​ Adroit – Skillful, Clever, Dexterous

4.​ Anathema – Curse, Abomination, Bane

5.​ Approbation – Approval, Praise, Endorsement

6.​ Audacious – Bold, Daring, Fearless

7.​ Benediction – Blessing, Invocation, Prayer

8.​ Bequeath – Leave, Bestow, Hand down

9.​ Bluster – Boast, Swagger, Rant

10.​Boorish – Rude, Unrefined, Ill-mannered

11-20

11.​Cadence – Rhythm, Flow, Beat

12.​Cantankerous – Irritable, Bad-tempered, Grumpy

13.​Castigate – Criticize, Punish, Reprimand

14.​Chagrin – Embarrassment, Humiliation, Disappointment

15.​Churlish – Rude, Uncivil, Impolite

16.​Clandestine – Secret, Covert, Hidden

17.​Clemency – Mercy, Leniency, Compassion

18.​Complacent – Self-satisfied, Smug, Unconcerned

19.​Convoluted – Complicated, Complex, Intricate

20.​Craven – Cowardly, Timid, Fearful

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21-30

21.​Debunk – Expose, Disprove, Refute

22.​Deleterious – Harmful, Damaging, Detrimental

23.​Derogatory – Disparaging, Insulting, Belittling

24.​Disparate – Different, Dissimilar, Distinct

25.​Dogmatic – Opinionated, Inflexible, Rigid

26.​Dubious – Doubtful, Suspicious, Uncertain

27.​Ebullient – Cheerful, Enthusiastic, Exuberant

28.​Echelon – Rank, Level, Tier

29.​Eclectic – Diverse, Varied, Wide-ranging

30.​Edify – Educate, Enlighten, Instruct

31-40

31.​Effulgent – Radiant, Bright, Shining

32.​Egregious – Outrageous, Shocking, Appalling

33.​Elusive – Hard to grasp, Mysterious, Vague

34.​Empyrean – Heavenly, Celestial, Divine

35.​Encomium – Praise, Tribute, Eulogy

36.​Enervated – Exhausted, Weakened, Fatigued

37.​Ephemeral – Short-lived, Temporary, Transitory

38.​Equivocate – Mislead, Prevaricate, Dodge

39.​Erudite – Learned, Scholarly, Intellectual

40.​Euphemism – Polite term, Mild expression, Indirect phrase

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41-50

41.​Fallacious – False, Deceptive, Misleading

42.​Fastidious – Meticulous, Fussy, Particular

43.​Feral – Wild, Untamed, Savage

44.​Foment – Instigate, Provoke, Agitate

45.​Furtive – Secretive, Sneaky, Stealthy

46.​Glib – Fluent, Smooth-talking, Persuasive

47.​Grandiose – Extravagant, Imposing, Pretentious

48.​Hackneyed – Overused, Trite, Clichéd

49.​Halcyon – Peaceful, Serene, Tranquil

50.​Harbinger – Omen, Sign, Precursor

SET-8

1-10

1.​ Abeyance – Suspension, Delay, Postponement

2.​ Accolade – Award, Honor, Tribute

3.​ Admonish – Warn, Reprimand, Caution

4.​ Affable – Friendly, Amiable, Approachable

5.​ Alacrity – Eagerness, Enthusiasm, Readiness

6.​ Ameliorate – Improve, Enhance, Rectify

7.​ Anodyne – Soothing, Relieving, Comforting

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8.​ Antipathy – Hatred, Aversion, Hostility

9.​ Aplomb – Confidence, Poise, Assurance

10.​Arrogate – Seize, Usurp, Claim

11-20

11.​Banish – Exile, Expel, Deport

12.​Beguile – Deceive, Trick, Mislead

13.​Bellicose – Aggressive, Warlike, Combative

14.​Blanch – Pale, Whiten, Fade

15.​Brazen – Bold, Shameless, Defiant

16.​Brevity – Conciseness, Shortness, Briefness

17.​Brook – Tolerate, Endure, Allow

18.​Bucolic – Rural, Pastoral, Countryside

19.​Buttress – Support, Strengthen, Reinforce

20.​Cachet – Prestige, Distinction, Status

21-30

21.​Cacophony – Noise, Dissonance, Discord

22.​Callous – Unfeeling, Insensitive, Cold-hearted

23.​Cavalier – Dismissive, Arrogant, Offhand

24.​Chastise – Punish, Scold, Reprimand

25.​Circuitous – Indirect, Roundabout, Twisting

26.​Clemency – Mercy, Leniency, Compassion

27.​Cognizant – Aware, Conscious, Informed

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28.​Covert – Hidden, Secret, Concealed

29.​Curmudgeon – Grouch, Complainer, Miser

30.​Debacle – Disaster, Failure, Catastrophe

31-40

31.​Decorum – Etiquette, Politeness, Propriety

32.​Deft – Skillful, Nimble, Dexterous

33.​Depravity – Corruption, Wickedness, Immorality

34.​Dilapidated – Run-down, Worn-out, Ruined

35.​Disparate – Different, Distinct, Unrelated

36.​Docile – Obedient, Submissive, Compliant

37.​Dour – Stern, Gloomy, Sullen

38.​Duplicity – Deception, Dishonesty, Fraud

39.​Ebullience – Enthusiasm, Excitement, Exuberance

40.​Echelon – Rank, Level, Hierarchy

41-50

41.​Edacious – Greedy, Voracious, Devouring

42.​Effulgent – Radiant, Shining, Glowing

43.​Emollient – Soothing, Moisturizing, Softening

44.​Ennoble – Elevate, Dignify, Glorify

45.​Ersatz – Fake, Imitation, Artificial

46.​Esoteric – Mysterious, Obscure, Known by few

47.​Eulogize – Praise, Laud, Acclaim

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48.​Extol – Glorify, Celebrate, Commend

49.​Facetious – Sarcastic, Joking, Flippant

50.​Furtive – Secretive, Stealthy, Sneaky

SET-9

1-10

1.​ Abrogate – Repeal, Annul, Cancel

2.​ Aggrandize – Expand, Enlarge, Exaggerate

3.​ Altruism – Selflessness, Generosity, Philanthropy

4.​ Auspicious – Favorable, Promising, Prosperous

5.​ Bifurcate – Split, Divide, Branch

6.​ Bombastic – Pompous, Overblown, Pretentious

7.​ Capitulate – Surrender, Yield, Give up

8.​ Chicanery – Deception, Trickery, Fraud

9.​ Coalesce – Merge, Unite, Combine

10.​Contrite – Remorseful, Apologetic, Regretful

11-20

11.​Credulous – Gullible, Naïve, Trusting

12.​Culpable – Guilty, Responsible, Blameworthy

13.​Decimate – Destroy, Annihilate, Wipe out

14.​Demagogue – Agitator, Instigator, Rabble-rouser

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15.​Despondent – Hopeless, Depressed, Dejected

16.​Diatribe – Criticism, Attack, Tirade

17.​Disparate – Dissimilar, Different, Distinct

18.​Disseminate – Spread, Distribute, Propagate

19.​Ebullient – Lively, Exuberant, Enthusiastic

20.​Egregious – Shocking, Appalling, Blatant

21-30

21.​Elucidate – Explain, Clarify, Expound

22.​Enervate – Weaken, Drain, Exhaust

23.​Ephemeral – Short-lived, Transient, Temporary

24.​Evanescent – Fading, Fleeting, Brief

25.​Exculpate – Exonerate, Pardon, Clear

26.​Expedite – Accelerate, Hasten, Speed up

27.​Extenuate – Mitigate, Justify, Excuse

28.​Fastidious – Meticulous, Picky, Fussy

29.​Flippant – Disrespectful, Irreverent, Carefree

30.​Garrulous – Talkative, Chatty, Loquacious

31-40

31.​Grandiloquent – Pompous, Pretentious, Overblown

32.​Hackneyed – Overused, Clichéd, Trite

33.​Hapless – Unfortunate, Unlucky, Miserable

34.​Histrionic – Dramatic, Theatrical, Exaggerated

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35.​Iconoclast – Rebel, Critic, Nonconformist

36.​Immutable – Unchanging, Permanent, Fixed

37.​Impecunious – Poor, Penniless, Destitute

38.​Inchoate – Undeveloped, Beginning, Nascent

39.​Indolent – Lazy, Sluggish, Lethargic

40.​Insidious – Sneaky, Subtle, Deceptive

41-50

41.​Intransigent – Stubborn, Uncompromising, Rigid

42.​Laconic – Brief, Concise, Terse

43.​Lethargic – Sluggish, Lazy, Inactive

44.​Mendacious – Dishonest, Lying, Deceitful

45.​Munificent – Generous, Charitable, Benevolent

46.​Obdurate – Stubborn, Unyielding, Inflexible

47.​Ostentatious – Showy, Flashy, Extravagant

48.​Perfunctory – Superficial, Indifferent, Half-hearted

49.​Quixotic – Idealistic, Unrealistic, Impractical

50.​Recalcitrant – Defiant, Stubborn, Uncooperative

SET-10

1-10

1.​ Abstruse – Complex, Obscure, Difficult

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2.​ Acumen – Sharpness, Insight, Intelligence

3.​ Anathema – Curse, Abomination, Detested thing

4.​ Apocryphal – False, Fabricated, Unverified

5.​ Assiduous – Hardworking, Diligent, Meticulous

6.​ Blandishment – Flattery, Persuasion, Cajolery

7.​ Brusque – Abrupt, Blunt, Curt

8.​ Cacophonous – Harsh, Discordant, Noisy

9.​ Captious – Fault-finding, Nitpicking, Critical

10.​Circumspect – Cautious, Wary, Prudent

11-20

11.​Commensurate – Proportional, Equivalent, Equal

12.​Convivial – Sociable, Friendly, Cheerful

13.​Debilitate – Weaken, Enfeeble, Exhaust

14.​Deleterious – Harmful, Damaging, Detrimental

15.​Denigrate – Defame, Belittle, Disparage

16.​Diffident – Shy, Timid, Lacking confidence

17.​Dispassionate – Impartial, Unemotional, Neutral

18.​Duplicity – Deceit, Double-dealing, Dishonesty

19.​Ebullition – Outburst, Explosion, Overflow

20.​Effrontery – Boldness, Impudence, Audacity

21-30

21.​Embroil – Involve, Entangle, Ensnare

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22.​Epigram – Witty remark, Quip, Aphorism

23.​Eschew – Avoid, Shun, Abstain

24.​Exonerate – Clear, Acquit, Vindicate

25.​Felicity – Happiness, Joy, Bliss

26.​Forlorn – Hopeless, Desolate, Abandoned

27.​Gainsay – Deny, Dispute, Contradict

28.​Germane – Relevant, Appropriate, Related

29.​Haughty – Arrogant, Proud, Conceited

30.​Hegemony – Dominance, Leadership, Supremacy

31-40

31.​Impecunious – Penniless, Poor, Destitute

32.​Inexorable – Unstoppable, Relentless, Unyielding

33.​Inimical – Hostile, Unfriendly, Harmful

34.​Inveterate – Habitual, Deep-rooted, Chronic

35.​Jettison – Discard, Dump, Abandon

36.​Largesse – Generosity, Charity, Philanthropy

37.​Loquacious – Talkative, Chatty, Wordy

38.​Magnanimous – Generous, Noble, Big-hearted

39.​Maudlin – Overly sentimental, Tearful, Emotional

40.​Maverick – Rebel, Nonconformist, Independent thinker

41-50

41.​Mitigate – Lessen, Alleviate, Ease

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42.​Nefarious – Wicked, Evil, Villainous

43.​Obfuscate – Confuse, Complicate, Cloud

44.​Onerous – Burdensome, Difficult, Demanding

45.​Palliate – Relieve, Alleviate, Soften

46.​Pernicious – Harmful, Destructive, Lethal

47.​Pithy – Concise, Brief, To the point

48.​Quagmire – Dilemma, Predicament, Mess

49.​Reverie – Daydream, Fantasy, Trance

50.​Zealous – Passionate, Enthusiastic, Devoted

SET OF 1-100 words with their

antonyms

1-20

1.​ Abundant – Plentiful | Scarce

2.​ Adroit – Skillful | Clumsy

3.​ Amiable – Friendly | Hostile

4.​ Ambiguous – Unclear | Clear

5.​ Audacious – Bold | Cowardly

6.​ Benevolent – Kind | Malevolent

7.​ Brusque – Abrupt | Polite

8.​ Callous – Insensitive | Compassionate

9.​ Capricious – Unpredictable | Stable

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10.​Coherent – Logical | Illogical

11.​Culpable – Guilty | Innocent

12.​Debilitated – Weakened | Strengthened

13.​Diligent – Hardworking | Lazy

14.​Docile – Obedient | Rebellious

15.​Elated – Joyful | Depressed

16.​Eloquent – Expressive | Inarticulate

17.​Ephemeral – Short-lived | Permanent

18.​Exacerbate – Worsen | Improve

19.​Fastidious – Meticulous | Careless

20.​Frugal – Economical | Extravagant

21-40

21.​Garrulous – Talkative | Silent

22.​Gregarious – Sociable | Introverted

23.​Hackneyed – Overused | Original

24.​Hapless – Unlucky | Fortunate

25.​Haughty – Arrogant | Humble

26.​Immaculate – Spotless | Dirty

27.​Immutable – Unchangeable | Flexible

28.​Inadvertent – Accidental | Intentional

29.​Indolent – Lazy | Energetic

30.​Innocuous – Harmless | Harmful

31.​Intrepid – Fearless | Fearful

32.​Jubilant – Overjoyed | Miserable

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33.​Laconic – Brief | Wordy

34.​Lethargic – Sluggish | Active

35.​Loquacious – Talkative | Quiet

36.​Magnanimous – Generous | Selfish

37.​Malevolent – Evil | Benevolent

38.​Mediocre – Average | Exceptional

39.​Meticulous – Careful | Negligent

40.​Munificent – Generous | Stingy

41-60

41.​Nebulous – Vague | Clear

42.​Nefarious – Wicked | Virtuous

43.​Obdurate – Stubborn | Compliant

44.​Obsolete – Outdated | Modern

45.​Ostentatious – Showy | Modest

46.​Paragon – Model of excellence | Flaw

47.​Pernicious – Harmful | Harmless

48.​Perseverance – Determination | Laziness

49.​Pithy – Concise | Lengthy

50.​Placid – Calm | Agitated

51.​Plethora – Excess | Shortage

52.​Pragmatic – Practical | Impractical

53.​Prodigal – Wasteful | Frugal

54.​Proficient – Skilled | Incompetent

55.​Prudent – Cautious | Reckless

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56.​Quaint – Old-fashioned | Modern

