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System Review

The document provides an overview of the neurologic system, detailing the structure and function of neurons, neuroglia, and neurotransmitters. It describes the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS), including their protective structures and the roles of the autonomic nervous system. Key components such as the brain's structure, spinal cord, and the blood-brain barrier are also discussed.

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marjannadri
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2 views10 pages

System Review

The document provides an overview of the neurologic system, detailing the structure and function of neurons, neuroglia, and neurotransmitters. It describes the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS), including their protective structures and the roles of the autonomic nervous system. Key components such as the brain's structure, spinal cord, and the blood-brain barrier are also discussed.

Uploaded by

marjannadri
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ALTERATIONS IN THE NEUROLOGIC

SYSTEM AND RELATED


PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS

Carl Lambert
DNP, AGACNP-BC, CNL
SYSTEM REVIEW
NEURONS
• Composed of three major areas: cell body, axon and dendrites
• Axon covered in myelin sheath (myelin increases velocity of nerve impulses)
• Can be categorized as:
• Sensory (afferent)
• Motor (efferent)
• Associational (located only in CNS)
• If injured can recover, but mostly only in PNS, and the recovery depends on where
the damage occurred
• Closer to cell body=worse outcome
• Cut injury worse than crush injury
• CNS typically does not repair in the same way that the PNS does
NEUROGLIA

• Support cells for neurons


• CNS
• Astrocytes-Many different functions-help with metabolism, form BBB, etc.
• Oligodendrocytes-form myelin sheaths in the brain and spinal cord (CNS)
• Microglia-Phagocytes of the nervous system
• Ependymal cells-help form CSF
• PNS
• Schwann cells-for myelin sheaths in the PNS
• Nonmyelinating Schwann cells-Support metabolism
• Satellite glial cells-provide protection to nerve bodies promote cellular communication; similar to
astrocytes from the CNS
NEUROTRANSMITTERS

Chemical substances produced by the neurons

Released in the synaptic cleft and then taken up by receptors on a separate


neuron or muscle cell on the postsynaptic cleft

When bound to the neuron on the postsynaptic side, neurotransmitters


cause a change in the permeability of the membrane, which allows for
either excitation or inhibition of the membrane potential

Major neurotransmitters include: acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin,


dopamine, histamine
CENTRAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM
Brain and spinal cord comprise the CNS

Brain has three major structures:

• Forebrain
• Responsible for motor, sensory, vision, visceral activities etc.
• Has primarily contralateral control
• Midbrain
• Controls voluntary and involuntary visual motor movements,
hearing, production of dopamine
• Hindbrain
• Responsible for balance and posture
• Also responsible for autonomic activities
• Has primarily ipsilateral control
SPINAL CORD

• Responsible for
coordinating
communication
between PNS and CNS
• Protected by the
vertebral column
• Nerves divided into
sections-8 cervical, 12
thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5
sacral, 1 coccygeal
• Spinal nerves come off
CNS PROTECTIVE STRUCTURES
• Meninges
• Dura mater-outermost, hard layer
• Arachnoid mater-weblike just below dura mater
• Pia mater-adheres to brain and spinal cord and provides
support for blood vessels
• CSF
• Clear, colorless fluid that the intracranial and spinal cord
structures float in
• Helps to protect and cushion brain and spinal cord
• Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)
• Group of cellular structures that inhibit access to brain
tissue through the blood supply
• Endothelial cells form tight junctions and cause
selective permeability for oxygen, water, CO2 and lipid
soluble substances while inhibiting plasma proteins and
non-lipid soluble molecules
• Nerves outside of the
PERIPHERAL CNS (includes cranial
and spinal nerves)
NERVOUS • Efferent and afferent
nerves
SYSTEM (PNS) • 31 pairs of spinal
nerves
• 12 cranial nerves
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS)

Components span the CNS and


PNS, though considered part of
the efferent division of PNS

Regulates involuntary function


of organs

Separated into Sympathetic


nervous system
two major Parasympathetic
categories: nervous system

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