¡ Wellcome to this lecture!

John Ramiro Agudelo Santamaría (1970)

Mechanical Engineer, Universidad de Antioquia (1995)

Doctor Thermal Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (1998)

Since 1999: profesor at Universidad de Antioquia

Since 2001 researching engines/vehicles: New fuels, Combustion, impacts…

+ 50 International papers, 1 Industrial sec., 3 prototypes, 2 patents
2 posdocs (UCLM -2004 & PSU -2010)

Currently:

New PTI tests for vehicles / PNC

Driving cycles and Emission Factors of road vehicles
Aviation Alternative Fuels
Waste-To-Energy (W-2-E): focused on Sustainability and climate change

THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 Grupo de Manejo Eficiente de la energía (GIMEL)

1996

THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 Internal Combustion Engines

Steady Non-steady Flow

Gas Turbine Premixed-charge
Uses compressor and turbine, Fuel and air are mixed before/during compression
not piston-cylinder Usually ignited with spark after compression

Turboshaft Two-stroke
All shaft work to drive propeller, One complete thermodynamic cycle
generator, rotor (helicopter) per revolution of engine

Turbofan Four-stroke
Part shaft, part jet - One complete thermodynamic cycle
"ducted propeller" per two revolutions of engine

Turbojet Non-premixed charge

All jet except for work needed to Only air is compressed,
drive compressor fuel is injected into cylinder after compression

Ramjet
No compressor or turbine Two-stroke
Use high Mach no. ram effect for compression One complete thermodynamic cycle
per revolution of engine
Rocket
Carries both fuel and oxidant Four-stroke
Jet power only, no shaft work One complete thermodynamic cycle
per two revolutions of engine

Solid fuel
Fuel and oxidant are premixed
and put inside combustion chamber
Adapted from: “Internal Combustion Engines: The Worst Form of Vehicle Propulsion
- Except for All the Other Forms”. Seminar by: Prof. Paul Ronney. Deparment of
Liquid fuel
Fuel and oxidant are initially separated Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering University of Southern California:
and pumped into combustion chamber http://ronney.usc.edu/WhyICEngines-expanded.ppt

THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 STEADY FLOW ICE
Aircraft engines

Unit 1: Fundamentals Unit 4: Combustion systems

Unit 2: Gas turbine cycles for aircraft Unit 5: Thermodynamic analysis of axial
propulsion and radial flow turbines

Unit 3: Thermodynamic analysis of

centrifugal and axial compressors
NON-STEADY FLOW:
Internal Combustion Engines for on-road
vehicles

THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 STEADY FLOW ICE - Aircraft engines Contents

1. A brief review of Thermodynamics

Unit 1: Fundamentals
2. A brief review of Compressible flow

1. Ideal GT cycle: Psal/Pent, Tmax/Tmin on

ƞcycle, and specific power.
Unit 2: Gas turbine cycles for aircraft
2. Idealized GT cycle of jet propulsion
propulsion engines: Turbojet, Turbofan, Turboshaft
3. Off-design operation

1. Fundamental of turbomachinery (Euler

Unit 3: Thermodynamic analysis of equation)
centrifugal and axial compressors 2. Centrifugal compressors
3. Axial compressors

THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 STEADY FLOW ICE - Aircraft engines Contents

1.Operational requeriments
2.Types of combustión systems
Unit 4: Combustion systems 3.The combustión process, efficiency
4.Fuels for aircrafts & Emissions

1. Elementary theory
Unit 5: Thermodynamic analysis of axial 2. Vortex theory
and radial flow turbines 3. Estimation of stage performance
4. Overall turbine performance

THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 NON-STEADY FLOW ICE
On-road vehicle engines

Unit 1: Fundamentals Unit 4: Energy balance

Unit 2: Design and operation parameters Unit 5: Combustion & Emissions

of ICE

Unit 6: New propulsion systems: hybrid

Unit 3: Gas Exchange process in the ICE:
vehicles
only 4 stroke engines

THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 Non-STEADY FLOW ICE – On-road vehicles engines: Contents

1. History and evolution of ORVICE

Unit 1: Fundamentals
2. Fundamentals of operation/classific.

