CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM "CNS"

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Hello semua Sudah tentu, selepas perbincangan panjang dengan Dr pada soalansoalan peperiksaansecond .. Mendapati bahawa semua soalan telah dibincangkan dalam kuliah. Untuk bahan dan peperiksaan akhir, beliau berkata Dr slaid yang cukup dan tidak akanmengulas lanjut mengenai soalan-soalan yang banyak dan kerana kesukaran subjek

Now lets talk physiology in this lecture we're gonna talk about the central nervous system "CNS" which is one of the most major control systems in the

body . control systems in the body: 1- nervous system : - It controls and coordinates rapid activities of the body - how does the nervous system control its functions ? Through neurotransmitters , which work in these circumstances: - short distance - short duration : its effect wont last for a long time. - its divided into two systems : 1-Central nervous system 2-peripheral nervous system - The nervous system transmits electrical signals. 2- Endocrine system : - it Controls the metabolic activities in the body . - how does it control its function ? Through hormones which act in these circumstances :

-long distant - long duration : it effect lasts for a long time The endocrine system secrets hormones (chemical messengers) into the circulating blood to distance sites of the body .

* Neurotransmitters are the chemicals secreted by the neurons which allow the transmission of signals from one neuron to the next across synapses . * nervous system regulates some hormones secretion and at the same time hormones affect the function of the nervous system . * presence of certain hormones is important for the developing of the nervous tissues .

ORGANAIZATION OF NERVOUS SYSTEM Nervous system 1- CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM : Consist of neurons : the neurons consist of :

-cell body -axon -dendrite Neurons lie entirely within the cranium skull or the vertebral column . ( BRAIN & SPINAL CORD ) 2- PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM : Divisions of the peripherral nervous system - Afferent nerve fibers - Efferent nerve fibers AFEERENT nerve fibers are SENSORY ana always remember that A in Afeerent means toward the brain that mean: its responsible of carrying the information from the body towards the brain ( integrating cells) . Afferent consists of cell body and axon and its located outside the CNS in the other tissues of the body EFFERENT nerve fibers are MOTOR and always remember that the E in Efferent means away from the brain that mean : its carrying away the response from the brain (integrating cells) to the cells of the body The cell bodies of the efferent neurons are located within (inside) the CNS and their

axons which are called the efferent axons (fibers) lie outside in the PNS (in the body) We have 12 CRANIAL nerves (pairs) And 31 SPINAL nerves (pairs) EFEERENT DEVESIONS : 1- somatic nervous system : which gives me the motor neurons 2-autonomic nervous system : which gives me : - sympathetic nervous system - parasympathetic nervous system - enteric nervous system : a collection of nerve cells that can act independently from the CNS

SO to summarize :

C o n tro l s y s te m o f th e b o d y

N e rv o u s s y s te m

E n do c ri ne s ys te m

C e n tra l n e rv o u s s y s te m CNS n e u ro n s

P e rip h e ra l n e rv o u s s y s te m P NS

B ria n

A ffe re n t d iv is io n E ffe re n t d iv is io n (c e llb o d y & a x ) n o (c e ll b o d y) S p in a l c o rd o u ts ide C N S In s id e C N S

A u to n o m ic n e rv o u s s y s te m

S o m a tic n e rv o u s s y st em

In fre n ic S N

P a ras ym p a th etic S ym p at he tic N S M o to r n e u ro n s NS

How do the CNS & the PNS work together to control the body :

C entral nervo us s yste (spinal cord )

Notice that the cell body of the afferent is located outside the cental nervous system ( spinal cord) while the efferent is inside the spinal cord

Axon term inals

According to the previous picture we can see the following The afferent nerve cells receive stimuli (sensory or visceral) from the body tissues , and then this stimuli is going to be transferred through the afferent fibers to the CNS as an input (FROM PERIPHERAL TO CENTRAL ) Then in the central nervous system the brain and the spinal cord decide the suitable response to this stimuli and it sends a response to the efferent nerve cells as an output (FROM CENTRAL TO PERIPHERAL) Now in the efferent nerve cells the response will be sent to: 1- either the somatic nervous system which consists of motor neurons that will transfer the response to the SKELETAL CELLS 2- or it will send it to the autonomic nervous system which will transfer the response to the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems which will transfer the response to the SMOOTH and CARDIAC

MUSCLES and GLANDS .