57.​Querulous – Complaining | Content

58.​Quixotic – Idealistic | Realistic

59.​Recalcitrant – Stubborn | Obedient

60.​Replete – Full | Empty

61-80

61.​Reticent – Reserved | Talkative

62.​Salient – Prominent | Unnoticeable

63.​Sanguine – Optimistic | Pessimistic

64.​Scanty – Insufficient | Abundant

65.​Scrupulous – Honest | Dishonest

66.​Sedulous – Hardworking | Lazy

67.​Servile – Submissive | Dominant

68.​Soporific – Sleep-inducing | Stimulating

69.​Spurious – Fake | Genuine

70.​Squalid – Filthy | Clean

71.​Stoic – Unemotional | Expressive

72.​Stringent – Strict | Lenient

73.​Superfluous – Excessive | Essential

74.​Surreptitious – Secretive | Open

75.​Tenacious – Determined | Weak-willed

76.​Tepid – Lukewarm | Hot/Cold

77.​Torpid – Inactive | Energetic

78.​Transient – Temporary | Permanent

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79.​Truculent – Aggressive | Gentle

80.​Ubiquitous – Everywhere | Rare

81-100

81.​Unctuous – Insincere | Genuine

82.​Vacillate – Waver | Decide

83.​Vapid – Dull | Exciting

84.​Vehement – Passionate | Indifferent

85.​Veracious – Truthful | Dishonest

86.​Verbose – Wordy | Concise

87.​Vicarious – Indirect | Direct

88.​Vilify – Defame | Praise

89.​Vindictive – Revengeful | Forgiving

90.​Virulent – Poisonous | Harmless

91.​Voracious – Greedy | Satisfied

92.​Wane – Decrease | Increase

93.​Wary – Cautious | Careless

94.​Wheedle – Persuade | Dissuade

95.​Wither – Shrivel | Flourish

96.​Wistful – Nostalgic | Indifferent

97.​Wry – Ironic | Straightforward

98.​Zealot – Fanatic | Moderate

99.​Zenith – Peak | Nadir

100.​ Zest – Enthusiasm | Apathy

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SET-2

1- 100 antonyms

1-20

1.​ Acrimonious – Bitter | Harmonious

2.​ Adversity – Hardship | Prosperity

3.​ Affluent – Wealthy | Poor

4.​ Altruistic – Selfless | Selfish

5.​ Animosity – Hatred | Friendliness

6.​ Austere – Severe | Luxurious

7.​ Blatant – Obvious | Subtle

8.​ Brazen – Shameless | Modest

9.​ Candid – Honest | Deceptive

10.​Complacent – Self-satisfied | Discontented

11.​Conspicuous – Noticeable | Invisible

12.​Contrite – Remorseful | Unrepentant

13.​Corroborate – Confirm | Contradict

14.​Deference – Respect | Disrespect

15.​Demeanor – Behavior | Misconduct

16.​Derogatory – Disrespectful | Complimentary

17.​Divergent – Different | Similar

18.​Duplicity – Deception | Honesty

19.​Eccentric – Unconventional | Ordinary

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20.​Ecstatic – Overjoyed | Miserable

21-40

21.​Elusive – Hard to catch | Obvious

22.​Emphatic – Forceful | Weak

23.​Erratic – Unpredictable | Consistent

24.​Erudite – Learned | Ignorant

25.​Exonerate – Free from blame | Convict

26.​Extraneous – Unrelated | Relevant

27.​Facetious – Joking | Serious

28.​Feasible – Possible | Impossible

29.​Fickle – Changeable | Steady

30.​Flippant – Disrespectful | Respectful

31.​Fortuitous – Accidental | Intentional

32.​Frivolous – Trivial | Serious

33.​Gluttonous – Greedy | Moderate

34.​Gullible – Easily deceived | Skeptical

35.​Hapless – Unfortunate | Lucky

36.​Heinous – Wicked | Noble

37.​Impartial – Neutral | Biased

38.​Impeccable – Flawless | Defective

39.​Impulsive – Hasty | Cautious

40.​Incessant – Continuous | Intermittent

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41-60

41.​Incorrigible – Unchangeable | Reformable

42.​Indecisive – Hesitant | Determined

43.​Indulgent – Lenient | Strict

44.​Ingenuous – Innocent | Deceptive

45.​Insipid – Dull | Exciting

46.​Insurgent – Rebel | Loyalist

47.​Interminable – Endless | Brief

48.​Intolerant – Unaccepting | Open-minded

49.​Irate – Angry | Calm

50.​Jeopardize – Endanger | Protect

51.​Jovial – Cheerful | Gloomy

52.​Judicious – Wise | Foolish

53.​Keen – Sharp | Dull

54.​Lament – Mourn | Rejoice

55.​Languid – Sluggish | Energetic

56.​Lavish – Extravagant | Miserly

57.​Lenient – Permissive | Strict

58.​Lethal – Deadly | Harmless

59.​Lucid – Clear | Confusing

60.​Malicious – Spiteful | Kind

61-80

61.​Mediocre – Average | Exceptional

62.​Melancholy – Sadness | Happiness

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63.​Meticulous – Precise | Careless

64.​Miserly – Stingy | Generous

65.​Modicum – Small amount | Abundance

66.​Momentous – Significant | Trivial

67.​Morbid – Gloomy | Cheerful

68.​Munificent – Generous | Selfish

69.​Nebulous – Vague | Clear

70.​Notorious – Infamous | Honorable

71.​Obnoxious – Annoying | Pleasant

72.​Obscure – Unclear | Evident

73.​Obstinate – Stubborn | Flexible

74.​Omnipotent – All-powerful | Weak

75.​Opaque – Not transparent | Clear

76.​Opulent – Luxurious | Poor

77.​Ostentatious – Showy | Humble

78.​Pariah – Outcast | Insider

79.​Patronize – Condescend | Support

80.​Pecuniary – Financial | Non-financial

81-100

81.​Perfunctory – Superficial | Thorough

82.​Pernicious – Harmful | Beneficial

83.​Perspicacious – Insightful | Dull

84.​Placid – Peaceful | Agitated

85.​Plausible – Believable | Unbelievable

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86.​Ponderous – Heavy | Light

87.​Pragmatic – Practical | Impractical

88.​Precarious – Risky | Safe

89.​Presumptuous – Overconfident | Humble

90.​Prolific – Productive | Unproductive

91.​Puerile – Childish | Mature

92.​Quaint – Charming | Modern

93.​Quarrelsome – Argumentative | Agreeable

94.​Querulous – Complaining | Satisfied

95.​Reclusive – Isolated | Sociable

96.​Redundant – Unnecessary | Essential

97.​Reprehensible – Blameworthy | Praiseworthy

98.​Resilient – Tough | Fragile

99.​Skeptical – Doubtful | Trusting

100.​ Subtle – Delicate | Obvious

SET-3

1-100 antonyms

1-20

1.​ Abhor – Hate | Admire

2.​ Abundant – Plentiful | Scarce

3.​ Adept – Skillful | Incompetent

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4.​ Adroit – Clever | Clumsy

5.​ Aesthetic – Artistic | Unattractive

6.​ Agile – Nimble | Sluggish

7.​ Ambiguous – Unclear | Definite

8.​ Amiable – Friendly | Hostile

9.​ Apathetic – Indifferent | Passionate

10.​Apprehensive – Fearful | Confident

11.​Ardent – Passionate | Indifferent

12.​Astute – Perceptive | Foolish

13.​Belligerent – Aggressive | Peaceful

14.​Benign – Harmless | Malignant

15.​Blissful – Joyful | Miserable

16.​Cajole – Persuade | Dissuade

17.​Callous – Insensitive | Compassionate

18.​Candid – Honest | Deceptive

19.​Chronic – Long-lasting | Temporary

20.​Coherent – Logical | Incoherent

21-40

21.​Colossal – Huge | Tiny

22.​Comprehensive – Thorough | Incomplete

23.​Condone – Overlook | Condemn

24.​Convoluted – Complicated | Simple

25.​Credible – Believable | Doubtful

26.​Cryptic – Mysterious | Clear

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27.​Dauntless – Fearless | Timid

28.​Debilitating – Weakening | Strengthening

29.​Deft – Skillful | Inept

30.​Deliberate – Intentional | Accidental

31.​Diligent – Hardworking | Lazy

32.​Discreet – Careful | Reckless

33.​Dissonance – Discord | Harmony

34.​Docile – Obedient | Defiant

35.​Dubious – Doubtful | Certain

36.​Ebullient – Enthusiastic | Depressed

37.​Eccentric – Unconventional | Ordinary

38.​Elated – Overjoyed | Depressed

39.​Elusive – Difficult to catch | Obvious

40.​Emulate – Imitate | Neglect

41-60

41.​Engrossed – Absorbed | Distracted

42.​Ephemeral – Short-lived | Permanent

43.​Equanimity – Calmness | Agitation

44.​Erroneous – Wrong | Correct

45.​Exacerbate – Worsen | Alleviate

46.​Exemplary – Outstanding | Unremarkable

47.​Extol – Praise | Criticize

48.​Fallacious – Misleading | Valid

49.​Fastidious – Meticulous | Careless

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50.​Feckless – Irresponsible | Responsible

51.​Fervent – Passionate | Indifferent

52.​Fluctuate – Vary | Stabilize

53.​Fortitude – Courage | Cowardice

54.​Fractious – Irritable | Agreeable

55.​Gargantuan – Enormous | Tiny

56.​Garrulous – Talkative | Silent

57.​Genial – Friendly | Unfriendly

58.​Grimace – Frown | Smile

59.​Guileless – Innocent | Deceptive

60.​Hapless – Unfortunate | Lucky

61-80

61.​Haughty – Arrogant | Humble

62.​Heterogeneous – Diverse | Uniform

63.​Hyperbole – Exaggeration | Understatement

64.​Immaculate – Spotless | Dirty

65.​Imminent – Approaching | Distant

66.​Impartial – Neutral | Biased

67.​Impeccable – Perfect | Flawed

68.​Imperative – Crucial | Optional

69.​Incessant – Continuous | Intermittent

70.​Indolent – Lazy | Active

71.​Inept – Clumsy | Skillful

72.​Infallible – Error-free | Fallible

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73.​Innocuous – Harmless | Harmful

74.​Insatiable – Unquenchable | Satiable

75.​Insipid – Dull | Exciting

76.​Intrepid – Brave | Cowardly

77.​Inundate – Flood | Drain

78.​Irascible – Irritable | Calm

79.​Jaded – Worn out | Fresh

80.​Judicious – Wise | Foolish

81-100

81.​Lackadaisical – Lazy | Energetic

82.​Lament – Mourn | Celebrate

83.​Lavish – Extravagant | Frugal

84.​Lethargic – Sluggish | Energetic

85.​Loquacious – Talkative | Quiet

86.​Lucid – Clear | Confusing

87.​Malevolent – Evil | Benevolent

88.​Meander – Wander | Rush

89.​Melancholy – Sadness | Happiness

90.​Meticulous – Precise | Careless

91.​Misanthrope – Hater of mankind | Philanthropist

92.​Nebulous – Vague | Clear

93.​Nefarious – Wicked | Virtuous

94.​Notorious – Infamous | Honorable

95.​Obdurate – Stubborn | Flexible

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96.​Oblivious – Unaware | Aware

97.​Ominous – Threatening | Promising

98.​Opulent – Luxurious | Poor

99.​Paragon – Model of excellence | Imperfect example

100.​ Quintessential – Ideal | Inferior

SET-4

1-100 antonyms

1-20

1.​ Acquiesce – Agree | Resist

2.​ Adamant – Stubborn | Flexible

3.​ Aloof – Distant | Friendly

4.​ Ameliorate – Improve | Worsen

5.​ Antagonistic – Hostile | Friendly

6.​ Austere – Severe | Luxurious

7.​ Banal – Common | Unique

8.​ Beckon – Summon | Repel

9.​ Berate – Scold | Praise

10.​Blatant – Obvious | Subtle

11.​Boisterous – Noisy | Quiet

12.​Brevity – Conciseness | Wordiness

13.​Buoyant – Cheerful | Depressed

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14.​Capricious – Unpredictable | Consistent

15.​Cerebral – Intellectual | Emotional

16.​Chide – Criticize | Commend

17.​Circumvent – Avoid | Confront

18.​Clandestine – Secret | Open

19.​Complacent – Self-satisfied | Dissatisfied

20.​Concord – Agreement | Discord

21-40

21.​Concise – Brief | Lengthy

22.​Contemptuous – Disrespectful | Respectful

23.​Contrite – Remorseful | Unrepentant

24.​Copious – Abundant | Sparse

25.​Corroborate – Confirm | Disprove

26.​Daunt – Intimidate | Encourage

27.​Decry – Condemn | Praise

28.​Deference – Respect | Disrespect

29.​Deluge – Flood | Drought

30.​Deride – Mock | Admire

31.​Despondent – Hopeless | Hopeful

32.​Deviate – Diverge | Follow

33.​Diminutive – Tiny | Enormous

34.​Disdain – Scorn | Respect

35.​Dispel – Eliminate | Gather

36.​Docile – Obedient | Stubborn

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37.​Dubious – Doubtful | Certain

38.​Eccentric – Unusual | Conventional

39.​Eclectic – Diverse | Uniform

40.​Elucidate – Explain | Confuse

41-60

41.​Eminent – Distinguished | Unknown

42.​Enervate – Weaken | Strengthen

43.​Ephemeral – Short-lived | Enduring

44.​Erudite – Learned | Ignorant

45.​Esoteric – Obscure | Familiar

46.​Eulogy – Tribute | Criticism

47.​Exalt – Praise | Disparage

48.​Exasperate – Irritate | Soothe

49.​Exorbitant – Excessive | Reasonable

50.​Facetious – Joking | Serious

51.​Fallacy – Misconception | Truth

52.​Fastidious – Meticulous | Careless

53.​Fecund – Fertile | Barren

54.​Flamboyant – Showy | Modest

55.​Forlorn – Lonely | Cheerful

56.​Frugal – Thrifty | Wasteful

57.​Garish – Gaudy | Elegant

58.​Germane – Relevant | Irrelevant

59.​Gratuitous – Unnecessary | Necessary

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60.​Hapless – Unfortunate | Fortunate