1. Geometric parameters
2. Performance parameters
Unit 2: Design and operation parameters
of ICE a. Brake (effective)
b. Indicated (gross)

1. Fundamentals of the gas Exchange

Unit 3: Gas Exchange process in the ICE: process in 4 stroke engines
only 4 stroke engines 2.Volumetric efficiency

THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 Non-STEADY FLOW ICE – On-road vehicles engines: Contents

1. Dimensioning of a Cooling system

Unit 4: Energy balance
2. Energy/exergy balance

1. A descriptive approach to the Spark

Unit 5: Combustion & Emissions ignition combustion process
2. Approach to the Compression ignition
combustión process

Unit 6: New propulsion systems: hybrid 1. Principle of operation

vehicles 2.Type of hybrid vehicles

THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 Methodology

Master classes with theoretical/practical applications through:

1. Course project with partial deliveries

2. Presentation of critical analysis of scientific articles
3. Operative prototype (3D-printer ¿?)

Propulsion lab. practice in a microscale Turbojet

Experimental work at UdeA thermal engines lab.

THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 Evaluation activities

Activity % Week

Evaluation 1: Aircraft engines performance parameters 25 6

Evaluation 2: Aircraft engines thermodynamics of components 25 10

Evaluation 3: On-road vehicles engines (1 to 4) – Lab. Practice 25 14

Evaluation 4: On-road vehicles engines (5 to 8) 25 16

THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 STEADY FLOW ICE: Aircraft engines Unit 1/5 Fundamentals

1.Conservation principles:
continuity, momentum &
1. The Wright brothers legacy energy
AIRCE: Evolution +
Classification + for AIRCE propulsión 2.AIRCE performance & design
Innovations 2. WW I / WW II: R+D+I parameters: thrust (Ƭ), power
(P), efficiencies, specific
3. The jet engine
thrust, SFC
era/milestones
3.Thermodynamic relations for
Brief review of 4. AIRCE classification
ideal gases,
Thermodynamics and 5. Innovations + challenges
compressible flow 4.One-dimensional
6. AIRCE for dummies… compressible flow with
friction & heat, flow regimes,
shock waves, fluid impulse

THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 1.1. A brief history of the AIRCE: Propeller IICE
The biggening: December 17, 1903, with the Wright brothers (Wilbur &
Orville): “The Flyer” in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.

December 17, 1903: four flights, with

The Flyer was gas powered, 12-hp The propeller provided power to all
the last covering 852 ft (260 m) and
(274 kg) reciprocating ICE (manned) aircraft until late 1930s.
remaining in the air for 59 s.
Source: https://historycollection.com/23-photos-wright-brothers-flights/

THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 1.1. A brief history of the AIRCE: Propeller IICE
Aircraft engines World War I (1914 - 1921)

1. Rotary-type
2. In-line
3. Inverted in-line
4. V-type
5. Radial
6. Opposed, Flat, or O-type.

Source: El-Sayer, A.F. (2017). Aircraft Propulsion and Gas Turbine Engines. CRC Press. Taylor & Francis group. 2nd. Ed.

THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 1.1. A brief history of the AIRCE: Propeller IICE
Aircraft engines World War I (1914 - 1921)

1. Rotary-type: the Gnome-Monosoupape (1908) and the Bently

- Air cooled
- Fixed cranshaft,

1. Difficulties to control the

aircraft: gyroscopic effect
2. Castor lub oil when
blended with the fuel
(carter) nauseous for the
pilots LeRhone rotary engine Gnome-Monosoupape rotary engine (110 hp)
Source: Wild, T.W., Davis, J.M. (2018). Aircraft powerplants. Source: El Sayed, A.F. (2017). Aircraft propulsion and
Powerplant certification. 10th ed. McGraw-Hill gas turbine engines. CRC press. 2nd ed.

THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 1.1. A brief history of the AIRCE: Propeller IICE
Aircraft engines World War I (1914 - 1921)

1. In-line: Hispano-Suiza
2. Inverted in-line: Menasco Pirate, model C-4
• Used in small aircrafts (low-medium power)
• Reduced frontal area (compared to the rotary engines)
- Improved visibility for the pilot
- Shorter landing gear was possible
• Highest weight/power ratio compared to other IICE
• Difficult to cool down (air cooled) for high engine power
Inverted in-line engine. Menasco Pirate, model C-4
Source: https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/menasco-buccaneer-b6s-inverted-engine-charles-lindbergh-line-6-engine/nasm_A19560065000

THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 1.1. A brief history of the AIRCE: Propeller IICE
Aircraft engines pos - World War I (1914 - 1921)

