SPRINGFIELDS

SESSION-2024-25
SUBJECT PHYSICS (042)
PROJECT FILE ON FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

SUBMITTED BY : SUBMITTED TO:

VANSH BHATNAGAR MR.PRABHAT SIR
CLASS XII (Science) PGT(PHYSICS)
ROLL NO:
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks

of gratitude to my teacher Mr. Prabhat
Sir as well as our principal Dr. Pratiksha
Dixit who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project
on the Topic- Charging and discharging
of capacitor which also helped me in
doing a lot of Research and I came to
know about so many new things I am
really thankful to them.
Secondly I would also like to thank my
parents and friends who helped me a lot
in finalizing this project within the
limited time frame.
VANSH BHATNAGAR
 CERTIFICATE
SIGN OF EXTERNAL EXAMINER SIGN OF TEACHER

This is to certify that VANSH BHANAGAR

has successfully completed the project
file on under my guidance and
supervision. I am satisfied with their
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
initiative and efforts for the completion
Iofwould
projectlike
file to
as aexpress
part of curriculum
my immenseof
CBSE Classto
gratitude XIImy
Examination
physics teacher Mr.
Prabhat Sir for the help and guidance he
provided
INTERNAL for completing
EXAMINER : this project.
I would
SIGNATURE: also thank my parents who gave
their ideas and inputs in making
PRINCIPAL EXAMINER :
this project. Most of all I thank our school
SIGNATURE:
management, for providing us the
facilities
EXTERNAL and opportunity to do this
EXAMINER:
SIGNATURE: ___________
project.

-HANSHIKA MALIK
 INDEX
SRNO TOPIC PAGENO
1 INTRODUCTION 1-4
2 MATERIAL 5
REQUIRED
3 THEORY 6-7
4 PROCEDURE 8-9
5 OBSERVATION 10
6 OBSERVATION 11
TABLE
7 GRAPHICAL 12-13
REPRESENTATION
8 CALCULATION 14
9 CONCLUSION 15
10 PRECAUTIONS 15-16
 INTRODUCTION
An R-C circuit is a circuit containing a
resistor and
capacitor in series to a power source.
Such circuits find very important
applications in various areas of science
and in basic circuits which act as building
blocks of modern technological devices. It
should be really helpful if we get
comfortable with the terminologies
charging and discharging of capacitors.
Charging of Capacitor:

A capacitor is a passive two-terminal

electrical component used to store energy
in an electric field. In the hydraulic
analogy, charge carriers flowing through a
wire are analogous to water flowing
through a pipe. A capacitor is like a rubber
membrane sealed inside a pipe. Water
molecules cannot pass through the
membrane, but some water can move by
stretching the membrane. The analogy
clarifies a few aspects of capacitors:
 The flow of current alters the charge on a
capacitor, just as the flow of water
changes the position of the
membrane. More specifically, the
effect of an electric current is to
increase the charge of one plate of
the capacitor and decrease the
charge of the other plate by an
equal amount. This is just like how,
when water flow moves the rubber
membrane, it increases the amount
of water on one side of the
membrane and decreases the
amount of water to other side.
 The more a capacitor is charged, the
larger its voltage drop i.e., the more it
"pushes back" against the charging
current. This is analogous to the
fact that the more a membrane is
stretched, the more it pushes back
on the water.
 Current can flow "through" a capacitor
even though no individual electron
can get from one side to the other.
This is analogous to the fact that
water can flow through the pipe
even though no water
 molecule can pass through the rubber
membrane. Of course, the flow cannot
continue the same direction forever;
the capacitor will experience dielectric
breakdown, and analogously the
membrane will eventually break.
 The capacitance describes how much
charge can be stored on one plate
of a capacitor for a given "push"
(voltage drop). A very stretchy,
flexible membrane corresponds to a
higher capacitance than a sti f
membrane.
 A charged-up capacitor is storing
potential energy, analogously to a
stretched membrane
Discharging of Capacitor:
Using hydraulic analogy only we can
understand that when the capacitor is
charged the membrane is stretched, but
now if you allow the water to come out
slowly and let the membrane relax, then
it is called discharging of capacitor. In
other words, when the charge on each of
the plates becomes zero and the
potential difference across
its terminals drops to zero. Below is a
graphical description of capacitor as a
pipe with a membrane: -
MATERIALS REQUIRED
o Breadboard
o 100µF capacitor
o 1 MΩ resistor
o Multi-meter
o 9V battery
o Wire stripper, connecting
wires, battery connector
o Stopwatch
 THEORY
The time constant tau(t) for an RC circuit is
given by the formula:
T=R×C\tau = R \times CT=R×C
where:
 Tau(T) is the time constant in seconds.
 R is the resistance in ohms (Ω).
 C is the capacitance in farads (F).
The time constant defines the time it takes
for the voltage across the capacitor to reach
approximately 63% of its final value during
charging or decrease to about 37% during
discharging.
Experimental Setup:
1 .Charging Circuit:
- Connect the resistor (R) in series with
the capacitor (C).
- Connect this series combination to the
power supply (DC source).
 o Connect the voltmeter
across the capacitor to
measure the voltage.
o Use the switch to control the
charging process.
2. Discharging Circuit:
 After the capacitor has been
charged, disconnect the power
supply and close the switch to allow
the capacitor to discharge through
the resistor.
 Measure the voltage across the
capacitor during the discharging
phase using the voltmeter.
 PROCEDURE:
1. Charging Phase:
o Set up the circuit as described
in the experimental setup.
o Close the switch to begin
charging the capacitor.
o Note the voltage across the
capacitor at regular time
intervals (e.g., every 1 second)
using the voltmeter.
o Record the time and voltage
data until the capacitor is nearly
fully charged (whe n the
voltage approaches the supply
voltage V0V_0V0).
2 Discharging Phase:
o After the capacitor has fully
charged, disconnect the power
supply and close the switch to
allow the capacitor to discharge.
o Record the voltage across
the capacitor at regular
intervals as it discharges.
o Observe the voltage decay over time.
3 Repeat for Different Values of
R and C:
o You can experiment with
different resistors (R) or
capacitors (C) to observe
how the charging and
discharging curves change.
o For each set of values, calculate
the time constant τ\tauτ and
compare it with your
experimental observations.
 OBSERVATIONS:
1. During charging, the voltage
across the capacitor increases
exponentially.
2. During discharging, the voltage
across the capacitor decreases
exponentially.
3. The time constant τ=RC
determines how quickly the capacitor
charges or discharges. A larger
Tau(T) means a slower
charging/discharging process.
OBSERVATION
TABLE
 GRAPHICAL
REPRESENTATION

Plot graph of voltage vs time:

Time on X axis voltage on Y axis:

FOR CHARGING:
FOR DISCHARGING:
 CALCULATION
Now since the Graph are very much
similar to the graph of charging and
discharging of capacitor.
At τ=100s, during charging of capacitor
the voltage on capacitor is 5.69 volt as it
is observed in the experiment. Now using
the charging formula:
V= 9(1-e-t/t)
V= 9(1-1/e)
V= 5.67 ~ 5.69
Which is achieved experimentally as well.
Similarly, during discharging,
V= 9-e-1
V= 3.32 ~ 3.30
Which is achieved experimentally as well.
 CONCLUSION
Hence it is verified experimentally that
63% charge is there on capacitor after
time constant during charging and 63%
charge is lost at time constant during
discharging.

PRECAUTIONS
1. Do all the connection carefully
2. Do all the connection neat and tight
3. Do not connect Led without resistance
4. Keep yourself safe from high voltage
5. Before doing any experiment please
consult to your subject teacher or lab
assistance
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
For successfully completing my
project I have taken help from
the following resources
 NCERT Textbooks
 www.google.com