61-80

61.​Haughty – Arrogant | Humble

62.​Heinous – Wicked | Virtuous

63.​Homogeneous – Uniform | Diverse

64.​Immaculate – Spotless | Dirty

65.​Imminent – Approaching | Distant

66.​Impassive – Emotionless | Expressive

67.​Impervious – Resistant | Vulnerable

68.​Impetuous – Reckless | Cautious

69.​Inane – Silly | Serious

70.​Incipient – Beginning | Mature

71.​Indolent – Lazy | Industrious

72.​Ineffable – Inexpressible | Expressible

73.​Infamy – Notoriety | Honor

74.​Insidious – Deceptive | Honest

75.​Insular – Narrow-minded | Open-minded

76.​Intrepid – Brave | Fearful

77.​Inveterate – Habitual | Temporary

78.​Jaded – Worn out | Energetic

79.​Juxtapose – Compare | Separate

80.​Lackluster – Dull | Vibrant

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81-100

81.​Languid – Sluggish | Energetic

82.​Lethargic – Drowsy | Active

83.​Listless – Lacking energy | Energetic

84.​Loquacious – Talkative | Reticent

85.​Ludicrous – Absurd | Reasonable

86.​Magnanimous – Generous | Selfish

87.​Maladroit – Clumsy | Skillful

88.​Malevolent – Evil | Benevolent

89.​Malleable – Flexible | Rigid

90.​Maverick – Independent | Conformist

91.​Melancholy – Sadness | Happiness

92.​Meticulous – Careful | Careless

93.​Misconstrue – Misinterpret | Understand

94.​Mitigate – Lessen | Aggravate

95.​Mollify – Soothe | Irritate

96.​Munificent – Generous | Stingy

97.​Nefarious – Wicked | Honorable

98.​Noxious – Harmful | Harmless

99.​Obfuscate – Confuse | Clarify

100.​ Ostentatious – Showy | Modest

SET-5

1-100 antonyms
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1-20

1.​ Abhor – Hate | Admire

2.​ Absolve – Forgive | Blame

3.​ Accentuate – Highlight | Downplay

4.​ Acumen – Sharpness | Ignorance

5.​ Adversary – Opponent | Ally

6.​ Affluent – Wealthy | Poor

7.​ Allay – Soothe | Agitate

8.​ Amiable – Friendly | Hostile

9.​ Apathy – Indifference | Enthusiasm

10.​Arduous – Difficult | Easy

11.​Ascend – Rise | Descend

12.​Assuage – Relieve | Intensify

13.​Avarice – Greed | Generosity

14.​Benevolent – Kind | Malevolent

15.​Beseech – Beg | Demand

16.​Cajole – Persuade | Dissuade

17.​Chronic – Persistent | Temporary

18.​Clemency – Mercy | Cruelty

19.​Coerce – Force | Convince

20.​Conundrum – Puzzle | Solution

21-40

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21.​Culpable – Guilty | Innocent

22.​Debilitate – Weaken | Strengthen

23.​Deft – Skillful | Clumsy

24.​Denounce – Condemn | Praise

25.​Deplete – Exhaust | Replenish

26.​Destitute – Poor | Wealthy

27.​Discreet – Tactful | Careless

28.​Disseminate – Spread | Suppress

29.​Dissuade – Discourage | Encourage

30.​Dour – Gloomy | Cheerful

31.​Dubious – Suspicious | Trustworthy

32.​Ebullient – Enthusiastic | Depressed

33.​Effervescent – Lively | Dull

34.​Eloquent – Fluent | Inarticulate

35.​Embark – Begin | End

36.​Enmity – Hatred | Friendship

37.​Equitable – Fair | Unjust

38.​Erratic – Unpredictable | Consistent

39.​Eschew – Avoid | Embrace

40.​Exemplary – Model | Inferior

41-60

41.​Expedite – Speed up | Delay

42.​Extol – Praise | Criticize

43.​Facilitate – Ease | Hinder

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44.​Fastidious – Particular | Careless

45.​Feasible – Possible | Impossible

46.​Fluctuate – Vary | Stabilize

47.​Frivolous – Trivial | Serious

48.​Garrulous – Talkative | Quiet

49.​Germinate – Sprout | Decay

50.​Gluttony – Overeating | Moderation

51.​Gregarious – Sociable | Reserved

52.​Grisly – Horrible | Pleasant

53.​Hapless – Unlucky | Lucky

54.​Harangue – Lecture | Praise

55.​Haughty – Arrogant | Humble

56.​Hinder – Obstruct | Facilitate

57.​Hypocritical – Insincere | Genuine

58.​Idiosyncrasy – Quirk | Normality

59.​Immaculate – Spotless | Dirty

60.​Impetuous – Rash | Cautious

61-80

61.​Imprudent – Unwise | Wise

62.​Indolent – Lazy | Industrious

63.​Inept – Incompetent | Skillful

64.​Infallible – Perfect | Fallible

65.​Infinitesimal – Tiny | Gigantic

66.​Ingenuous – Innocent | Deceitful

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67.​Insipid – Tasteless | Flavorful

68.​Intrepid – Fearless | Cowardly

69.​Inundate – Overwhelm | Drain

70.​Irascible – Irritable | Calm

71.​Itinerant – Nomadic | Settled

72.​Jeopardize – Endanger | Protect

73.​Jovial – Cheerful | Gloomy

74.​Judicious – Wise | Foolish

75.​Juxtapose – Compare | Separate

76.​Keen – Sharp | Dull

77.​Lackadaisical – Lazy | Energetic

78.​Languish – Weaken | Thrive

79.​Latent – Hidden | Obvious

80.​Lethargic – Sluggish | Energetic

81-100

81.​Lofty – Elevated | Lowly

82.​Magnanimous – Generous | Selfish

83.​Malice – Hatred | Kindness

84.​Meander – Wander | Direct

85.​Mediocre – Average | Exceptional

86.​Meticulous – Precise | Careless

87.​Misconstrue – Misinterpret | Understand

88.​Mitigate – Reduce | Exacerbate

89.​Mollify – Soothe | Agitate

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90.​Munificent – Generous | Stingy

91.​Nebulous – Vague | Clear

92.​Nefarious – Wicked | Virtuous

93.​Nominal – Insignificant | Significant

94.​Nostalgic – Sentimental | Indifferent

95.​Obfuscate – Confuse | Clarify

96.​Ominous – Threatening | Promising

97.​Opulent – Wealthy | Poor

98.​Ostensible – Apparent | Hidden

99.​Parsimonious – Stingy | Generous

100.​ Pernicious – Harmful | Beneficial

Comprehensive list of 500 one-word substitutions

One-Word Substitutions (1-100)

1.​ Abdicate – To renounce a throne or power

2.​ Aberration – Deviation from the usual or normal

3.​ Abstain – Refrain from doing something

4.​ Abundant – More than enough

5.​ Accomplice – A partner in crime

6.​ Accumulate – Gather or collect

7.​ Acronym – A word formed from initials (e.g., NASA)

8.​ Adherent – A follower or supporter

9.​ Adversary – An opponent

10.​Aesthetic – Related to beauty

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11.​Aggressor – One who initiates hostilities

12.​Alleviate – To make pain or suffering less severe

13.​Altruist – A person who helps others selflessly

14.​Amateur – A person who does something for pleasure, not for money

15.​Ambiguous – Having more than one meaning

16.​Ambivalent – Having mixed feelings

17.​Amnesty – A general pardon

18.​Anarchy – A state of disorder due to no government

19.​Annihilate – Destroy completely

20.​Anonymous – Without a name

21.​Anthology – A collection of literary works

22.​Antidote – A remedy for poison

23.​Apathy – Lack of interest or emotion

24.​Aphorism – A brief, wise saying

25.​Apprehend – To arrest or understand

26.​Archaeology – Study of ancient cultures

27.​Aristocracy – Rule by the elite

28.​Articulate – Speak clearly

29.​Ascetic – One who lives a simple life

30.​Aspiration – A strong desire

31.​Atheist – A person who does not believe in God

32.​Audible – Capable of being heard

33.​Authentic – Genuine

34.​Autobiography – The life story of a person written by themselves

35.​Autocracy – Government by one person

36.​Aversion – A strong dislike

37.​Bankrupt – A person unable to pay debts

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38.​Barbarian – An uncivilized person

39.​Belligerent – Warlike or aggressive

40.​Benevolent – Kind and generous

41.​Bibliophile – A lover of books

42.​Biennial – Happening every two years

43.​Bilingual – Speaking two languages

44.​Biography – The life story of a person written by another person

45.​Bohemian – Unconventional in lifestyle

46.​Botany – The study of plants

47.​Bureaucracy – Government by officials

48.​Camouflage – Disguising to blend in

49.​Candid – Honest and open

50.​Carnivorous – Meat-eating

51.​Catastrophe – A sudden disaster

52.​Celibacy – The state of being unmarried

53.​Chauvinism – Extreme patriotism

54.​Chronic – Long-lasting (disease)

55.​Circumlocution – Indirect way of speaking

56.​Cliché – Overused phrase

57.​Coerce – To force someone

58.​Cognizant – Aware

59.​Collusion – Secret agreement for a deceitful purpose

60.​Commence – To begin

61.​Compatible – Well-suited

62.​Complacent – Self-satisfied

63.​Compulsory – Mandatory

64.​Conceal – Hide

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65.​Concise – Brief but comprehensive

66.​Conflagration – Large destructive fire

67.​Connoisseur – An expert judge

68.​Consensus – General agreement

69.​Conspicuous – Clearly visible

70.​Contemporary – Living at the same time

71.​Contraband – Smuggled goods

72.​Contradict – To deny the truth

73.​Convalesce – Recover from illness

74.​Convene – To assemble

75.​Copious – Abundant

76.​Credible – Believable

77.​Culminate – Reach the highest point

78.​Cynic – A person who doubts sincerity

79.​Debacle – A sudden failure

80.​Debauchery – Excessive indulgence

81.​Deceit – Misrepresentation

82.​Decipher – Interpret or decode

83.​Defamation – Harming someone’s reputation

84.​Defer – Postpone

85.​Dehydration – Loss of water

86.​Delirium – Extreme mental disturbance

87.​Demagogue – A leader exploiting emotions

88.​Denounce – Publicly condemn

89.​Deplete – Use up resources

90.​Derelict – Abandoned

91.​Derogatory – Insulting

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92.​Detain – Keep in custody

93.​Devoid – Lacking

94.​Dexterous – Skillful

95.​Dilapidated – In ruins

96.​Diminish – Reduce

97.​Discreet – Tactful

98.​Disdain – Contempt

99.​Dismantle – Take apart

100.​ Disseminate – Spread

One-Word Substitutions (101-200)

101.​ Dissent – Disagreement

102.​ Dissuade – Persuade not to do something

103.​ Docile – Obedient and easy to manage

104.​ Dubious – Doubtful

105.​ Eccentric – Unconventional and strange

106.​ Egotist – A self-centered person

107.​ Elusive – Hard to find or grasp

108.​ Emanate – To come from

109.​ Emancipation – The act of setting free

110.​ Embezzlement – Fraudulent use of money

111.​ Embryo – An early stage of development

112.​ Empathy – Ability to understand others’ feelings

113.​ Emulate – To imitate

114.​ Enigma – A mystery or puzzle

115.​ Enormity – Extreme wickedness

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116.​ Ephemeral – Lasting a very short time

117.​ Epidemic – A disease spreading rapidly

118.​ Epigram – A short witty saying

119.​ Epitaph – Words written on a tombstone

120.​ Epitome – A perfect example

121.​ Equanimity – Mental calmness

122.​ Erratic – Unpredictable

123.​ Erudite – Highly educated

124.​ Esoteric – Known by few

125.​ Euphoria – Intense happiness

126.​ Euthanasia – Mercy killing

127.​ Exacerbate – To make worse

128.​ Exaggerate – To overstate

129.​ Exemplary – Worthy of imitation

130.​ Exonerate – To free from blame

131.​ Expedite – To speed up

132.​ Expenditure – Money spent

133.​ Exquisite – Extremely beautiful

134.​ Extempore – Spoken without preparation

135.​ Extinct – No longer in existence

136.​ Extort – Obtain by force

137.​ Extrapolate – To infer

138.​ Facilitate – To make easy

139.​ Fallacy – A false belief

140.​ Fanatic – Excessively devoted person

141.​ Fatalist – A person who believes in destiny

142.​ Felicity – Great happiness

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143.​ Fidelity – Faithfulness

144.​ Filthy – Very dirty

145.​ Fluctuate – To rise and fall

146.​ Foreboding – A sense of doom

147.​ Formidable – Fearsome

148.​ Fragile – Easily broken

149.​ Frugal – Economical

150.​ Fugitive – A runaway

151.​ Gargantuan – Huge

152.​ Garish – Overly bright and flashy

153.​ Garrulous – Talkative

154.​ Genesis – The beginning

155.​ Glutton – A person who eats too much

156.​ Gratuitous – Unnecessary

157.​ Grievous – Serious and distressing

158.​ Gullible – Easily fooled

159.​ Hackneyed – Overused and clichéd

160.​ Hallucination – Seeing something that isn’t real

161.​ Harbinger – A sign of things to come

162.​ Haughty – Arrogantly proud

163.​ Havoc – Widespread destruction

164.​ Hegemony – Dominance over others

165.​ Heretic – A person who challenges religious beliefs

166.​ Hiatus – A break or interruption

167.​ Hilarity – Extreme amusement

168.​ Hindrance – An obstacle

169.​ Homicide – Murder

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170.​ Homogeneous – Of the same kind

171.​ Hoodwink – To deceive

172.​ Horizon – The meeting line of earth and sky

173.​ Humiliate – To embarrass someone

174.​ Hypocrisy – Pretending to have virtues one doesn’t

175.​ Idiosyncrasy – A peculiar habit

176.​ Ignoramus – An uneducated person

177.​ Illegible – Impossible to read

178.​ Illusion – A false perception

179.​ Immutable – Unchangeable

180.​ Impartial – Fair and unbiased

181.​ Impeccable – Faultless

182.​ Impecunious – Poor

183.​ Impenetrable – Impossible to pass through

184.​ Imperative – Absolutely necessary

185.​ Impetuous – Acting without thinking

186.​ Impostor – A person pretending to be someone else

187.​ Impregnable – Impossible to defeat

188.​ Inadvertent – Unintentional

189.​ Incessant – Continuous

190.​ Incognito – In disguise

191.​ Indelible – Cannot be erased

192.​ Indigent – Poor or needy

193.​ Indomitable – Unconquerable

194.​ Ineffable – Beyond description

195.​ Infamy – Extremely bad reputation

196.​ Ingenious – Clever and inventive

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197.​ Innocuous – Harmless

198.​ Insatiable – Never satisfied

199.​ Insidious – Harmful in a subtle way

200.​ Intrepid – Fearless

One-Word Substitutions (201-300)

201.​ Inundate – To flood or overwhelm

202.​ Invincible – Cannot be defeated

203.​ Irascible – Easily angered

204.​ Irreparable – Impossible to fix

205.​ Irrevocable – Cannot be changed

206.​ Jargon – Specialized language

207.​ Jeopardy – Danger

208.​ Jingoism – Extreme patriotism

209.​ Jubilant – Extremely happy

210.​ Juxtapose – To place side by side

211.​ Kindred – Related or similar

212.​ Kleptomania – A compulsion to steal

213.​ Labyrinth – A complex maze

214.​ Laconic – Using few words

215.​ Lament – To express sorrow

216.​ Languid – Slow and relaxed

217.​ Latent – Hidden but present

218.​ Laudable – Praiseworthy

219.​ Legible – Easy to read

220.​ Lenient – Merciful or tolerant

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221.​ Lethargic – Lacking energy

222.​ Liaison – A connection or link

223.​ Liberal – Open-minded or generous

224.​ Livid – Extremely angry

225.​ Lucid – Clear and easy to understand

226.​ Ludicrous – Ridiculous

227.​ Magnanimous – Generous and forgiving

228.​ Malicious – Intending harm

229.​ Malleable – Easily shaped or influenced

230.​ Manifest – Clear and obvious

231.​ Martyr – A person who dies for a cause

232.​ Masquerade – A false appearance

233.​ Maudlin – Overly sentimental

234.​ Maverick – An independent thinker

235.​ Mediocre – Average or ordinary

236.​ Melancholy – Deep sadness

237.​ Menial – Lowly and unskilled

238.​ Metamorphosis – A complete change

239.​ Meticulous – Extremely careful

240.​ Mimicry – Imitation

241.​ Misconstrue – To misunderstand

242.​ Misanthrope – A person who dislikes others

243.​ Misnomer – A wrong name

244.​ Mitigate – To make less severe

245.​ Monarchy – Government ruled by a king or queen

246.​ Monologue – A long speech by one person

247.​ Morbid – Unhealthy interest in death

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248.​ Mundane – Ordinary or dull