FIGURE 1-5 Different engine configurations developed after World War I. (A) Szekeley, Pratt & Whitney R-4360 engine.
three-cylinder radial. (B) Italian MAB, four-cylinder fan-type engine. (C) British Napier 28-cylinder was used extensively at the end of World War II
“Rapier,” 16-cylinder H-type engine. (D) British Napier “Lion,” 12-cylinder W-type Initial models developed 3,000 hp (2,200 kW), and later models 3,500 hp (2,600 kW)
engine. (E) U.S. Viking, 16-cylinder X-type engine. power-to-weight ratio of 1.11 hp/lb (1.82 kW/kg)

Source: Wild, T.W., Davis, J.M. (2018). Aircraft powerplants. Powerplant certification. 10th ed. McGraw-Hill Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_R-4360_Wasp_Major

THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 1.1. A brief history of the AIRCE: Propeller IICE
Opposed / flat / “O - type” engines

Teledyne Continental six-cylinder opposed engine O-520.

(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_O-520)

•Power output: 375 hp (280 kW)

•Compression ratio: 7.5:1
•Power-to-weight ratio: 0.77 hp/lb (1.27kW/kg)

• The O-type engine is the most popular for light conventional aircraft and helicopters
• Sizes < 100 hp [74.57 kW] to > 400 hp [298 kW]
• The most efficient, dependable, and economical types available for light aircraft
• Gas-turbine engines are being installed in some light aircraft, but their cost is still prohibitive for the
average, private airplane owner. Source: Wild, T.W., Davis, J.M. (2018). Aircraft powerplants. Powerplant certification. 10th ed. McGraw-Hill

THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 1.1. A brief history of the AIRCE: The jet engine era
End of WW II. The Enola Gay bomber
The Boeing B-29 is famous for launching the
first nuclear bombs.
The Enola Gay dropped the first bomb on
Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, and the
Bockscar dropped the second bomb on the
city of Nagasaki three days later.
The B-29 was used during World War II only in
the Pacific, and later in the Korean War.
3,790 units builted before retirement in 1960 • Power plants: 4× radial type turbocharged, 18 cyl,
Air-cooled
B-29s flew 20,000 sorties in Korea and dropped • Wright R-3350-23 y 23A Duplex-Cyclone
200,000 tons of bombs. • Power: 1640 kW (2261 hp) each

THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 1.1. A brief history of the AIRCE: IICE milestones
Power
Year Manufacturer Engine Propeller
(hp -max.)
1903 Wright brothers In-line: 4 stroke water cooled 12 2 pusher props / 2-bladed
Societe des Moteurs Gnome et
1908 Rotary: Gnome Omega 110
Rhöne
1913 Igor Skorsky (designer) (1st flight with a 4-engines aircraft)
1925 Pratt & Whitney R1340 Wasp 542
V-12 supercharged: Royce 3-5 Blades varying from fixed to
1933 Rolls-Royce Meteor 1470
Merlin 45. Liquid cooled constant speed types
1937 R-2800 Double Wasp 2100 Contra-rotating
Pratt & Whitney
1944 R-4360 “Wasp Major” 3500 4-bladed. Diameter: 5,23 m
1954 Wright Aeronautical Radial: One Wright R182084 2100 Helicopter 4-bladed rotor
1962-71 Continental Motors Opposed: Continental IO-360 195-210 3-bladed puller
Opposed: 4-cyl, 4 stroke, diesel 227 @
1998-now SMA engines 3-bladed constant speed (Cessna 182)
(SR 305-230) 2200 rpm
Adapted from: El Sayer, A.F. (2016). Fundamentals of Aircraft and Rocket Propulsion. Springer.

THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 1.1. A brief history of the AIRCE: The jet engine era
1930 – Patent Whittle
1935 – Patent Hans von Ohain
1937 – 1st engine test Whittle
1939 – 1st flight Heinkel 178 (von Ohain)
1941 – 1st exp. Flight Gloster E28/39 (Whittle)

Ensamble del motor W2

3x Empuje del W1
Source: Farokhi, S. (2014). Aircraft Propulsion. John Wiley & Sons. 2nd Ed.

THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 1.1. A brief history of the AIRCE: The jet engine era
Whittle’s W.1 engine & the Gloster E28/39

Source: https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloster_E.28/39
Fuselage arrangement of the E28/39
Assembly of W1 Engine. (Combustion experimental
chamber details not shown) Source: El-Sayer, A.F. (2017). Aircraft Propulsion and Gas
Turbine Engines. CRC Press. Taylor & Francis group. 2nd. Ed.

Maximum speed (Umax ≈545 km/h - 340 mph). Within days, it was reaching 600 km/h (370 mph) at 7600 m.

THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 1.1. A brief history of the AIRCE: The jet engine era
Heinkel’s He - 178

Power plant: 1× jet engine. Centrifugal Compressor Heinkel HeS - 3. Thrust: 4.9 kN (1.100 lbf) at 11.600 rpm.
Maximum flight speed: 698 km/h. Action ratio: 200 km
Source: https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinkel_He_178

THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 1.1. A brief history of the AIRCE: The jet engine era
Messerschmitt Me - 262
1st production jet aircraft powered by two Jumo 004B turbojet
Jumo 004B turbojet engine (Junkers Engine Company)
Axial flow compressor from Dr. Anselm Franz

Source: https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_262 Source: https://airandspace.si.edu/multimedia-gallery/turbojet-enginejpg

The engine produces ∼2000 lb (∼ 9 kN) of thrust at an airflow of 46.6 lb/s (21,3 kg/s). The engine pressure ratio is
3.14, turbine inlet temperature is 1427°F (775 C), and the specific fuel consumption is 1.4 lbm/h/lbf-thrust (142,7
kg/h-kN). Engine dry weight is ∼1650 lb (750 kg). Efficiencies: 78%, compressor, 95% combustor, and 79.5% turbine
THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 1.1. A brief history of the AIRCE: Turbojet milestones

Adapted from: El-Sayer, A.F. (2017). Aircraft Propulsion and Gas Turbine Engines. CRC Press. Taylor & Francis group. 2nd. Ed.

THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 1.1. A brief history of the AIRCE: Turbojet milestones
Year Manufacturer Engine Thrust (max.) Aircraft
Dr. Von Ohain (1st Turbojet) He – S3 1100 lbf (4,9 kN) He - 178
1939
German Aircraft Manufacturer Jumo 004 2428 lbf (10,8 kN) Me - 262
1941 British Thomson-Houston (1st british Turbojet) Power Jet (Whittle W1) 850 lbf (3,8 kN) Gloster E28/39
General Electric (GE 1st US Turbojet) IA 1250 lbf (5,6 kN) Bell XP-59A, Airacomet
1942 Convair XF-92, Lockheed
GE J33 4585 lbf (20,4 kN)
P-80
1945 RB82 2428 lbf (10,8 kN) Vickers 825
Rolls-Royce (RR) Hawker P.1052, Vickers
1946 Nene 5035 lbf (22,2 kN)
VC,1, Viking
1947 Kirill Klimov RD-500 5957 lbf (26,5 kN) Lavochkin La-15/23/30
B-52, B-57, F-8 Crusader,
Pratt & Whithney: (PW: 50’s introduced “dual-
1952 J57 12027 lbf (53,5 kN) F-100 Super sabre, Boeing
spool” concept)
707, Douglas DC-8
1956 Sergei Tumansky R-11F2S 13555 lbf (60,3 kN) MiG 21, Sukhoi Su-15
50’s GE: introduced “variable stator” compressor
Adapted from: El Sayer, A.F. (2016). Fundamentals of Aircraft and Rocket Propulsion. Springer.

THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 1.1. A brief history of the AIRCE: Turbojet milestones

GE J47 turbojet is the first jet engine certified for use on a

commercial transport (number built: 36,500)
bGE4 prototype turbojet is the world’s most powerful jet engine
which was designed for the US Supersonic Transport. It
establishes a new thrust record of 63,200 lbf
cCJ610 turbojet, derivative of J85 engine, certificated by FAA for
Dry thrust usually means the non-augumented thrust i.e. commercial use Compact: business jet applications
thrust without the use of afterburners or liquid injection

Source: El Sayer, A.F. (2016). Fundamentals of Aircraft and Rocket Propulsion. Springer. FFA: Federal Aviation Administration is an operating mode of the U.S. Department of Transportation

THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 1.1. A brief history of the AIRCE: Time line at a glance
IICE propellers

Turbojet

Time line
Turbopropeller Turbofan

Propfan

Source: https://www.phase-trans.msm.cam.ac.uk/mphil/Trent1/sld033.htm

THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 1.1. A brief history of the AIRCE: In summary

Source: El-Sayer, A.F. (2017). Aircraft Propulsion and Gas Turbine Engines. CRC Press. Taylor & Francis group. 2nd. Ed.

THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 1.1. A brief history of the AIRCE: Evolution of AirCE In summary

CLight = 300,000 km/s !

Source: El-Sayer, A.F. (2017). Aircraft Propulsion and Gas Turbine Engines. CRC Press. Taylor & Francis group. 2nd. Ed.

THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 1.1. A brief history of the AIRCE: power/weight & overall effiency

THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 1.2. Classification of the AIRCE: several approaches

Source: El-Sayed,
A.F. (2016). Source: El-Sayer, A.F. (2017).
Fundamentals of Aircraft Propulsion and Gas
Aircraft and Rocket Turbine Engines. CRC Press. Taylor
Propulsion. & Francis group. 2nd. Ed.
Springer.

Athodyd: Aero-Thermodynamic ducts

THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 1.2. Classification of the AIRCE: Shaft based (continuos)
Turboprop

Source: El Sayer, A.F. (2016). Fundamentals of Aircraft and Rocket Propulsion. Springer.

THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 1.2. Classification of the AIRCE: Shaft based (continuos)
Turboprop

Turbohélice (P&W): PT6A – 61

Banco: A/M37T – 21A

THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 1.2. Classification of the AIRCE: Shaft based (continuos)
Turboshaft

Source: El Sayer, A.F. (2016). Fundamentals of Aircraft and Rocket Propulsion. Springer.

THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 1.2. Classification of the AIRCE: Shaft based (continuos)
Propfan: unducted fan

Source: Barnard, R.H., Philpott, D.R.. Aircraft Flight. A description of the

Source: https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propfan physical principles of aircraft flight. Pearsons. 4th Ed. 2010

THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 1.2. Classification of the AIRCE: Shaft based (continuos)
Propfan: unducted fan

Pusher propfan Tractor propfan

General electric GE-36 unducted fan (propfan) engine Ivchenko-progress D-27 powering an-70 aircraft
Source: El Sayer, A.F. (2016). Fundamentals of Aircraft and Rocket Propulsion. Springer.

THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 1.2. Classification of the AIRCE: Reaction engines (Ram effect)
Athodyd: Aero-Thermodynamic ducts (Ramjet engine – ESTATORREACTOR)

Ramjet was invented in 1913 by the French inventor René Lorin,

who was granted a patent for his device

Most efficiently
3<M<5
Source: El Sayer, A.F. (2016). Fundamentals of Aircraft and Rocket Propulsion. Springer.

THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 1.2. Classification of the AIRCE: Reaction engines (Ram effect)
Athodyd: Ramjet engine (ESTATORREACTOR)
René Leduc (Leduc 010): first ramjet-powered aircraft that flew in 1949
The French Nord 1500 Griffon reached Mach 2.19 in 1958
General characteristics

•Crew: two
•Length: 10.25 m (33 ft 7 in)
•Wingspan: 10.52 m (34 ft 6 in)
•Wing area: 16.0 m2 (172 sq ft)
•Empty weight: 1,700 kg (3,740 lb)
•Gross weight: 2,800 kg (6,173 lb)
•Powerplant: 1 × Leduc ramjet , 15.7 kN
(3,520 lbf) thrust
Performance
•Maximum speed: 800 km/h (500 mph, 430 kn)

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leduc_0.10

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 1.2. Classification of the AIRCE: Reaction engines (Ram effect)
Athodyd: Ramjet engine (ESTATORREACTOR)

The Talos missile (1958) The Typhon long-range missile on an early launcher (1960)

THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 1.2. Classification of the AIRCE: Reaction engines (Ram effect)
Athodyd: Scramjet engine (Sonic combustor ramjet)

Source: El Sayer, A.F. (2016). Fundamentals of Aircraft and Rocket Propulsion. Springer.

THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 1.2. Classification of the AIRCE: Reaction engines (Ram effect)
Athodyd: Pulsejet engine

Source: El-Sayed, A.F. (2016). Fundamentals of Aircraft and Rocket Propulsion. Springer.

THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 1.2. Classification of the AIRCE: Reaction engines (Gas Turbine)
Turboramjet engine
J-58 engines (P&W): 32,000 lbf of thrust at
sea level
Blackbird (SR-71) → Mach 3.2.

Source: https://theaviationist.com/2019/11/29/engine-nacelles-of-the-sr-71-blackbird/

THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 1.2. Classification of the AIRCE: Reaction engines (Gas Turbine)
Turbojet

Source https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Nene

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 1.2. Classification of the AIRCE: Reaction engines (Gas Turbine)
Turbojet

Source: Sforza, P.M. (2017). Theory of aerospace propulsion. Elsevier. 2nd Ed.

