When we Search information

over the internet WE DO

Not research
But it is just one aspect of
research
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❑Chapman, 1979
❑Williams 2007).

❑O’Donnell 2012
❑Igwenagu 2016

❑Lee, Tran, and Lee

2007
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH 02

SYSTEMATIC
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❑Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017

CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH 02

OBJECTIVE
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▪

❑Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017

CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH 02

FEASIBLE
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❑Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017

CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH 02

EMPIRICAL
▪

❑Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017

CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH 02

CLEAR
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❑Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017

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RIGHT OF RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS

• VOLUNTARY PARTICIPATION
• INFORMED CONSENT
• RISK OF HARM
• CONFIDENTIALITY
• ANONYMITY
DEFINITION OF TERMS

▪
CONTACT TIME
DEFINITION OF TERMS

▪
HYPOTHESIS
DEFINITION OF TERMS

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OUTLIER
DEFINITION OF TERMS

OUTPUT REPLICABILTY
▪
DEFINITION OF TERMS

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
▪
DEFINITION OF TERMS

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SAMPLE SIZE
DEFINITION OF TERMS

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trend
DEFINITION OF TERMS

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VALIDITY
DEFINITION OF TERMS

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VARIABLE
 QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
Involves processes,
Aims to feelings, and
characterize motives (the why’s
GOAL trends and and the how’s)
patterns and produces in-
depth and
holistic data
 QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE

Methods include Methods include

census, survey, field research,
methods experiment, and case study, and
secondary secondary
analysis analysis
 QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE

Usually starts with

Usually concerned
either a theory
with generating
SCIENTIFI or hypothesis about
hypothesis from
the relationship
C METHOD between two or
data rather than
testing a
more variables
hypothesis
 QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE

Uses structured Uses either

research unstructured or
DATA instruments like semi-structured
COLLECTION questionnaires instruments
or schedules
 QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE

Uses large sample

sizes that are Uses small sample
SAMPLE sizes chosen
representatives of
SIZE the population purposely
QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE

Has high output Has high validity

replicability
 QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
Used to gain greater
understanding of
Used to gain individual
Data greater differences in terms
understanding of of feelings,
analysis group motives, and
similarities experiences
 QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE

Most
common Describe, discover, Explore, discover, &
& construct construct
research
objectives
 QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE

Statistical report Narrative report

with correlations, with contextual
Final comparisons of description & direct
means, & statistical quotations from
report significance of research
findings participants
Quantitative research
Qualitative research
 QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE

Questions Who, what, when, How, what

where , why, how
domains
 QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE

Common
150 - 200 + 10 -15
sample
size
 QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE

Contact 10 – 20 min. 45 – 240 min.

time
 QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE

Must be true of
Must be true of
validity most of the data or
each
nomothetic (law
case or ideographic
oriented)
(case-oriented)
 QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE

Describe
Define relationship and
variables relationships establish meaning
and establish structures and
general case contexts
 QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE

Valuable
Unique positions descriptive
outliers lost to the weight cases with unique
of the access to average
average cases
 QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
Interviews,
Surveys, numerical literature
counts, statistical content reviews,
examples analyses, real world
mathematical observations,
modeling case studies,
ethnographies
Quantitative research
Quantitative research
Qualitative research
Qualitative research
 Qualitative research
Characteristics of

is naturalistic.
qualitative

▪
 Qualitative research
Characteristics of

is purposeful.
qualitative

▪
 Qualitative research
Characteristics of

is detailed.
qualitative

▪
 Qualitative research
requires engagement
Characteristics of

and neutrality.
qualitative

▪
 Qualitative research
Characteristics of

follows an inductive
qualitative

procedure.
▪
 Qualitative research
Characteristics of

is viewed in a holistic
qualitative

perspective.
▪
Qualitative research STRENGTHS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

•
Qualitative research WEAKNESSES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

•
•
TYPES OF qualitative
RESEARCH

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▪
▪
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
Qualitative research

•
•
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
TYPES OF qualitative
RESEARCH

▪
▪
▪
Ethnographic
Qualitative research

•
•
Ethnographic
TYPES OF qualitative
RESEARCH

▪
▪
▪
▪
Grounded Theory
Qualitative research

•
•
Grounded Theory
TYPES OF qualitative
RESEARCH

▪
▪
▪
▪
Case Study
Qualitative research

•
•
Case Study
TYPES OF qualitative
RESEARCH
▪
▪
Historical
Qualitative research

•
•
Historical
TYPES OF qualitative
RESEARCH

▪
▪
▪
▪
narrative
 refers to a statement that promptly
suggests for conducting an investigation.
must deal with some concerns in a
RESEARCH particular field that may need an
PROBLEM improvement or a solution.
serve as a guide to know what kind of
research study will be most suitable to
address the perceived concern.