249.​ Munificent – Extremely generous

250.​ Myriad – A large number

251.​ Narcissist – A person who is self-obsessed

252.​ Nefarious – Wicked or criminal

253.​ Negligible – Insignificant

254.​ Nostalgia – Sentimental longing for the past

255.​ Notorious – Famous for something bad

256.​ Nuance – A subtle difference

257.​ Oblivion – A state of being forgotten

258.​ Obsolete – No longer in use

259.​ Obstinate – Stubborn

260.​ Omnipotent – All-powerful

261.​ Omniscient – All-knowing

262.​ Opaque – Not transparent

263.​ Opulent – Luxurious

264.​ Ornate – Highly decorated

265.​ Ostracize – To exclude someone

266.​ Overt – Open and not hidden

267.​ Palliative – Relieving pain without curing

268.​ Panacea – A universal cure

269.​ Pandemonium – Chaos and disorder

270.​ Paradox – A contradictory statement

271.​ Paragon – A model of excellence

272.​ Parochial – Narrow-minded

273.​ Parsimonious – Extremely frugal

274.​ Patronize – To support or to act superior

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275.​ Pedantic – Overly concerned with details

276.​ Pensive – Deep in thought

277.​ Penury – Extreme poverty

278.​ Perfunctory – Done without interest

279.​ Perseverance – Steady persistence

280.​ Peruse – To read carefully

281.​ Pessimist – A person who sees the negative side

282.​ Philanthropist – A person who donates money

283.​ Phlegmatic – Calm and unemotional

284.​ Plausible – Seemingly reasonable

285.​ Plight – A difficult situation

286.​ Poignant – Deeply touching

287.​ Precarious – Risky or unstable

288.​ Precedent – A previous example

289.​ Precocious – Exceptionally early development

290.​ Predicament – A difficult situation

291.​ Preposterous – Absurd or ridiculous

292.​ Prestige – High status

293.​ Prevaricate – To lie or mislead

294.​ Procrastinate – To delay unnecessarily

295.​ Prolific – Producing abundantly

296.​ Propensity – A natural tendency

297.​ Prosaic – Dull and uncreative

298.​ Prudence – Wise decision-making

299.​ Pugnacious – Eager to fight

300.​ Quintessential – The perfect example

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One-Word Substitutions (301-400)

301.​ Quarantine – Isolation to prevent disease spread

302.​ Querulous – Complaining or whining

303.​ Quixotic – Unrealistic and impractical

304.​ Ramification – A consequence or result

305.​ Rancor – Deep resentment or hatred

306.​ Rapport – A close and harmonious relationship

307.​ Rationalize – To justify with logic

308.​ Rebuff – To reject bluntly

309.​ Recapitulate – To summarize

310.​ Recluse – A person who lives in solitude

311.​ Reconcile – To restore a relationship

312.​ Rectify – To correct or fix

313.​ Redundant – Unnecessary repetition

314.​ Refute – To disprove

315.​ Regicide – Killing of a king

316.​ Reiterate – To repeat

317.​ Remorse – Deep regret

318.​ Renegade – A traitor or deserter

319.​ Repercussion – A negative consequence

320.​ Reprieve – A temporary relief or delay

321.​ Reproach – To express disapproval

322.​ Resilient – Able to recover quickly

323.​ Resolute – Determined

324.​ Resonant – Producing a deep sound

325.​ Reticent – Reserved and silent

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326.​ Reverence – Deep respect

327.​ Revile – To criticize harshly

328.​ Rhetoric – Persuasive speech

329.​ Rigorous – Strict and thorough

330.​ Rudimentary – Basic or undeveloped

331.​ Sacrilege – Violation of something sacred

332.​ Sagacious – Wise and insightful

333.​ Salvage – To save from destruction

334.​ Sanction – Official permission or penalty

335.​ Sanguine – Optimistic

336.​ Sardonic – Mockingly sarcastic

337.​ Scapegoat – A person blamed for others’ mistakes

338.​ Scrupulous – Extremely careful and precise

339.​ Scurrilous – Abusive and vulgar

340.​ Secede – To withdraw formally

341.​ Sedentary – Involving little movement

342.​ Sequester – To isolate or separate

343.​ Servile – Overly submissive

344.​ Simulate – To imitate

345.​ Skeptic – A person who doubts

346.​ Solace – Comfort in sorrow

347.​ Soporific – Sleep-inducing

348.​ Spartan – Simple and disciplined

349.​ Speculate – To guess or theorize

350.​ Spontaneous – Happening naturally

351.​ Sporadic – Occasional

352.​ Spurious – False or fake

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353.​ Stagnant – Motionless

354.​ Stoic – Unaffected by emotions

355.​ Stratagem – A clever trick or plan

356.​ Stringent – Strict and precise

357.​ Stupefy – To shock or amaze

358.​ Subjugate – To bring under control

359.​ Sublime – Supreme and inspiring

360.​ Submissive – Obedient

361.​ Subterfuge – A deceptive trick

362.​ Succinct – Brief and to the point

363.​ Supercilious – Arrogant

364.​ Superfluous – More than necessary

365.​ Supplant – To replace

366.​ Surmount – To overcome

367.​ Surreptitious – Secretive

368.​ Sycophant – A person who flatters for gain

369.​ Tangible – Can be touched

370.​ Tantamount – Equivalent

371.​ Tedious – Boring and repetitive

372.​ Temperamental – Moody

373.​ Tenacious – Holding firmly

374.​ Tentative – Uncertain

375.​ Terse – Brief and abrupt

376.​ Thrifty – Economical

377.​ Timid – Shy and fearful

378.​ Tirade – A long angry speech

379.​ Trepidation – Fear or anxiety

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380.​ Trite – Overused and unoriginal

381.​ Truculent – Aggressive and defiant

382.​ Turbulent – Disorderly and violent

383.​ Ubiquitous – Present everywhere

384.​ Unanimous – Fully agreed upon

385.​ Uncanny – Strange or mysterious

386.​ Unflinching – Showing no fear

387.​ Ungainly – Awkward or clumsy

388.​ Unprecedented – Never done before

389.​ Urbane – Refined and sophisticated

390.​ Vacillate – To waver in decision

391.​ Vague – Unclear

392.​ Venerate – To deeply respect

393.​ Verbose – Wordy

394.​ Vernacular – Everyday language

395.​ Vex – To annoy

396.​ Vindicate – To clear of blame

397.​ Virulent – Extremely harmful

398.​ Vivacious – Lively

399.​ Volatile – Highly unstable

400.​ Voracious – Extremely hungry

One-Word Substitutions (401-500)

401.​ Vouchsafe – To grant or give in a gracious manner

402.​ Wane – To decrease gradually

403.​ Wary – Cautious and alert

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404.​ Wheedle – To persuade using flattery

405.​ Whimsical – Playfully unpredictable

406.​ Wistful – Longing for something past

407.​ Wizen – To shrivel or wrinkle with age

408.​ Wreak – To inflict (punishment or damage)

409.​ Writhe – To twist in pain

410.​ Xenophobia – Fear of foreigners

411.​ Zealot – A fanatic or extreme enthusiast

412.​ Zenith – The highest point

413.​ Zest – Enthusiasm and energy

414.​ Aberration – Deviation from normal

415.​ Abeyance – Temporary suspension

416.​ Abrogate – To repeal or abolish

417.​ Abscond – To run away secretly

418.​ Abstruse – Difficult to understand

419.​ Acquiesce – To accept without protest

420.​ Adage – A wise old saying

421.​ Adroit – Skillful and clever

422.​ Aegis – Protection or support

423.​ Alacrity – Eagerness and enthusiasm

424.​ Aloof – Distant and detached

425.​ Amalgamate – To combine or merge

426.​ Ameliorate – To improve

427.​ Anachronism – Something out of time

428.​ Anathema – A strong curse

429.​ Animosity – Strong hostility

430.​ Annex – To add or attach

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431.​ Apathetic – Showing no interest

432.​ Apocryphal – Of doubtful authenticity

433.​ Apostate – One who abandons a belief

434.​ Ardent – Passionate and enthusiastic

435.​ Ascertain – To find out for certain

436.​ Assuage – To relieve or lessen

437.​ Atrophy – To waste away

438.​ Avarice – Greed for wealth

439.​ Axiom – A self-evident truth

440.​ Baleful – Threatening harm

441.​ Banal – Commonplace and boring

442.​ Bellicose – Warlike and aggressive

443.​ Benign – Kind and harmless

444.​ Bifurcate – To divide into two parts

445.​ Boorish – Rude and insensitive

446.​ Bucolic – Relating to rural life

447.​ Cacophony – Harsh noise

448.​ Callous – Unfeeling and insensitive

449.​ Capitulate – To surrender

450.​ Capricious – Unpredictable

451.​ Celerity – Swiftness of movement

452.​ Chagrin – Embarrassment or disappointment

453.​ Chicanery – Deception or trickery

454.​ Cloying – Excessively sweet or sentimental

455.​ Cognizant – Aware and informed

456.​ Commensurate – Equal in measure

457.​ Conjecture – A guess or speculation

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458.​ Consign – To deliver officially

459.​ Contiguous – Touching or adjacent

460.​ Conundrum – A difficult puzzle

461.​ Copious – Abundant and plentiful

462.​ Countenance – Facial expression

463.​ Culmination – The highest point

464.​ Cursory – Hasty and superficial

465.​ Dauntless – Fearless

466.​ Debacle – A complete failure

467.​ Decorous – Proper and well-mannered

468.​ Deferential – Showing respect

469.​ Denigrate – To belittle or defame

470.​ Derelict – Neglectful or abandoned

471.​ Desiccate – To dry out completely

472.​ Despot – A tyrant or dictator

473.​ Diaphanous – Light and translucent

474.​ Dilatory – Causing delay

475.​ Disparate – Fundamentally different

476.​ Dissemble – To disguise or conceal

477.​ Dissuade – To persuade against

478.​ Docile – Obedient and easy to teach

479.​ Dogmatic – Stubbornly opinionated

480.​ Eclectic – From various sources

481.​ Ebullient – Cheerful and full of energy

482.​ Edify – To instruct morally

483.​ Effulgent – Radiant and shining

484.​ Egregious – Shockingly bad

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485.​ Elucidate – To explain clearly

486.​ Emaciated – Extremely thin

487.​ Embellish – To decorate

488.​ Enervate – To weaken

489.​ Enmity – Hostility

490.​ Ephemeral – Lasting a short time

491.​ Equanimity – Calmness under pressure

492.​ Erudite – Scholarly and educated

493.​ Esoteric – Understood by few

494.​ Euphemism – A mild expression

495.​ Evanescent – Fading away quickly

496.​ Exacerbate – To worsen a situation

497.​ Exculpate – To clear of blame

498.​ Expedient – Convenient but possibly improper

499.​ Expropriate – To take without permission

500.​ Extol – To praise highly

500 Competitive English Idioms and Their Meanings

Idioms 1-100

1.​ A blessing in disguise – A good thing that seemed bad at first

2.​ A dime a dozen – Something common

3.​ A penny for your thoughts – Asking someone’s opinion

4.​ Actions speak louder than words – What you do is more important than what you

say

5.​ Add fuel to the fire – To make a bad situation worse

6.​ All bark and no bite – Someone who talks tough but doesn’t act tough
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7.​ All ears – Fully listening

8.​ All in the same boat – Facing the same challenges

9.​ An arm and a leg – Very expensive

10.​Apple of one’s eye – Someone loved dearly

11.​At the drop of a hat – Instantly

12.​Barking up the wrong tree – Accusing the wrong person

13.​Beat around the bush – Avoiding the main topic

14.​Bite the bullet – Endure pain bravely

15.​Bite the dust – To fail

16.​Break the ice – Start a conversation

17.​Burn bridges – Destroy relationships

18.​By the skin of one’s teeth – Barely succeeding

19.​Call it a day – Stop working

20.​Caught between a rock and a hard place – Facing two difficult choices

21.​Cry over spilled milk – Worrying about something that can’t be changed

22.​Cut to the chase – Get to the point

23.​Don’t count your chickens before they hatch – Don’t assume success before it

happens

24.​Drop the ball – Make a mistake

25.​Easy does it – Be careful and slow

26.​Face the music – Accept consequences

27.​Fair and square – Honest and straightforward

28.​Fit as a fiddle – In excellent health

29.​Fly off the handle – Become angry quickly

30.​Get a taste of your own medicine – Experience the same negative treatment one

gives others

31.​Give someone the cold shoulder – Ignore someone

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32.​Go the extra mile – Do more than expected

33.​Hit the books – Study hard

34.​Hit the nail on the head – Describe exactly what is causing a situation

35.​Hit the sack – Go to bed

36.​In the blink of an eye – Very quickly

37.​It takes two to tango – Both parties are responsible

38.​Jump on the bandwagon – Follow a trend

39.​Keep your chin up – Stay positive

40.​Kill two birds with one stone – Solve two problems at once

41.​Let the cat out of the bag – Reveal a secret

42.​Make a long story short – Give only the basic details

43.​Miss the boat – Miss an opportunity

44.​No pain, no gain – Hard work pays off

45.​Off the hook – No longer in trouble

46.​On thin ice – In a risky situation

47.​Pull someone’s leg – Joke with someone

48.​Put all your eggs in one basket – Risk everything on one opportunity

49.​Read between the lines – Understand hidden meaning

50.​Speak of the devil – When a person appears just after being mentioned

51.​Spill the beans – Reveal a secret

52.​Steal someone’s thunder – Take credit for someone else’s work

53.​Stick to your guns – Stand firm in your beliefs

54.​Take with a grain of salt – Don’t take it too seriously

55.​The ball is in your court – It’s your turn to take action

56.​Through thick and thin – In good and bad times

57.​Throw in the towel – Give up

58.​Turn a blind eye – Ignore something

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59.​Under the weather – Feeling sick

60.​Up in the air – Uncertain

61.​Walk on eggshells – Be very cautious

62.​When pigs fly – Something that will never happen

63.​Wrap your head around it – Understand something difficult

64.​You can’t judge a book by its cover – Appearances can be misleading

65.​A stitch in time saves nine – Fixing a small problem now prevents bigger problems

later

66.​Back to square one – Start over

67.​Behind the scenes – Secretly

68.​Bite off more than you can chew – Take on too much

69.​Burn the midnight oil – Work late

70.​Call a spade a spade – Speak frankly

71.​Come rain or shine – No matter what happens

72.​Curiosity killed the cat – Being too curious can lead to trouble

73.​Don’t cry wolf – Don’t raise false alarms

74.​Every cloud has a silver lining – There’s always a positive side

75.​Feather in your cap – An achievement to be proud of

76.​Few and far between – Rare

77.​Give the benefit of the doubt – Trust someone

78.​Go down in flames – Fail spectacularly

79.​Go out on a limb – Take a risk

80.​Have an ace up your sleeve – Have a secret advantage

81.​Hit the ground running – Start something successfully

82.​In the same boat – Facing the same problem

83.​It’s not rocket science – It’s not difficult

84.​Keep an eye on – Watch carefully

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85.​Leave no stone unturned – Try everything