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 1.2. Classification of the AIRCE: Reaction engines (Gas Turbine)
Turbojet

Subsonic

Supersonic

Source: https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric_J85
Source: El Sayer, A.F. (2016). Fundamentals of Aircraft and Rocket Propulsion. Springer. Source: https://blog.geaerospace.com/technology/long-live-the-j85-ges-little-tough-guy/

THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 1.2. Classification of the AIRCE: Reaction engines (Gas Turbine)
Turbojet

F100 PW-220

Su 57 (Rusia)

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 1.2. Classification of the AIRCE: Reaction engines (Gas Turbine)
Turbofan

Surce: https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-most-powerful-jet-engine-ever-made-And-
what-has-it-been-used-in
Source: El-Sayed,
El Sayer, A.F.
A.F.(2016).
(2016).Fundamentals
FundamentalsofofAircraft
Aircraftand
andRocket
RocketPropulsion.
Propulsion.Springer.
Springer.

THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 1.2. Classification of the AIRCE: Reaction engines (Gas Turbine)
Turbofan

Source:Sforza,
Source: https://www.phase-trans.msm.cam.ac.uk/mphil/Trent1/sld033.htm
P.M. (2017). Theory of aerospace propulsion. Elsevier. 2nd Ed.

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 1.2. Classification of the AIRCE: Reaction engines (Gas Turbine)
Turbofan: low BPR

General Electric F110 (derivado de F101) BPR 0.76:1

General Dynamics F-16

THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 1.2. Classification of the AIRCE: Reaction engines (Gas Turbine)
Turbofan: high BPR

CFM LEAP (derivado de CFM-56, derivado de F101). BPR aprox. 10:1 (según versión) B737-MAX (up) / A320 neo (down)

THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 1.2. Classification of the AIRCE: Reaction engines (Gas Turbine)
Turbofan: high BPR

Motor Trent 900

BPR 8.5 - 8.7:1
OPR: 39:1 A380
~ 1200 kg/s de aire (sea
level ISA+15ºC)
D~3m

THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 1.2. Classification of the AIRCE: Reaction engines (Gas Turbine)
Turbofan: flujo separado/mezcla

Boeing 737-100 JTD-8 (1960s)

BPR: 0.96:1
OPR: 19.4

Boeing 737max CFM LEAP

(Leading Edge Aviation Propulsion)

THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 1.2. Classification of the AIRCE: Reaction engines (Gas Turbine)
Turbofan: 2 / 3 spools (ejes)

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 1.2. Classification of the AIRCE: Reaction engines (Gas Turbine)
Turbofan: 2 vs 3 spools

Source: https://www.phase-trans.msm.cam.ac.uk/mphil/Trent1/sld033.htm

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 1.2. Classification of the AIRCE: Reaction engines (Gas Turbine) Turbofan

Surce: https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-
most-powerful-jet-engine-ever-made-And-
what-has-it-been-used-in

General Electric GE90–115B,

developed for use on the
Boeing 777–300ER.
115,000 pounds of thrust

Source: Hünecke, K. (1997) Jet engines.

Fundamentals of theory, design and operation.
Ed. Motorbooks International. 6th impression

THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 1.2. Classification of the AIRCE: Reaction engines (Gas Turbine) Turbofan

Source:
https://www.forbes.com/sites/lorenthompson/2018/12/19/pr
att-whitneys-geared-turbofan-engine-has-had-a-very-good-
year/?sh=669621207e94

P&W equipped with the GTF

achieved 16% reduction in fuel
consumption, 50% reduction in
GHG emissions, and 75% reduction
in noise.
Typical P&W GTF saving 100 gallons
of fuel per flight hour is the most
Source: Hünecke, K. (1997) Jet engines. Fundamentals of theory, design and operation. Ed. Motorbooks International. 6th impression efficient turbofan
THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 1.2. Classification of the AIRCE: Reaction engines (Gas Turbine)
Advanced ducted

Turbofans with large swept fan blades +

pitch control + reduction gearing similar
to propfans, but the fans are enclosed
in ducts like turbofan

15:1 < BPR < 25:1

There are two basic types:

• Geared + variable pitch + single

propeller fan
• Counter-rotating blades

Source:
https://www.spsairbuz.com/story/?i
THE OPEN FAN DESIGN IS ONE OF THE ADVANCED ENGINE
d=1251&h=Next-Gen-Aero-Engines ARCHITECTURES BEING EXPLORED THROUGH THE CFM RISE PROGRAMM
THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 1.2. Classification of the AIRCE: According to jet velocity