NOTE: THE RESEARCHER MUST ALSO OBSERVE GAPS IN EXISTING SCHOLARLY LITERATURE, THEORIES, AND
PRACTICES IN ORDER TO COME UP WITH A GOOD AND RELEVANT RESEARCH PROBLEM.
Sources of Research problem
Practitioners

THEORY
RESEARCH Personal
PROBLEM
experience

Relevant literature
Sacred Heart University Library (2020)
Sources of Research problem EXTERNAL FACTORS INTERNAL FACTORS
Novelty Qualifications of
the researcher
Availability of
subjects Motivation and
interest of the
Support of the
researcher
academic
community Time factor
Availability and Costs and returns
adequacy of facilities Hazards and handicaps
and equipment
Ethical considerations
LET’S TRY THIS

LINK https://www.menti.com/3
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CODE
Characteristics of a Research Title SOME CONSIDERATIONS:
• It should be limited only to substantive words with high
consideration to the key variables such as the
phenomenon under investigation, the participants, and
the setting of the study.
• It should use words that can create a positive impression
among the readers. Avoid using abbreviations as well as
some word constructions such as: “method,” “result,”
and “investigation.”
Characteristics of a Research Title SOME CONSIDERATIONS:
• It should be in the form of a phrase with correct use of
capitalization, that is, the first letter appeared in the title
as well as the first letter of each noun word should be
capitalized.
• It should be concise by adequately implying the
participants and the coverage of the study.

NOTE: A researcher may also put a subtitle: (1) to state the scope, context, and theory under
investigation; and (2) to provide a substantive and appealing literary title.
Characteristics of a Research Title OTHERS
• It should have at least 12 substantiative words
• Sometimes, it has “catchy” phrase
• It should be SMART
• Specific – Measurable – Attainable – Realistic – Time-
bound
EXAMPLE QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH TITLES
Qualitative research TITLE

The ‘Need to Transcend’: A Phenomenological

Study on the Lived Experiences of
Millennial Teachers
(Lacdo-O et al., 2018)
Qualitative research TITLE

The Educated Citizen: Cultural and Gender

Capital in the Schooling of Aetas’
Children in the Municipality of Janiuay
(Moralista & Delariarte, 2014)
Qualitative research TITLE

This Too Shall Pass: A Grounded Theory Study

of Filipino Cancer Survivorship
(de Guzman et al., 2012)
Qualitative research TITLE

Local Studies Centers: Transforming History,

Culture and Heritage in the Philippines
(Perez & Templanza, 2012)
Qualitative research TITLE

President Rodrigo Roa Duterte’s Political

Speeches: A Critical Discourse Analysis
(Remorosa, 2018)
Qualitative research TITLE

Experiences of Reaction and Coping of

Filipino Fathers and Mothers : During and
After a Natural Disaster
Qualitative research TITLE

The Lived Experiences of Trauma and Post-

traumatic Growth of Women with History of
Social Abuse
Qualitative research TITLE

The Meaning Behind the Journey Towards

Acceptance: An Interpretative
Phenomenological Analysis of Accounts of
Parents of Transgender Women
Qualitative research TITLE

I Am Your Father: A Qualitative Study on the

Perspective of a Father with Homosexual Son
Qualitative research TITLE

A PWD’s Battle: A Qualitative Study on the

Reactions and Experiences of Persons with
Disabilities.
 ❑ literature
HOW TO WRITE RATIONALE
❑ Relevance to
Local/Global Context
❑ Critical Background /
Contextual Information
❑ Research Gap
❑ Proof of Urgency
❑ Research
Goal/Objective
DEFINING WHAT RATIONALE IS Here are some questions to be considered in presenting
justifications:
❑ Why is this research important?
❑ What real life or everyday problem, issue,
or question does the research relate to?
❑ Can people relate to the problem in local or
global context?
❑ What benefit does the research promise?
❑ Are the units of analysis and observation
clearly identified?
❑ What does the researcher hope to find out?
❑ What was wrong or incomplete about prior
efforts already conducted?
DEFINING WHAT RATIONALE IS Here are some questions to be considered in presenting
justifications:
❑ Does the research extend understanding of
the phenomena being investigated?
❑ Does it elaborate or fill in the gaps in the
present knowledge?
❑ What is the research ultimately trying to
achieve?
 Existing literature
- a background on what researches have already
been done about the given subject.