86.​Like a fish out of water – Uncomfortable in a new situation

87.​Make ends meet – Survive financially

88.​No strings attached – Without conditions

89.​Once in a blue moon – Very rarely

90.​Out of the blue – Unexpectedly

91.​Play devil’s advocate – Argue the opposite side

92.​Rain on someone’s parade – Spoil someone’s plans

93.​Rule of thumb – A general guideline

94.​Shot in the dark – A guess

95.​Smell a rat – Suspect something wrong

96.​Take a rain check – Postpone a plan

97.​Think outside the box – Be creative

98.​Throw caution to the wind – Take a risk

99.​Under one’s nose – Clearly visible

100.​ Without a hitch – Without any problems

Idioms 101-200

101.​ Against the clock – Rushed or limited by time

102.​ All thumbs – Clumsy

103.​ At the eleventh hour – At the last moment

104.​ At wit’s end – Frustrated

105.​ Back to the drawing board – Start over

106.​ Batten down the hatches – Prepare for trouble

107.​ Beat a dead horse – Continue discussing something that’s over

108.​ Beggars can’t be choosers – Accept what is available

109.​ Behind the eight ball – In trouble

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110.​ Best of both worlds – Ideal situation

111.​ Between the devil and the deep blue sea – Two bad choices

112.​ Beyond the pale – Socially unacceptable

113.​ Blow hot and cold – Change opinions frequently

114.​ Blue in the face – Exhausted

115.​ Break the mold – Do something differently

116.​ Bury the hatchet – End a conflict

117.​ By leaps and bounds – Rapidly

118.​ Can’t see the forest for the trees – Missing the bigger picture

119.​ Chalk and cheese – Very different

120.​ Change of heart – Change in attitude

121.​ Come full circle – Return to the starting point

122.​ Cut and dried – Already decided

123.​ Cut the mustard – Meet expectations

124.​ Devil’s in the details – Small details cause problems

125.​ Down to the wire – Until the last minute

126.​ Drop in the bucket – A small part of something big

127.​ Fish out of water – Out of place

128.​ Get the show on the road – Start an activity

129.​ Give someone a run for their money – Compete well

130.​ Go for broke – Risk everything

131.​ Go out on a limb – Take a risk

132.​ Grasp at straws – Make desperate attempts

133.​ Green with envy – Very jealous

134.​ Hard nut to crack – Difficult problem or person

135.​ Have a bone to pick – Have a dispute

136.​ Hit below the belt – Unfair attack

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137.​ Hit the jackpot – Get lucky

138.​ In the driver’s seat – In control

139.​ In the limelight – In the spotlight

140.​ Jump through hoops – Go through difficulties

141.​ Jump the gun – Act too soon

142.​ Keep the wolf from the door – Avoid poverty

143.​ Kick the bucket – Die

144.​ Last straw – Final problem

145.​ Let sleeping dogs lie – Don’t disturb a settled issue

146.​ Long shot – Unlikely chance

147.​ Make a mountain out of a molehill – Exaggerate

148.​ Make waves – Cause trouble

149.​ Mind your own beeswax – Mind your business

150.​ More bark than bite – More talk than action

151.​ Neck and neck – Almost equal in a race

152.​ Nest egg – Saved money

153.​ Nip it in the bud – Stop something before it grows

154.​ Not playing with a full deck – Lacking intelligence

155.​ Off the beaten path – Unconventional

156.​ On cloud nine – Very happy

157.​ On pins and needles – Nervous

158.​ On the ball – Alert and competent

159.​ On the fence – Undecided

160.​ On the same page – In agreement

161.​ Open a can of worms – Create more problems

162.​ Out in the open – Not hidden

163.​ Out of left field – Unexpected

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164.​ Out of one’s league – Beyond someone’s ability

165.​ Over the hill – Old or past prime

166.​ Paint the town red – Celebrate

167.​ Pass the buck – Blame someone else

168.​ Play it by ear – Improvise

169.​ Pull out all the stops – Use all resources

170.​ Pull the wool over someone’s eyes – Deceive

171.​ Put all your eggs in one basket – Rely on one plan

172.​ Put a sock in it – Be quiet

173.​ Put your foot in your mouth – Say something embarrassing

174.​ Put your money where your mouth is – Support your words with action

175.​ Rain cats and dogs – Rain heavily

176.​ Raining on someone’s parade – Ruin someone’s plans

177.​ Read the riot act – Give a strong warning

178.​ Red herring – Misleading clue

179.​ Rise and shine – Wake up and get moving

180.​ Rock the boat – Cause trouble

181.​ Roll out the red carpet – Give special treatment

182.​ Rub salt in the wound – Make something worse

183.​ Rule of thumb – General principle

184.​ Save face – Avoid embarrassment

185.​ Saved by the bell – Rescued just in time

186.​ Scot-free – Without punishment

187.​ Shape up or ship out – Improve or leave

188.​ Shoot yourself in the foot – Make things worse for yourself

189.​ Silver lining – A positive aspect in a bad situation

190.​ Six feet under – Dead and buried

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191.​ Spill the tea – Reveal gossip

192.​ Spitting image – A perfect resemblance

193.​ Split hairs – Argue over minor details

194.​ Square peg in a round hole – Misfit

195.​ Stab in the back – Betray

196.​ Stand your ground – Defend your position

197.​ Stick to your guns – Hold firm to your beliefs

198.​ Straw that broke the camel’s back – Final problem that causes failure

199.​ Take the cake – Be the worst or best

200.​ Take with a grain of salt – Don’t take it seriously

Idioms 201-300

201.​ A dime a dozen – Very common

202.​ A blessing in disguise – Something good in a bad situation

203.​ A leopard can’t change its spots – People don’t change

204.​ A piece of cake – Very easy

205.​ Actions speak louder than words – Actions matter more than talk

206.​ Add fuel to the fire – Make a situation worse

207.​ All ears – Fully listening

208.​ All in the same boat – Facing the same situation

209.​ Apple of one’s eye – Someone very dear

210.​ Bite the bullet – Endure a tough situation

211.​ Break a leg – Good luck

212.​ Burn the midnight oil – Work late

213.​ Call it a day – Stop working for the day

214.​ Cast the first stone – Be the first to criticize

215.​ Crying over spilt milk – Complaining about past mistakes

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216.​ Don’t put all your eggs in one basket – Don’t risk everything on one thing

217.​ Draw the line – Set a limit

218.​ Eat humble pie – Accept humiliation

219.​ Every cloud has a silver lining – Good comes from bad

220.​ Fair and square – Honest and straightforward

221.​ Feather in one’s cap – An achievement to be proud of

222.​ Give someone the cold shoulder – Ignore someone

223.​ Go the extra mile – Make extra effort

224.​ Hit the nail on the head – Do something perfectly

225.​ In hot water – In trouble

226.​ Jump on the bandwagon – Follow a trend

227.​ Keep one’s fingers crossed – Hope for the best

228.​ Kill two birds with one stone – Solve two problems at once

229.​ Let the cat out of the bag – Reveal a secret

230.​ Like a fish out of water – Feel uncomfortable

231.​ Make ends meet – Manage expenses

232.​ Miss the boat – Miss an opportunity

233.​ No pain, no gain – Hard work pays off

234.​ Once in a blue moon – Very rarely

235.​ On thin ice – In a risky situation

236.​ Over the moon – Extremely happy

237.​ Out of the blue – Unexpectedly

238.​ Play devil’s advocate – Argue against something

239.​ Put the cart before the horse – Do things in the wrong order

240.​ Read between the lines – Understand hidden meaning

241.​ Rome wasn’t built in a day – Important things take time

242.​ Saved by the bell – Rescued at the last moment

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243.​ See eye to eye – Agree completely

244.​ Sit on the fence – Be undecided

245.​ Speak of the devil – Talk about someone, and they appear

246.​ Steal someone’s thunder – Take credit for another’s idea

247.​ Take a rain check – Postpone a plan

248.​ The ball is in your court – It’s your turn to act

249.​ Throw in the towel – Give up

250.​ Under the weather – Feeling sick

251.​ Water under the bridge – Past is past

252.​ Wear one’s heart on one’s sleeve – Show emotions openly

253.​ When pigs fly – Never going to happen

254.​ You can’t have your cake and eat it too – You can’t have everything

255.​ Hit the ground running – Start effectively

256.​ Keep an eye on – Watch carefully

257.​ Go out of one’s way – Make special effort

258.​ Burn bridges – Destroy relationships

259.​ Play with fire – Take unnecessary risks

260.​ Have a foot in both camps – Support both sides

261.​ Cry wolf – Raise a false alarm

262.​ A penny for your thoughts – Asking someone’s opinion

263.​ Storm in a teacup – A big fuss over a small problem

264.​ Pull someone’s leg – Joke with someone

265.​ Couch potato – Lazy person

266.​ Throw caution to the wind – Take a risk

267.​ Think outside the box – Think creatively

268.​ Make hay while the sun shines – Use an opportunity while it lasts

269.​ Fool’s gold – Something that looks valuable but is not

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270.​ An arm and a leg – Very expensive

271.​ At the drop of a hat – Instantly

272.​ Back to square one – Start over

273.​ Ballpark figure – Approximate number

274.​ Behind closed doors – In private

275.​ Bite off more than you can chew – Take on too much

276.​ Blow one’s top – Get very angry

277.​ Burn the candle at both ends – Overwork oneself

278.​ By the skin of one’s teeth – Just barely

279.​ Chicken out – Back out of something

280.​ Cost an arm and a leg – Be very expensive

281.​ Down in the dumps – Feeling sad

282.​ Fit as a fiddle – Very healthy

283.​ Go for broke – Risk everything

284.​ Haste makes waste – Acting too quickly can cause mistakes

285.​ Head over heels – Deeply in love

286.​ Hit the sack – Go to bed

287.​ In a pickle – In a difficult situation

288.​ Jump to conclusions – Make quick assumptions

289.​ Keep your chin up – Stay positive

290.​ Like two peas in a pod – Very similar

291.​ Lose one’s marbles – Go crazy

292.​ Not one’s cup of tea – Not one’s preference

293.​ On a shoestring budget – With very little money

294.​ Out of the frying pan into the fire – From a bad situation to worse

295.​ Pull out all the stops – Use all resources

296.​ Put on a brave face – Act strong despite fear

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297.​ Ring a bell – Sound familiar

298.​ Shot in the dark – A guess

299.​ Skating on thin ice – Taking a risk

300.​ To each their own – Everyone has their preferences

Idioms 301-400

301.​ Toe the line – Follow the rules

302.​ Turn a blind eye – Ignore something

303.​ Under one’s nose – Obvious but unnoticed

304.​ Up in the air – Uncertain

305.​ Walk on eggshells – Be cautious

306.​ Wear many hats – Have many responsibilities

307.​ White elephant – Useless possession

308.​ Wild goose chase – Futile search

309.​ Zip one’s lips – Stay silent

310.​ Like father, like son – Similar traits

311.​ Bite the hand that feeds you – Harm someone who helps you

312.​ Bury one’s head in the sand – Ignore reality

313.​ Every man for himself – Everyone acts in self-interest

314.​ Fish out of water – Out of place

315.​ Give the benefit of the doubt – Trust without proof

316.​ Go with the flow – Accept the situation

317.​ In black and white – Clearly written

318.​ Jack of all trades – Skilled at many things

319.​ Keep one’s nose clean – Stay out of trouble

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320.​ Live and let live – Accept different views

321.​ Mend fences – Rebuild relationships

322.​ New lease on life – Fresh start

323.​ Old wine in a new bottle – Same old thing with a new appearance

324.​ Out of sorts – Unwell or upset

325.​ Roll with the punches – Adjust to difficulties

326.​ Stick one’s neck out – Take a risk

327.​ Throw money down the drain – Waste money

328.​ Under one’s breath – Whisper

329.​ Without batting an eye – Without hesitation

Idioms 330-400

330.​ A storm in a teacup – A big fuss over a small issue

331.​ A tough nut to crack – A difficult problem or person

332.​ At sixes and sevens – In a state of confusion

333.​ Back against the wall – In a difficult situation

334.​ Beat about the bush – Avoid talking about the main topic

335.​ Behind the eight ball – In a tough or losing position

336.​ Between a rock and a hard place – Stuck between two difficult choices

337.​ Beyond the pale – Totally unacceptable

338.​ Blood, sweat, and tears – Hard work and effort

339.​ Blue in the face – Tired of trying

340.​ Break the ice – Start a conversation

341.​ Burn one’s fingers – Get into trouble due to a mistake

342.​ By leaps and bounds – Very quickly and significantly

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343.​ Can’t see the wood for the trees – Focusing on details and missing the big

picture

344.​ Come hell or high water – No matter what happens

345.​ Cross the Rubicon – Pass the point of no return

346.​ Cut the mustard – Meet expectations

347.​ Devil’s in the details – Small details cause problems

348.​ Diamond in the rough – Someone with great potential

349.​ Don’t count your chickens before they hatch – Don’t assume success before

it happens

350.​ Down to the wire – Until the last moment

351.​ Draw a blank – Fail to remember something

352.​ Face the music – Accept the consequences

353.​ Feast or famine – Either too much or too little

354.​ Fifty-fifty – Equal chances

355.​ Fight tooth and nail – Fight fiercely

356.​ Flog a dead horse – Waste effort on something hopeless

357.​ Fly by the seat of one’s pants – Rely on instinct instead of planning

358.​ From pillar to post – Moving from one place to another aimlessly

359.​ Get a taste of one’s own medicine – Receive the same treatment one gives

others

360.​ Go cold turkey – Quit something suddenly

361.​ Go out on a limb – Take a risky stance

362.​ Go the whole nine yards – Do everything possible

363.​ Go under the knife – Undergo surgery

364.​ Grasp at straws – Make a desperate attempt

365.​ Green with envy – Extremely jealous

366.​ Hanging by a thread – In a very risky situation

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367.​ Have a bone to pick – Have a complaint

368.​ Have an axe to grind – Have a personal interest

369.​ Head in the clouds – Unrealistic thinking

370.​ Hit below the belt – Behave unfairly

371.​ Hit rock bottom – Reach the lowest point

372.​ In a nutshell – In a few words

373.​ In the same boat – In the same difficult situation

374.​ Jump on the bandwagon – Join a popular trend

375.​ Keep one’s nose to the grindstone – Work hard

376.​ Kick the bucket – Die

377.​ Knock on wood – Hope for good luck

378.​ Lend an ear – Listen carefully

379.​ Let sleeping dogs lie – Avoid revisiting old problems

380.​ Let the grass grow under one’s feet – Delay taking action

381.​ Make a mountain out of a molehill – Exaggerate a small problem

382.​ Move heaven and earth – Do everything possible

383.​ Neck and neck – Very close competition

384.​ No strings attached – No conditions or restrictions

385.​ Off one’s rocker – Crazy or irrational

386.​ On a wild goose chase – Wasting effort on a futile task

387.​ On cloud nine – Extremely happy

388.​ Once bitten, twice shy – Cautious after a bad experience

389.​ Out of sight, out of mind – Forgotten when not seen

390.​ Paddle one’s own canoe – Be independent

391.​ Put all eggs in one basket – Risk everything on one thing

392.​ Put the lid on something – Stop something

393.​ Red tape – Excessive bureaucracy

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394.​ Rise from the ashes – Recover after failure