Jet velocity
Propulsion system
(m/s) (km/h)
Helicopter lifting rotor Up to 30 Up to 108
Propeller 30 -200 108 - 720
Unducted fan or propfan 100 - 300 360 – 1,080
Turbofan 200 - 600 720 - 2,160
Turbojet (sea level, static) 350 - 600 1,260 – 2,160
Turbojet (M = 2 at 36,000 ft. ≈ 600 m/s)
900 – 1,200 3,240 – 4,320
Ramjet (M = 2 at 36000 ft. ≈ 600 m/s)
Ramjet (M = 4 at 36000 ft. ≈ 1200 m/s) 1,800 – 2,400 6,480 - 8,640
Solid-propellant rocket 1,500 – 2,600 5,400 – 9,360
Liquid-propellant rocket 2,000 – 3,500 7,200 – 12,600

Source: El-Sayer, A.F. (2017). Aircraft Propulsion and Gas Turbine Engines. CRC Press. Taylor & Francis group. 2nd. Ed.

THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 1.1. A brief history of the AIRCE: Turbofan milestones

Year Manufacturer Engine Notes

Daimler-Benz DB-007 1st running turbofan BPR = 0,71
1943
Metropolitan-Vickers Metrovick F.3 1st. British turbofan BPR = 2,9
GE TF39 1st high BPR turbofan = 8,1
1960’s
P&W TF30 Low BPR. 1st adapted with afterburner
RR RB2111 1st 3-spool engine, BPR = 5
1969
P&W JT9D 1st HBPR turbofan to power a wide-body aircraft
1970 Honeywell, USA TFE731 1st geared turbofan
1974 CFM International CFM56 Most common turbofan
1995 GE The GE90 engine Holds two records: Highest BPR = 12, and highest OPR = 45:1
Guiness world record: “World´s most powerful comercial jet engine”
2001 GE GE90-115B
(123,000 lbf (547 kN) of thrust
Guiness world record: World’s longest flight (21,601 km, 22 h 42 min)
2005 GE GE90-110B1
Hong Kong - London (pacific)

Adapted from: El Sayer, A.F. (2016). Fundamentals of Aircraft and Rocket Propulsion. Springer.

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 1.1. A brief history of the AIRCE: Turbofan milestones

Source: El Sayer, A.F. (2016). Fundamentals of Aircraft and Rocket Propulsion. Springer.

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 1.1. A brief history of the AIRCE: Turbofan milestones

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFM_International_LEAP

Source: El Sayer, A.F. (2016). Fundamentals of Aircraft and Rocket Propulsion. Springer.

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 1.3. Innovations on the AIRCE: Variable stator compressor

The need to adjust the flow direction in a multistage

high-pressure ratio compressor (in starting and off-
design) prompted Gerhard Neumann of GE to invent
variable stator.

By allowing the stators to rotate in pitch, compressors

can operate at higher pressure ratios and away from
stall.

Modern G.T. engines use variable stators in their LPC

and IPC.
The high-temperature environment of HPC has not
variable stators. Patent US6984105B2
THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 1.3. Innovations on the AIRCE: Transonic compressor

The transonic fan is born at a high shaft speed that creates a

relative supersonic flow at the tip and a subsonic flow at the hub.

A modern transonic fan produces a stage pressure ratio of ∼1.6.

The Jumo 004B produced a cycle pressure ratio of 3.14 with eight
stages (average stage pressure ratio of ∼1.15)

To achieve a pressure ratio of 3.14, we need only two transonic

fan stages instead of eight.

Advanced transonic fan. Source: Reproduced with permission from Rolls-

Royce plc. In Farokhi, S. (2014). Aircraft Propulsion. John Wiley & Sons. 2nd Ed.

THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 1.3. Innovations on the AIRCE: Low-Emission combustor

Reproduced with permission from the Engine Alliance. [Note: Engine Alliance is a 50/50 joint venture between
GE Aviation and Pratt & Whitney. In Farokhi, S. (2014). Aircraft Propulsion. John Wiley & Sons. 2nd Ed.

THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 1.3. Innovations on the AIRCE: Low-Emission combustor

ICAO normalized the aircraft landing and takeoff (LTO) cycle

ICAO: International Civil Aviation Organization (UNO)

THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 1.3. Innovations on the AIRCE: Exhaust nozzles
F-35 Joint Strike Fighter Vertical Take-off / Landing (VTOL)
Variable-geometry and multitasked + Roll control
component in modern designs.

New tasks: thrust reversing, thrust

vectoring, noise suppression, and
dynamic stability enhancement of
maneuvering aircraft
Source: Reproduced with permission from Rolls-Royce plc. In Farokhi, S. (2014). Aircraft Propulsion. John Wiley & Sons. 2nd Ed.