Protection of CNS The nervous tissue inside the CNS is very delicate structure ,,, and if the neurons get damaged it can NOT be replaced so the CNS must be well protected The CNS structure is protected by : 1- the bony structure : the skull and the vertebral column. 2- meninges : -Dura mater -Arachnoids mater -Pia mater : its attached inf. To the brain and the spinal cord ( actually it tightly encloses them) * meningitis : inflamation of the meninges 3- cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF) : which acts as a shock absorber 4- blood brain barrier : limits the movement of certain substances from the blood into the

brain tissue THE BRAIN METABOLISM : - O2 and glucose are important to produce the ATP in the brain (aerobic metabolism) , and they must be continuously supplied to the brain because : - there is no anaerobic metabolism of glucose in the brain - brain does not store glucose Cutting of O2 supply from the brain for more than 4 mins lead to brain damage -hypoglycemia decreases brain activities ,,, and if it continues for a long time it will lead to brain damage

Glial Cells ( Neuroglia) They are considered as the connective tissue of the nervous system supporting nervous system physically , metabolically and homeostatically. We have to differentiate between neuralgia and neurons : neurons initiate and conduct impulse while neuroglia dont

-90% of the cells within the CNS are glial cells - Glial cells do not branch extensively - they cannot divide - there are 4 types of glial cells : 1- Astrocytes 2-oligodendrocytes 3- microglia 4-epedendymal cells ASTEROCYTES:- hold the neurons together - Repair brain injuries from neural scar tissue - support the neurons metabolically and homeostatically by creating and maintaining a proper environment to enable the neurons to perform its function in a proper way -it takes up excess k+ from brain extra cellular fluid - establish blood brain barrier (BBB) : it acts as a selective barrier ( anatomic restriction and physiologic selection anatomic restriction = there is an anatomic

composition tight junction between the capillary space and the capillary cells in the brain that prevent the down concentration transition of nutrients and gases Physiologic selection = these tight junctions transport materials through canals and carriers selectively -- act as scaffold( bridge) during brain development ,it guides the nerve cells toward their distance in other words : they can act as scaffolding for neuron movement, . They actively participate in the regulation and metabolism of neurotransmitters used by neurons to send signals to other neurons and muscles. In fact, they themselves are thought to be involved in the signaling process. In addition, astrocytes are known to act as scavengers to remove debris from dead or dying neurons. # So in general :1- Astrocytes are involved in setting up scaffolding/template for neurons to migrate on. 2- They're expressed early in development. 3- Oligodendrocytes are one of the last cells to form and express a neuroinhibitory protein.

#And it plays a role in the formation of neural scarp tissue Important Questions :What cells make up glial limiting membrane? What cells establish blood brain barrier by inducing tight junction formation? What cells guide neuroblasts to final destination? What cells take up excess K+ during high neuronal activity ? What cells form gliotic scar following CNS injury? The Answer for all these questions is ''Astrocytes''. So According to this we can define and Summary the Astrocytes function with :1) Structural support. 2) Induce tight jxn formation by endothelial cells. 3) take up neurotransmitters within synaptic regions. 4) Take up excess K+ released during high neuronal activity. 5) Form glial scar after CNS lesion. Oligodendrocytes :

they form the myelein sheaths around the axons in the CNS (corresponding to the Schwann cells in the PNS) # Note :- Myelin is made up of %70 Lipid and 30% Protein # Functions of oligodendrocytes:1) Ensheath multiple CNS axons with myelin. 2) Locally regulate axon size. 3) Stabilize axon numbers in a developing pathway. Microglia : -important in immune system ; they are phagocytic cells in the CNS ,they phagocytose the foreign bodies , and sometimes secrete some chemicals to destroy these foreign bodies but sometimes these chemicals could lead to damaging the neurons # Functions of microglia :1- Brain macrophages. 2- Regulate astrocytes during development and injury.

 Ependymal cells epithelial cells that line the internal cavities of the CNS like : cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) ventricles in the brain and the spinal cord

# FINALLY the doctor advised us to go to (Sherwood) and read the material from there. Hope that we all gonna pass this year ,,, work hard study well and pray for each other DONE BY : RMZ RABADI Corrected by : Tamer al-qudah Muath al-z3be