395.​ Sell like hotcakes – Sell quickly

396.​ Show one’s true colors – Reveal one’s real nature

397.​ Spill the beans – Reveal a secret

398.​ Stand on one’s own two feet – Be independent

399.​ Take the bull by the horns – Face a difficult situation bravely

400.​ Throw in the towel – Give up

Idioms 401-500

401.​ Too many irons in the fire – Too many tasks at once

402.​ Turn over a new leaf – Start fresh

403.​ Under lock and key – Kept safely

404.​ Up to the mark – Meeting expectations

405.​ Walk a tightrope – Be in a risky situation

406.​ Wash one’s hands of something – Stop being responsible

407.​ Water under the bridge – Past issues that no longer matter

408.​ Wear the pants – Be in charge

409.​ Win by a landslide – Win by a large margin

410.​ Word of mouth – Spreading information orally

411.​ Worth its weight in gold – Very valuable

412.​ Zero in on something – Focus on something

413.​ All roads lead to Rome – All methods lead to the same result

414.​ Bite off more than you can chew – Take on too much

415.​ By hook or by crook – By any means necessary

416.​ Dead ringer – Exact lookalike

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417.​ Drag one’s feet – Delay something

418.​ Easy as pie – Very simple

419.​ Food for thought – Something to think about

420.​ Fortune favors the brave – Success comes to those who take risks

421.​ Get one’s ducks in a row – Get organized

422.​ Give someone a run for their money – Provide strong competition

423.​ Go belly up – Go bankrupt

424.​ Have cold feet – Get nervous before an event

425.​ Hit the jackpot – Have great success

426.​ In for a penny, in for a pound – Fully committed

427.​ Jump through hoops – Go through difficulties

428.​ Keep something at bay – Prevent something bad

429.​ Know the ropes – Understand how something works

430.​ Live from hand to mouth – Live with just enough money

431.​ Make one’s bed and lie in it – Accept the consequences of one’s actions

432.​ Mind your own beeswax – Mind your own business

433.​ Mum’s the word – Keep it secret

434.​ Nip in the bud – Stop a problem early

435.​ Out of the woods – Out of trouble

436.​ Pass the buck – Shift responsibility

437.​ Pull the wool over one’s eyes – Deceive someone

438.​ Put words in someone’s mouth – Misquote someone

439.​ Read the riot act – Give a stern warning

440.​ Rock the boat – Cause problems

441.​ Sail close to the wind – Take risks

442.​ Scratch someone’s back – Do a favor expecting one in return

443.​ Sitting duck – Easy target

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444.​ Stab someone in the back – Betray someone

445.​ Take a back seat – Be less active in a situation

446.​ Throw cold water on something – Discourage an idea

447.​ Turn the tables – Reverse a situation

448.​ Under the table – Secretly and illegally

449.​ Wag the dog – Distract from something important

450.​ Zip one’s lips – Stay silent

Idioms 451-500

451.​ A dime a dozen – Very common and of little value

452.​ A flash in the pan – A sudden success that does not last

453.​ A penny for your thoughts – Asking someone what they are thinking

454.​ Actions speak louder than words – What you do is more important than what

you say

455.​ Add fuel to the fire – Make a bad situation worse

456.​ An arm and a leg – Very expensive

457.​ As cool as a cucumber – Very calm and composed

458.​ At the drop of a hat – Instantly, without hesitation

459.​ Back to square one – Start over again

460.​ Bark up the wrong tree – Follow the wrong course of action

461.​ Be on the same page – Agree about something

462.​ Behind closed doors – In private, secretly

463.​ Bite the bullet – Endure a painful experience

464.​ Break a leg – Good luck

465.​ Burn the midnight oil – Work late into the night

466.​ By the skin of one’s teeth – Barely succeed

467.​ Call it a day – Stop working for the day

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468.​ Cash cow – A profitable business or product

469.​ Cry over spilled milk – Complain about something that cannot be changed

470.​ Cut corners – Do something cheaply or quickly at the expense of quality

471.​ Don’t put all your eggs in one basket – Don’t risk everything on one plan

472.​ Draw the line – Set a limit

473.​ Eat humble pie – Admit one’s mistake

474.​ Elbow grease – Hard physical work

475.​ Every cloud has a silver lining – There is always something positive in a bad

situation

476.​ Fall on deaf ears – Be ignored

477.​ Fish out of water – Feel uncomfortable in an unfamiliar situation

478.​ Get cold feet – Become nervous before an event

479.​ Get the ball rolling – Start something

480.​ Give the benefit of the doubt – Trust someone without proof

481.​ Go the extra mile – Make additional effort

482.​ Have bigger fish to fry – Have more important matters to deal with

483.​ Hit the sack – Go to bed

484.​ In the blink of an eye – Very quickly

485.​ Jump the gun – Act too soon

486.​ Keep your fingers crossed – Hope for good luck

487.​ Know the ropes – Understand how something is done

488.​ Lay one’s cards on the table – Be honest and open

489.​ Make ends meet – Earn just enough money to survive

490.​ Not one’s cup of tea – Not something one enjoys

491.​ On thin ice – In a risky situation

492.​ Out of the frying pan into the fire – From one problem into a worse one

493.​ Pull out all the stops – Do everything possible to succeed

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494.​ Put the cart before the horse – Do things in the wrong order

495.​ See eye to eye – Agree completely

496.​ Sit on the fence – Avoid making a decision

497.​ Speak of the devil – When the person you were talking about appears

498.​ Take it with a grain of salt – Not take something too seriously

499.​ Throw caution to the wind – Take a risk

500.​ When pigs fly – Something that will never happen

Everyday Science

Basic Chemistry Concepts

1.​ The smallest particle of an element is an atom.

2.​ The central part of an atom is called the nucleus.

3.​ Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus of an atom.

4.​ The number of protons in an atom is called its atomic number.

5.​ Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes.

6.​ The sum of protons and neutrons in an atom is its mass number.

7.​ Electrons revolve around the nucleus in orbits.

8.​ The first element in the periodic table is hydrogen (H).

9.​ The most abundant element in the universe is hydrogen.

10.​The most abundant element in Earth’s crust is oxygen.

Periodic Table & Chemical Elements

11.​The periodic table was given by Dmitri Mendeleev.

12.​Elements in the same group of the periodic table have similar chemical properties.

13.​Noble gases (Group 18) are chemically inert due to a full outer shell of electrons.

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14.​Fluorine (F) is the most electronegative element.

15.​Francium (Fr) is the least electronegative element.

16.​Alkali metals (Group 1) are highly reactive with water.

17.​Transition metals are found in groups 3 to 12 of the periodic table.

18.​The element used in making filaments of electric bulbs is tungsten (W).

19.​The element used in making semiconductors is silicon (Si).

20.​The only metal that is liquid at room temperature is mercury (Hg).

Chemical Bonding & Reactions

21.​Ionic bonds are formed by the transfer of electrons.

22.​Covalent bonds are formed by the sharing of electrons.

23.​Metallic bonds hold metal atoms together in a lattice.

24.​Water (H₂O) is a polar covalent compound.

25.​The reaction in which oxygen is added to a substance is called oxidation.

26.​The reaction in which oxygen is removed from a substance is called reduction.

27.​Catalysts speed up chemical reactions without being consumed.

28.​Enzymes are biological catalysts.

29.​The pH of pure water is 7 (neutral).

30.​Acids have a pH less than 7, while bases have a pH greater than 7.

States of Matter & Changes

31.​Matter exists in four states: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma.

32.​The process of converting a liquid into gas is called evaporation.

33.​The process of converting a solid directly into gas is called sublimation.

34.​The process of gas changing into a liquid is called condensation.

35.​The temperature at which a liquid turns into a gas is called its boiling point.

36.​The temperature at which a solid melts to form a liquid is called its melting point.
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37.​Plasma is the fourth state of matter, found in stars and lightning.

38.​Dry ice is solid carbon dioxide (CO₂).

39.​A supercooled liquid is glass.

40.​The process of a gas turning into solid without passing through liquid is deposition.

Acids, Bases, and Salts

41.​Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is found in the human stomach.

42.​Sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) is known as the king of acids.

43.​Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is commonly known as caustic soda.

44.​Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂) is known as slaked lime.

45.​Baking soda is chemically known as sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃).

46.​Washing soda is sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃.10H₂O).

47.​Acetic acid (CH₃COOH) is the main component of vinegar.

48.​Limewater is a solution of calcium hydroxide.

49.​The universal indicator shows a range of pH values from 1 to 14.

50.​The pH of human blood is 7.35 to 7.45.

Metals & Non-Metals

51.​The most malleable and ductile metal is gold (Au).

52.​The best conductor of electricity is silver (Ag).

53.​Copper (Cu) and aluminum (Al) are used in electrical wires.

54.​Iron (Fe) is the most widely used metal.

55.​Carbon (C) exists in different forms, including diamond and graphite.

56.​Graphite is the only non-metal that conducts electricity.

57.​Oxygen (O₂) is essential for combustion.

58.​Chlorine (Cl₂) is used in water purification.

59.​Zinc (Zn) is used to galvanize iron to prevent rusting.

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60.​Lead (Pb) is a toxic heavy metal.

Fuels & Energy Sources

61.​Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are fossil fuels.

62.​Methane (CH₄) is the main component of natural gas.

63.​Octane rating determines the quality of petrol.

64.​Ethanol (C₂H₅OH) is used as a biofuel.

65.​Nuclear energy is produced by fission reactions.

66.​Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity using photovoltaic cells.

67.​Wind energy is harnessed using turbines.

68.​Geothermal energy is derived from Earth’s internal heat.

69.​The major greenhouse gas is carbon dioxide (CO₂).

70.​The gas responsible for the depletion of the ozone layer is CFCs

(Chlorofluorocarbons).

Miscellaneous Chemistry Facts

71.​The hardest natural substance is diamond.

72.​The softest mineral is talc.

73.​The most reactive non-metal is fluorine.

74.​The metal that reacts explosively with water is sodium.

75.​The most stable noble gas is helium (He).

76.​The chemical formula of rust is Fe₂O₃.xH₂O.

77.​Teflon is used as a non-stick coating in cookware.

78.​Plastic is made from polymers.

79.​The main component of sand is silicon dioxide (SiO₂).

80.​Hemoglobin in blood contains iron.

81.​The metal used in thermometers is mercury.

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82.​LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) mainly contains butane and propane.

83.​The gas used in balloons is helium (He).

84.​The most abundant gas in Earth’s atmosphere is nitrogen (N₂).

85.​The gas used in neon signs is neon (Ne).

86.​The chemical name of laughing gas is nitrous oxide (N₂O).

87.​The gas responsible for acid rain is sulfur dioxide (SO₂).

88.​The element used in making batteries is lithium (Li).

89.​The chemical formula of common salt is NaCl.

90.​The lightest element is hydrogen.

91.​The heaviest naturally occurring element is uranium (U).

92.​The gas used in fire extinguishers is carbon dioxide (CO₂).

93.​The first synthetic polymer was Bakelite.

94.​The substance used to detect starch is iodine.

95.​The main component of human bones is calcium phosphate.

96.​The acid present in lemon is citric acid.

97.​The acid present in ants is formic acid.

98.​The acid present in apples is malic acid.

99.​The acid present in grapes is tartaric acid.

100.​ The acid present in milk is lactic acid.

Physics for competitive exams, covering updated concepts and important topics.

1. Mechanics

1.​ The SI unit of force is:​

a) Newton​

b) Joule​

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c) Pascal​

d) Watt​

Ans: a) Newton

2.​ The acceleration due to gravity on the Moon is about:​

a) 9.8 m/s²​

b) 1.62 m/s²​

c) 3.7 m/s²​

d) 5.5 m/s²​

Ans: b) 1.62 m/s²

3.​ Newton’s third law of motion states that:​

a) Every object continues its state of motion unless acted upon by an external force​

b) Force is equal to mass times acceleration​

c) Every action has an equal and opposite reaction​

d) None of these​

Ans: c) Every action has an equal and opposite reaction

4.​ The unit of work is:​

a) Newton​

b) Joule​

c) Watt​

d) Pascal​

Ans: b) Joule

5.​ The moment of inertia depends on:​

a) Mass of the body​

b) Distribution of mass​

c) Axis of rotation​

d) All of the above​

Ans: d) All of the above

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2. Motion and Energy

6.​ The rate of change of velocity is called:​

a) Speed​

b) Acceleration​

c) Momentum​

d) Force​

Ans: b) Acceleration

7.​ If velocity-time graph is a straight line parallel to the time axis, then acceleration is:​

a) Increasing​

b) Zero​

c) Decreasing​

d) Constant​

Ans: b) Zero

8.​ The energy possessed by a body due to its motion is called:​

a) Potential Energy​

b) Kinetic Energy​

c) Mechanical Energy​

d) Chemical Energy​

Ans: b) Kinetic Energy

9.​ The unit of power is:​

a) Joule​

b) Newton​

c) Watt​

d) Pascal​

Ans: c) Watt
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10.​Which of the following is a non-renewable source of energy?​

a) Solar Energy​

b) Wind Energy​

c) Coal​

d) Geothermal Energy​

Ans: c) Coal

3. Thermodynamics

11.​The SI unit of temperature is:​

a) Fahrenheit​

b) Kelvin​

c) Celsius​

d) Joule​

Ans: b) Kelvin

12.​Which law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed?​

a) Zeroth law of thermodynamics​

b) First law of thermodynamics​

c) Second law of thermodynamics​

d) Third law of thermodynamics​

Ans: b) First law of thermodynamics

13.​Which of the following is a good conductor of heat?​

a) Wood​

b) Air​

c) Silver​

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d) Plastic​

Ans: c) Silver

14.​The process of heat transfer in solids is called:​

a) Convection​

b) Conduction​

c) Radiation​

d) Evaporation​

Ans: b) Conduction

15.​What happens to the volume of a gas when temperature increases at constant

pressure?​

a) Increases​

b) Decreases​

c) Remains the same​

d) Cannot be determined​

Ans: a) Increases

4. Waves and Sound

16.​Sound cannot travel through:​

a) Solid​

b) Liquid​

c) Gas​

d) Vacuum​

Ans: d) Vacuum

17.​The speed of sound is maximum in:​

a) Air​

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b) Water​

c) Steel​

d) Vacuum​

Ans: c) Steel

18.​The unit of frequency is:​

a) Hertz​

b) Joule​

c) Newton​

d) Watt​

Ans: a) Hertz

19.​The phenomenon of sound reflection used in SONAR is called:​

a) Refraction​

b) Diffraction​

c) Echo​

d) Resonance​

Ans: c) Echo

20.​The audible range of sound for humans is:​

a) 20 Hz – 20,000 Hz​

b) 2 Hz – 2000 Hz​

c) 200 Hz – 2000 Hz​

d) 2 Hz – 200 Hz​

Ans: a) 20 Hz – 20,000 Hz

5. Light and Optics

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21.​The speed of light in vacuum is:​