F119 engine that

powers F-22 Raptor
±20° vector thrust

Source: Reproduced with permission of United Technologies Corporation, Pratt & Whitney. In Farokhi, S. (2014). Aircraft Propulsion. John Wiley & Sons. 2nd Ed.

THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 1.3. Innovations on the AIRCE: New materials & Manufacturing techniques

3D-printed carbon-composite fan

Blades with titanium leaing edges
(extremely light): Rolls-Royce
Source: https://www.phase-trans.msm.cam.ac.uk/mphil/Trent1/sld033.htm Source https://newatlas.com/aircraft/rolls-royce-ultrafan-testing/#gallery:1

THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 1.3. Innovations on the AIRCE: Improved performance

Source: https://www.phase-trans.msm.cam.ac.uk/mphil/Trent1/sld033.htm

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 Curiosities for
dummies

The fastest ever…

THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 Curiosities for
dummies

0,088
𝜏𝑐𝑟
𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑒 = 1,2 1 +
𝑆𝐹𝐶 2,58

𝜏 = 𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 (𝑘𝑁, 𝑙𝑏𝑓)

𝜏 = 𝐶𝑟𝑢𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡

𝑆𝐹𝐶 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

THERMAL
Source: ENGINES
Sforza, Aircraft
P.M. (2017). Theory engines propulsion.
of aerospace UNIT 1/5:Elsevier.
FUNDAMENTALS
2nd Ed. SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 Curiosities for
dummies

Mega-Test benches
P&W J58: Lockheed
SR-71 Blackbird

THERMAL
Source ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS
https://newatlas.com/aircraft/rolls-royce-ultrafan-testing/#gallery:1 SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 British Airways Concorde Supersonic Airliner
National origin France & United Kingdom
British Aircraft Corp. And Sud
Manufacturer
Aviation
Curiosities for First flight 2 march 1969
dummies Introduction 21 january 1976
Retired 24 october 2003
Primary users British Airways & Air France
Produced 1965 – 1979
Number built 20 (including 6 non-comercial)
Mach 1,7 (M = 2 for 45 min) @
The Concorde supersonic Flight speed
16,6 km altitude
commercial Airliner
Engine specs
Manufacturer Rolls-Royce/Snecma
Olympus 593 two-shaft turbojet
Designation
with reheat
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolls- SFC 1,19 lbm/h/lbf
Royce/Snecma_Olympus_593#:~:text=The%20Rolls%2DRoyce%
2FSnecma%20Olympus,Bristol%20Siddeley%20Olympus%2022 OPR 82:1 = 7,3 intake x 11,3 comp.
R%20engine
Thrust cruise 45 kN (10.116,4 lbf)
THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 Curiosities for
dummies

Take-Off

Supersonic

Landing

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 Conclusions Unit 1 / section 1
Aero engines must be:
• Reliable: as losing power in an airplane is a substantially greater problem than in road-vehicles
• Operate at extreme temperature, pressure, and speed
• Light weight as a heavy engine increases the empty weight of the aircraft and reduces its payload
• Powerful: to overcome the weight and drag of the aircraft
• Small and easily streamlined to minimize the created drag
• Field repairable to keep the cost of replacement down. Minor repairs should be relatively inexpensive and
possible outside of specialized shops
• Fuel efficient to give the aircraft the range and maneuverability the design requires
• Capable of operating at sufficient altitude for the aircraft
• Generate the least noise
• Generates the least emission
Source: El Sayer, A.F. (2016). Fundamentals of Aircraft and Rocket Propulsion. Springer.

THERMAL ENGINES Aircraft engines UNIT 1/5: FUNDAMENTALS SECTION 1: Evolution + Classification + Innovations Prof. Dr-Ing. John R. Agudelo
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 STEADY FLOW ICE: Aircraft engines Unit 1/5 Fundamentals

1.Conservation principles:
continuity, momentum &
1. The Wright brothers legacy energy
AIRCE: Evolution +
Classification + for AIRCE propulsión 2.AIRCE performance & design
Innovations 2. WW I / WW II: R+D+I parameters: thrust (Ƭ), power
(P), efficiencies, specific
3. The jet engine
thrust, SFC
era/milestones
3.Thermodynamic relations for
Brief review of 4. AIRCE classification
ideal gases,
Thermodynamics and 5. Innovations + challenges
compressible flow 4.One-dimensional
6. AIRCE for dummies… compressible flow with
friction & heat, flow regimes,
shock waves, fluid impulse

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