a) 3 × 10⁶ m/s​

b) 3 × 10⁸ m/s​

c) 3 × 10¹² m/s​

d) 3 × 10¹⁰ m/s​

Ans: b) 3 × 10⁸ m/s

22.​The mirror used in vehicles for rear-view is:​

a) Concave​

b) Convex​

c) Plane​

d) Cylindrical​

Ans: b) Convex

23.​The ability of the eye to focus on objects at different distances is called:​

a) Reflection​

b) Refraction​

c) Accommodation​

d) Dispersion​

Ans: c) Accommodation

24.​The splitting of white light into different colors is called:​

a) Reflection​

b) Refraction​

c) Dispersion​

d) Diffraction​

Ans: c) Dispersion

25.​The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection in:​

a) Reflection​

b) Refraction​

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c) Diffraction​

d) Polarization​

Ans: a) Reflection

6. Electricity and Magnetism

26.​The SI unit of electric current is:​

a) Ampere​

b) Volt​

c) Ohm​

d) Watt​

Ans: a) Ampere

27.​The resistance of a conductor increases with:​

a) Increase in temperature​

b) Decrease in temperature​

c) Increase in length​

d) Both a & c​

Ans: d) Both a & c

28.​A device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy is:​

a) Transformer​

b) Generator​

c) Battery​

d) Motor​

Ans: b) Generator

29.​The magnetic field inside a solenoid is:​

a) Weak​

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b) Strong​

c) Zero​

d) Variable​

Ans: b) Strong

30.​The unit of resistance is:​

a) Volt​

b) Ampere​

c) Ohm​

d) Coulomb​

Ans: c) Ohm

100 competitive-level Physics MCQs

1. Mechanics & Motion

1.​ Which of the following is a vector quantity?​

a) Speed​

b) Work​

c) Displacement​

d) Power​

Ans: c) Displacement

2.​ A satellite moves around the Earth in a circular orbit. What provides the necessary

centripetal force?​

a) Gravity​

b) Air Resistance​

c) Friction​

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d) Magnetic Field​

Ans: a) Gravity

3.​ If the velocity of an object doubles, its kinetic energy:​

a) Remains the same​

b) Doubles​

c) Quadruples​

d) Reduces by half​

Ans: c) Quadruples

4.​ The SI unit of momentum is:​

a) N​

b) kg m/s​

c) Joule​

d) Watt​

Ans: b) kg m/s

5.​ The law of inertia is also known as:​

a) Newton’s First Law​

b) Newton’s Second Law​

c) Newton’s Third Law​

d) Law of Conservation of Momentum​

Ans: a) Newton’s First Law

2. Thermodynamics

6.​ The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics defines:​

a) Temperature​

b) Entropy​

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c) Internal Energy​

d) Enthalpy​

Ans: a) Temperature

7.​ In an adiabatic process, which quantity remains constant?​

a) Temperature​

b) Pressure​

c) Heat Exchange​

d) Volume​

Ans: c) Heat Exchange

8.​ The Carnot engine operates between two reservoirs at 500K and 300K. What is its

maximum efficiency?​

a) 30%​

b) 40%​

c) 50%​

d) 60%​

Ans: b) 40%

9.​ Entropy is a measure of:​

a) Energy loss​

b) Heat transfer​

c) Disorder in a system​

d) Work done​

Ans: c) Disorder in a system

10.​The SI unit of heat is:​

a) Joule​

b) Calorie​

c) Watt​

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d) Kelvin​

Ans: a) Joule

3. Waves & Optics

11.​The wavelength of visible light is in the range of:​

a) 200-400 nm​

b) 400-700 nm​

c) 700-1000 nm​

d) 1000-2000 nm​

Ans: b) 400-700 nm

12.​Which wave phenomenon explains the operation of fiber optics?​

a) Reflection​

b) Refraction​

c) Total Internal Reflection​

d) Diffraction​

Ans: c) Total Internal Reflection

13.​The speed of sound in air is approximately:​

a) 150 m/s​

b) 340 m/s​

c) 500 m/s​

d) 1200 m/s​

Ans: b) 340 m/s

14.​Which of the following waves does not require a medium for propagation?​

a) Sound​

b) Water waves​

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c) Seismic waves​

d) Electromagnetic waves​

Ans: d) Electromagnetic waves

15.​Light shows wave-particle duality as explained by:​

a) Newton​

b) Einstein​

c) Planck​

d) Young​

Ans: b) Einstein

4. Electricity & Magnetism

16.​The unit of electric field strength is:​

a) Volt/meter​

b) Ampere​

c) Coulomb​

d) Ohm​

Ans: a) Volt/meter

17.​The resistance of a superconductor is:​

a) Zero​

b) Very high​

c) Moderate​

d) Varies with temperature​

Ans: a) Zero

18.​The working principle of a transformer is based on:​

a) Ohm’s Law​

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b) Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction​

c) Coulomb’s Law​

d) Newton’s Law​

Ans: b) Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction

19.​The SI unit of magnetic flux is:​

a) Weber​

b) Tesla​

c) Henry​

d) Ampere​

Ans: a) Weber

20.​The force between two parallel current-carrying conductors is given by:​

a) Biot-Savart Law​

b) Ampere’s Law​

c) Lorentz Force​

d) Coulomb’s Law​

Ans: b) Ampere’s Law

5. Modern Physics & Quantum Mechanics

21.​Who proposed the Uncertainty Principle?​

a) Einstein​

b) Heisenberg​

c) Bohr​

d) Schrödinger​

Ans: b) Heisenberg

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22.​The energy of a photon is given by:​

a) mc²​

b) hv​

c) mv²/2​

d) ½ kx²​

Ans: b) hv

23.​Which of the following particles is neutral?​

a) Proton​

b) Neutron​

c) Electron​

d) Positron​

Ans: b) Neutron

24.​The concept of wave-particle duality is associated with:​

a) Newton​

b) de Broglie​

c) Maxwell​

d) Coulomb​

Ans: b) de Broglie

25.​The photoelectric effect supports the theory that:​

a) Light is a wave​

b) Light has particle properties​

c) Light can bend around obstacles​

d) Light cannot travel in a vacuum​

Ans: b) Light has particle properties

6. Nuclear Physics & Relativity

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26.​Which nuclear reaction is responsible for the sun’s energy?​

a) Nuclear Fission​

b) Nuclear Fusion​

c) Beta Decay​

d) Gamma Decay​

Ans: b) Nuclear Fusion

27.​What is the mass-energy equivalence equation?​

a) E = mc²​

b) F = ma​

c) P = VI​

d) Q = mL​

Ans: a) E = mc²

28.​In which type of decay does an electron get emitted?​

a) Alpha decay​

b) Beta decay​

c) Gamma decay​

d) Positron emission​

Ans: b) Beta decay

29.​A black hole’s escape velocity is:​

a) Less than the speed of light​

b) Equal to the speed of light​

c) Greater than the speed of light​

d) Zero​

Ans: c) Greater than the speed of light

30.​The Twin Paradox is related to:​

a) Special Relativity​

b) Quantum Mechanics​

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c) General Relativity​

d) Newtonian Mechanics​

Ans: a) Special Relativity

Biology MCQs

Cell Biology & Biomolecules

1.​ The basic structural and functional unit of life is:​

a) Organ​

b) Cell​

c) Tissue​

d) Organism​

Ans: b) Cell

2.​ The powerhouse of the cell is:​

a) Nucleus​

b) Mitochondria​

c) Golgi Apparatus​

d) Ribosome​

Ans: b) Mitochondria

3.​ Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?​

a) Ribosome​

b) Lysosome​

c) Mitochondria​

d) Vacuole​

Ans: a) Ribosome
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4.​ DNA is mainly found in:​

a) Mitochondria​

b) Golgi Apparatus​

c) Nucleus​

d) Ribosomes​

Ans: c) Nucleus

5.​ The plasma membrane is mainly composed of:​

a) Carbohydrates​

b) Lipids & Proteins​

c) DNA & RNA​

d) Amino acids​

Ans: b) Lipids & Proteins

2. Genetics & Molecular Biology

6.​ The structure of DNA was discovered by:​

a) Gregor Mendel​

b) Watson & Crick​

c) Louis Pasteur​

d) Charles Darwin​

Ans: b) Watson & Crick

7.​ The unit of heredity is:​

a) Chromosome​

b) DNA​

c) Gene​

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d) Ribosome​

Ans: c) Gene

8.​ The number of chromosomes in a human cell is:​

a) 23​

b) 44​

c) 46​

d) 48​

Ans: c) 46

9.​ The sugar found in RNA is:​

a) Glucose​

b) Deoxyribose​

c) Ribose​

d) Fructose​

Ans: c) Ribose

10.​Down syndrome is caused by:​

a) Trisomy 13​

b) Trisomy 18​

c) Trisomy 21​

d) Monosomy X​

Ans: c) Trisomy 21

3. Human Physiology

11.​The functional unit of the kidney is:​

a) Nephron​

b) Neuron​

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c) Alveolus​

d) Capillary​

Ans: a) Nephron

12.​Which hormone regulates blood sugar levels?​

a) Insulin​

b) Thyroxine​

c) Estrogen​

d) Adrenaline​

Ans: a) Insulin

13.​The largest organ in the human body is:​

a) Liver​

b) Brain​

c) Skin​

d) Heart​

Ans: c) Skin

14.​The universal blood donor type is:​

a) A​

b) B​

c) AB​

d) O​

Ans: d) O

15.​The normal pH of human blood is:​

a) 6.5​

b) 7.4​

c) 8.2​

d) 9.0​

Ans: b) 7.4

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4. Microbiology & Immunology

16.​Viruses are composed of:​

a) DNA only​

b) RNA only​

c) DNA or RNA & Protein​

d) Protein only​

Ans: c) DNA or RNA & Protein

17.​The causative agent of tuberculosis is:​

a) Streptococcus​

b) Mycobacterium tuberculosis​

c) Salmonella​

d) Vibrio cholerae​

Ans: b) Mycobacterium tuberculosis

18.​Edward Jenner developed the first vaccine for:​

a) Smallpox​

b) Polio​

c) Measles​

d) Cholera​

Ans: a) Smallpox

19.​Which of the following is a viral disease?​

a) Tuberculosis​

b) Malaria​

c) Hepatitis B​

d) Typhoid​

Ans: c) Hepatitis B
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20.​Bacteria reproduce by:​

a) Binary fission​

b) Mitosis​

c) Meiosis​

d) Conjugation​

Ans: a) Binary fission

5. Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering

21.​Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is used for:​

a) Protein synthesis​

b) DNA replication​

c) Cell division​

d) Enzyme production​

Ans: b) DNA replication

22.​Golden rice is genetically modified to contain:​

a) High protein content​

b) Beta-carotene​

c) Vitamin C​

d) Omega-3 fatty acids​

Ans: b) Beta-carotene

23.​The first genetically modified organism (GMO) was a:​

a) Plant​

b) Animal​

c) Bacterium​

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d) Fungus​

Ans: c) Bacterium

24.​CRISPR-Cas9 is a technique used for:​

a) Gene editing​

b) Vaccine development​

c) Virus detection​

d) Protein synthesis​

Ans: a) Gene editing

25.​The first cloned mammal was:​

a) A cow​

b) A dog​

c) A sheep​

d) A cat​

Ans: c) A sheep (Dolly)

6. Ecology & Evolution

26.​The father of evolution is:​

a) Gregor Mendel​

b) Charles Darwin​

c) Louis Pasteur​

d) Robert Koch​

Ans: b) Charles Darwin

27.​The main source of energy for life on Earth is:​

a) Plants​

b) Sunlight​

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c) Oxygen​

d) Water​

Ans: b) Sunlight

28.​The ozone layer protects Earth from:​

a) Infrared rays​

b) UV radiation​

c) X-rays​

d) Gamma rays​

Ans: b) UV radiation

29.​The term "biodiversity" refers to:​

a) Variety of organisms in an ecosystem​

b) Pollution levels in an environment​

c) Only plant diversity​

d) Human population growth​

Ans: a) Variety of organisms in an ecosystem

30.​Which gas contributes the most to global warming?​

a) Oxygen​

b) Carbon dioxide​

c) Nitrogen​

d) Sulfur dioxide​

Ans: b) Carbon dioxide

Section 1: Ecology & Environment

Ecosystem and Its Components

1.​ Which of the following ecosystems has the highest biodiversity?​

a) Desert​
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b) Tundra​

c) Rainforest​

d) Grassland​

Ans: c) Rainforest

2.​ The term "ecotone" refers to:​

a) A transition zone between two ecosystems​

b) The uppermost layer of the atmosphere​

c) An area with no biodiversity​

d) A place where no plants grow​

Ans: a) A transition zone between two ecosystems

3.​ The largest ecosystem on Earth is:​

a) Forest​

b) Ocean​

c) Grassland​

d) Desert​

Ans: b) Ocean

4.​ What is an autotroph?​

a) A producer​

b) A decomposer​

c) A consumer​

d) A parasite​

Ans: a) A producer

5.​ An example of a terrestrial ecosystem is:​

a) Coral reef​

b) Mangrove forest​

c) Desert​

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d) Pond​

Ans: c) Desert

Food Chain and Food Web

6.​ In a food chain, which organism is at the top of the pyramid?​

a) Producer​

b) Primary consumer​

c) Secondary consumer​

d) Apex predator​

Ans: d) Apex predator

7.​ A keystone species is:​

a) The largest species in an ecosystem​

b) A species crucial for maintaining ecosystem balance​

c) The most common species in an area​

d) The fastest-growing species​

Ans: b) A species crucial for maintaining ecosystem balance

8.​ Which of the following can fix nitrogen in an ecosystem?​

a) Plants​

b) Fungi​

c) Bacteria​

d) Insects​

Ans: c) Bacteria

9.​ The trophic level of a herbivore in a food chain is:​

a) First​

b) Second​

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c) Third​

d) Fourth​

Ans: b) Second

10.​Biomagnification refers to:​

a) Increase in energy as it moves up the food chain​

b) Increase in population of species​

c) Increase in concentration of pollutants at higher trophic levels​

d) The loss of habitat due to urbanization​

Ans: c) Increase in concentration of pollutants at higher trophic levels

Biodiversity and Conservation

11.​Which country is home to the Amazon Rainforest, known for its biodiversity?​

a) China​

b) Australia​

c) Brazil​

d) India​

Ans: c) Brazil

12.​The Red Data Book is published by:​

a) UNDP​

b) WWF​

c) IUCN​

d) UNEP​

Ans: c) IUCN

13.​The process of restoring a degraded ecosystem is called:​

a) Deforestation​

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b) Conservation​

c) Reforestation​

d) Ecological restoration​

Ans: d) Ecological restoration

14.​What is an endemic species?​

a) A species found in multiple regions​

b) A species found only in a specific location​

c) An extinct species​

d) A species that migrates every season​

Ans: b) A species found only in a specific location

15.​Poaching refers to:​

a) Illegal fishing​

b) Illegal hunting of wildlife​

c) Sustainable agriculture​

d) A method of waste disposal​

Ans: b) Illegal hunting of wildlife

Section 2: Pollution & Its Effects

Air, Water, Soil, and Noise Pollution

16.​Smog is mainly caused by:​

a) Excess oxygen​

b) Industrial pollution​

c) Volcanic eruptions​

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d) Wind movement​

Ans: b) Industrial pollution

17.​Which gas contributes most to the depletion of the ozone layer?​

a) CO₂​

b) NO₂​

c) CFCs​

d) CH₄​

Ans: c) CFCs

18.​Minamata disease is caused by:​

a) Lead poisoning​

b) Mercury pollution​

c) Noise pollution​

d) Radiation exposure​

Ans: b) Mercury pollution

19.​The major pollutant in photochemical smog is:​

a) Sulfur dioxide​

b) Ozone​

c) Carbon monoxide​

d) Methane​

Ans: b) Ozone

20.​The most common pollutant found in plastics is:​

a) Dioxin​

b) BPA (Bisphenol A)​

c) Arsenic​

d) Lead​

Ans: b) BPA (Bisphenol A)

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Global Warming and Climate Change

21.​The Paris Agreement aims to:​

a) Increase carbon emissions​

b) Reduce global warming​

c) Promote deforestation​

d) Remove biodiversity laws​

Ans: b) Reduce global warming

22.​Which gas has the highest global warming potential (GWP)?​

a) CO₂​

b) Methane (CH₄)​

c) Nitrous Oxide (N₂O)​

d) CFCs​

Ans: d) CFCs

23.​Kyoto Protocol is related to:​

a) Ozone layer protection​

b) Wildlife conservation​

c) Greenhouse gas reduction​

d) Nuclear safety​

Ans: c) Greenhouse gas reduction

24.​The Great Pacific Garbage Patch is a:​

a) Forest​

b) Landfill​

c) Floating plastic waste area​

d) Coral reef​

Ans: c) Floating plastic waste area

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Section 3: Natural Disasters & Safety Measures

Earthquakes, Floods, Hurricanes, Tsunamis

25.​Seismograph is used to measure:​

a) Wind speed​

b) Rainfall​

c) Earthquakes​

d) Air pressure​

Ans: c) Earthquakes

26.​The Richter scale measures:​

a) Temperature​

b) Earthquake magnitude​

c) Wind speed​

d) Tsunami height​

Ans: b) Earthquake magnitude

27.​Hurricanes are also known as:​

a) Cyclones in the Indian Ocean​

b) Typhoons in the Pacific Ocean​

c) Both a & b​

d) None of the above​

Ans: c) Both a & b

28.​What is the best way to survive a tsunami?​

a) Stay near the beach​

b) Move to higher ground​

c) Go underwater​

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d) Stand still​

Ans: b) Move to higher ground

29.​Floods are most common in which season?​

a) Winter​

b) Spring​

c) Monsoon​

d) Autumn​

Ans: c) Monsoon

30.​A storm surge occurs during:​

a) Earthquake​

b) Hurricane​

c) Tornado​

d) Volcanic eruption​

Ans: b) Hurricane

Section 1: Observation, Hypothesis, and

Experimentation

Observation

1.​ What is the first step in the scientific method?​

a) Experimentation​

b) Observation​

c) Hypothesis​

d) Data analysis​

Ans: b) Observation

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2.​ In scientific research, qualitative observation refers to:​

a) Data that can be measured in numbers​

b) Subjective descriptions without using numbers​

c) Theoretical assumptions​

d) Observations recorded in a laboratory notebook​

Ans: b) Subjective descriptions without using numbers

3.​ What type of observation uses numerical measurements?​

a) Qualitative observation​

b) Subjective observation​

c) Quantitative observation​

d) Hypothetical observation​

Ans: c) Quantitative observation

4.​ Which of the following is an example of a qualitative observation?​

a) The temperature of the solution is 37°C​

b) The liquid turned blue​

c) The weight of the object is 5 kg​

d) The speed of the car is 60 km/h​

Ans: b) The liquid turned blue

5.​ Observations must be:​

a) Biased​

b) Measurable and repeatable​

c) Based on assumptions​

d) Subjective​

Ans: b) Measurable and repeatable

Hypothesis
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6.​ A hypothesis is a:​

a) Proven scientific fact​

b) Tentative explanation based on observation​

c) Final result of an experiment​

d) Universal law​

Ans: b) Tentative explanation based on observation

7.​ A good hypothesis should be:​

a) Vague and open-ended​

b) Testable and falsifiable​

c) Based on personal opinions​

d) Impossible to prove​

Ans: b) Testable and falsifiable

8.​ Which statement represents a null hypothesis?​

a) There is no significant relationship between two variables​

b) The treatment will improve the outcome​

c) An increase in temperature will speed up the reaction​

d) Plants grow faster in sunlight than in shade​

Ans: a) There is no significant relationship between two variables

9.​ If an experiment does not support the hypothesis, what should a scientist do?​

a) Discard the results​

b) Modify or refine the hypothesis​

c) Ignore the data​

d) Publish false results​

Ans: b) Modify or refine the hypothesis

10.​In a controlled experiment, the independent variable is:​

a) The variable being measured​

b) The variable that is changed by the researcher​

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c) The outcome of the experiment​

d) A constant factor​

Ans: b) The variable that is changed by the researcher

Experimentation

11.​The purpose of a control group in an experiment is to:​

a) Test multiple variables at once​

b) Provide a baseline for comparison​

c) Make the experiment biased​

d) Increase the number of errors​

Ans: b) Provide a baseline for comparison

12.​Which type of experiment is conducted outside the laboratory?​

a) Field experiment​

b) Controlled experiment​

c) Theoretical experiment​

d) Artificial experiment​

Ans: a) Field experiment

13.​Which of the following represents an independent variable in an experiment on

plant growth?​

a) Amount of sunlight received​

b) Number of leaves produced​

c) Growth rate of the plant​

d) Final plant height​

Ans: a) Amount of sunlight received

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14.​The dependent variable in an experiment is:​

a) The factor that remains constant​

b) The one that is changed by the researcher​

c) The variable that is measured or observed​

d) A random error​

Ans: c) The variable that is measured or observed

15.​Which of the following is an example of an experimental control?​

a) Testing the same fertilizer on two identical plants​

b) Changing multiple factors in the experiment​

c) Using different measurements each time​

d) Ignoring external influences​

Ans: a) Testing the same fertilizer on two identical plants

Section 2: Scientific Laws and Theories

16.​A scientific law is:​

a) A well-tested explanation of an observation​

b) A fact that cannot be changed​

c) A statement that describes a consistent natural phenomenon​

d) A random idea​

Ans: c) A statement that describes a consistent natural phenomenon

17.​Which of the following is a scientific theory?​

a) Law of Gravity​

b) Theory of Evolution​

c) Newton’s Third Law​

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d) Boyle’s Law​

Ans: b) Theory of Evolution

18.​Which of the following statements is true about scientific theories?​

a) They never change​

b) They are based on repeated testing and observations​

c) They are just guesses​

d) They are personal beliefs​

Ans: b) They are based on repeated testing and observations

19.​The difference between a scientific law and a theory is that:​

a) Laws explain why things happen, and theories describe what happens​

b) Theories explain why things happen, and laws describe what happens​

c) Laws are guesses, while theories are proven facts​

d) Theories never change​

Ans: b) Theories explain why things happen, and laws describe what happens

20.​An example of a scientific law is:​

a) The Big Bang Theory​

b) Law of Conservation of Mass​

c) Darwin’s Theory of Evolution​

d) Germ Theory of Disease​

Ans: b) Law of Conservation of Mass

Section 3: Role of Science in Problem-Solving

21.​Science helps in solving real-world problems by:​

a) Providing logical explanations and evidence-based solutions​

b) Relying on myths and beliefs​

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c) Ignoring data​

d) Making problems worse​

Ans: a) Providing logical explanations and evidence-based solutions

22.​Technology is an application of science that:​

a) Helps solve human problems​

b) Focuses only on theoretical research​

c) Increases environmental pollution​

d) Is unrelated to science​

Ans: a) Helps solve human problems

23.​Which of the following is an example of science solving global issues?​

a) The development of vaccines​

b) Ignoring climate change​

c) Superstitious beliefs​

d) Denying research evidence​

Ans: a) The development of vaccines

24.​Science contributes to medical advancements through:​

a) Drug discovery and genetic engineering​

b) Superstitions and astrology​

c) Mythical practices​

d) Ignoring technological progress​

Ans: a) Drug discovery and genetic engineering

25.​Renewable energy sources are being developed to:​

a) Increase fossil fuel consumption​

b) Reduce environmental damage​

c) Halt scientific progress​

d) Make energy less accessible​

Ans: b) Reduce environmental damage

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Most important 100 one-liner MCQs for Everyday Science

1.​ The fundamental characteristic of a scientific theory is? Testability and falsifiability

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2.​ The branch of science that studies Earth's structure is? Geology

3.​ Who is known as the "Father of Modern Science"? Galileo Galilei ✅

4.​ The first step of the scientific method is? Observation ✅

5.​ A well-tested explanation of natural phenomena is? Theory ✅
6.​ A controlled experiment keeps all variables constant except? One ✅

7.​ Newton's First Law is also called? Law of Inertia ✅

8.​ The SI unit of force is? Newton (N) ✅
9.​ The rate of change of velocity is called? Acceleration ✅

10.​The SI unit of temperature is? Kelvin (K) ✅

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11.​Heat transfer through a fluid occurs by? Convection ✅

12.​The First Law of Thermodynamics states? Energy is conserved ✅

13.​Sound cannot travel through? Vacuum ✅

14.​The speed of light in a vacuum is? 300,000 km/s ✅
15.​The splitting of white light into colors is called? Dispersion ✅

16.​The SI unit of electric current is? Ampere (A) ✅

17.​Ohm’s Law states? V = IR ✅
18.​A transformer is used to? Step up or step down voltage ✅

19.​The three fundamental particles of an atom are? Proton, Neutron, Electron ✅

20.​The process of splitting a heavy nucleus is called? Fission ✅
21.​The most penetrating radiation is? Gamma rays ✅

22.​The most abundant gas in Earth's atmosphere is? Nitrogen (78%) ✅

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23.​A chemical bond formed by electron sharing is? Covalent bond ✅

24.​The pH of pure water is? 7 ✅

25.​The largest organ in the human body is? Skin ✅

26.​The universal donor blood group is? O ✅
27.​The functional unit of the kidney is? Nephron ✅

28.​The main cause of ozone layer depletion is? Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) ✅

29.​The greenhouse effect is caused by? Carbon dioxide (CO₂) ✅
30.​Deforestation leads to? Soil erosion and climate change ✅

31.​The closest planet to the Sun is? Mercury ✅

32.​The part of the eye that focuses light is? Lens ✅
33.​The first artificial satellite sent into space was? Sputnik 1 ✅

34.​The SI unit of energy is? Joule (J) ✅

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35.​The vitamin produced by sunlight is? Vitamin D ✅

36.​The study of insects is called? Entomology✅
37.​The gas used in balloons is? Helium (He) ✅

38.​The ocean tides are caused by? Moon’s gravity ✅

39.​The powerhouse of the cell is? Mitochondria ✅
40.​The boiling point of water in Kelvin is? 373 K ✅

41.​The hardest natural substance is? Diamond ✅

42.​Which blood cells fight infections? White Blood Cells (WBCs) ✅

43.​What metal is liquid at room temperature? Mercury (Hg) ✅
44.​What is the chemical symbol for gold? Au ✅
45.​The unit of frequency is? Hertz (Hz) ✅
46.​What gas do plants release during photosynthesis? Oxygen (O₂) ✅
47.​Which planet is known as the Red Planet? Mars ✅
48.​The unit of power is? Watt (W) ✅
49.​What does DNA stand for? Deoxyribonucleic Acid ✅
50.​What organ produces insulin? Pancreas ✅

51.​The heaviest naturally occurring element is? Uranium (U) ✅

52.​What is the longest bone in the human body? Femur (thigh bone) ✅
53.​What is the SI unit of pressure? Pascal (Pa) ✅
54.​The pH of blood is? 7.4 ✅
55.​The most common metal in the Earth's crust is? Aluminum (Al) ✅
56.​The speed of sound in air is approximately? 343 m/s✅
57.​What is the main gas in natural gas? Methane (CH₄) ✅

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58.​What is the hardest bone in the human body? Femur ✅

59.​What gas is used in fire extinguishers? Carbon dioxide (CO₂) ✅
60.​The study of the Universe is called? Cosmology ✅
61.​Which organ is responsible for detoxification? Liver ✅

62.​What is the SI unit of charge? Coulomb (C) ✅

63.​What does ATP stand for in biology? Adenosine Triphosphate ✅

64.​What part of the brain controls balance? Cerebellum ✅
65.​The largest gland in the human body is? Liver ✅
66.​What is the symbol for the element potassium? K ✅
67.​Which vitamin helps in blood clotting? Vitamin K ✅

68.​The deficiency of iodine causes? Goiter ✅

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69.​The Earth's atmosphere consists mostly of? Nitrogen (N₂)

70.​What type of energy is stored in food? Chemical energy ✅

71.​What is the atomic number of hydrogen? 1 ✅

72.​The SI unit of work is? Joule (J) ✅

73.​What gas do humans exhale? Carbon dioxide (CO₂) ✅

74.​The process of plants making food is called? Photosynthesis ✅

75.​The study of fungi is called? Mycology ✅
76.​The smallest unit of life is? Cell ✅
77.​The most abundant element in the Universe is? Hydrogen (H) ✅
78.​The study of stars is called? Astronomy ✅
79.​The deficiency of Vitamin C causes? Scurvy ✅
80.​The chemical name for table salt is? Sodium chloride (NaCl) ✅
81.​The pH scale ranges from? 0 to 14 ✅
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82.​The largest planet in our Solar System is? Jupiter

83.​What gas makes up most of the Sun? Hydrogen (H) ✅

84.​What is the main function of red blood cells? Oxygen transport ✅

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85.​The smallest bone in the human body is? Stapes (ear bone) ✅
86.​Which scientist discovered penicillin? Alexander Fleming ✅

87.​The SI unit of magnetic flux is? Weber (Wb) ✅

88.​The second most abundant gas in Earth's atmosphere is? Oxygen (O₂) ✅
89.​The freezing point of water in Fahrenheit is? 32°F ✅
90.​The device used to measure atmospheric pressure is? Barometer ✅
91.​What does HIV stand for? Human Immunodeficiency Virus ✅
92.​The chemical symbol for iron is? Fe ✅
93.​What is the main component of bones? Calcium phosphate ✅
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94.​What organ filters blood in the human body? Kidneys

95.​The largest moon in the Solar System is? Ganymede ✅

96.​What is the Earth's core mostly made of? Iron and nickel ✅
97.​The unit of loudness of sound is? Decibel (dB) ✅
98.​The instrument used to measure earthquakes is? Seismograph ✅
99.​What is the charge of an electron? Negative (-1) ✅
100.​ The gas responsible for global warming is? Carbon dioxide (CO₂) ✅

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