Relevance to Local/Global Context

- situational interconnectedness of individuals or
things in varying perspectives.
Critical Background/Contextual Information
- circumstances forming a background of an event,
idea or subject, that enables the readers to
understand the nature of the problem.
Research Gap
- problems, issues or questions that have not been
addressed or are yet to be understood.
Proof of Urgency
- an urgent need to solve the existing problem.

Research Goal/Objective
- the purpose why there is a need for the proposed
study to be conducted.
 The general problem should clearly state the
main task/s of the researcher.

The general problem should present the

STATEMENT major variable/s related to the
OF THE phenomenon to be investigated.
PROBLEM
The general problem should identify the
participants of the study.
 The general problem should state the
research setting as well as the time period
of the study.
STATEMENT The general problem may indicate the
OF THE intended output of the study such as an
PROBLEM intervention program, module, policies, etc.
 INQUIRY: PHENOMENOLOGY
MAIN TASK: DESCRIBE
central phenomenon : LIVED-EXPERIENCES
GENERAL PROBLEM

PARTICIPANTS: COVID-19 POSITIVE PATIENTS

LOCALE/SETTING: SAN NICOLAS, FLORIDABLANCA
The purpose/intent/objective of this ___________ (strategy of inquiry, such as
ethnography, case study, or other type) study is (was? will be?) to ___________
(understand? describe? develop? discover?) the ___________ (central
phenomenon being studied) for ___________ (the participants, such as the
individual, groups, organization) at ___________ (research site).
 INQUIRY: PHENOMENOLOGY
MAIN TASK: DESCRIBE
central phenomenon : LIVED-EXPERIENCES
GENERAL PROBLEM

PARTICIPANTS: COVID-19 POSITIVE PATIENTS

LOCALE/SETTING: SAN NICOLAS, FLORIDABLANCA
The purpose of this PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY IS TO
DESCRIBE THE LIVED-EXPERIENCES OF COVID-19
POSITIVE PATIENTS AT SAN NICOLAS, FLORIDABLANCA
 Researchable & Non-Researchable Questions
1. Do the participants use social media platforms
for their communication purposes?
analysis

2. What are the most frequently used emojis by the

participants in the corpus?
3. Are the participants using emojis in their online
communication?
4. What are the pragmatic functions of emojis in
the corpus?
 The central question is a broad question that asks for
an exploration of the central phenomenon or concept
Central questions
in a study. The inquirer poses this question, consistent
with the emerging methodology of qualitative
research, as a general issue so as to not limit the
inquiry.

To arrive at this question, ask, “What is the broadest

question that I can ask in the study?”
 Ask one or two central questions followed
by no more than five to seven sub-questions
Central questions

Relate the central question to the specific

qualitative strategy of inquiry.
Begin the research questions with the
words what or how to convey an open and
emerging design.
Focus on a single phenomenon or concept
 Use exploratory verbs that convey the
language of emerging design.
Central questions

❑ Discover (e.g., grounded theory)

❑ Seek to understand (e.g., ethnography)
❑ Explore a process (e.g., case study)
❑ Describe the experiences (e.g., phenomenology)
❑ Report the stories (e.g., narrative research)
Script for Central questions INQUIRY: PHENOMENOLOGY
MAIN TASK: DESCRIBE
central phenomenon : LIVED-EXPERIENCES
PARTICIPANTS: COVID-19 POSITIVE PATIENTS
LOCALE/SETTING: SAN NICOLAS, FLORIDABLANCA

_________ (How or what) is the _________ (“story for” for narrative research;
“meaning of ” the phenomenon for phenomenology; “theory that explains the
process of ” for grounded theory; “culture-sharing pattern” for ethnography;
“issue” in the “case” for case study) of _________ (central phenomenon) for
_________ (participants) at _________ (research site).
Script for Central questions INQUIRY: PHENOMENOLOGY
MAIN TASK: DESCRIBE
central phenomenon : LIVED-EXPERIENCES
PARTICIPANTS: COVID-19 POSITIVE PATIENTS
LOCALE/SETTING: SAN NICOLAS, FLORIDABLANCA
What is the meaning of the lived experiences for COVID-19
positive patients at San Nicolas Floridablanca, Pampanga?
How do COVID-19 positive patients at San Nicolas
Floridablanca, Pampanga describe their lived experiences?
How may the significant experiences of COVID-19 positive
patients at San Nicolas Floridablanca, Pampanga be described?
 ❑ General purpose
Scope & delimitation
❑ Population
❑ Setting/locale
❑ duration

❑ instrument
❑ Research design
❑ Financial limitation
Scope of the study prompts
❑ This study will focus on ….
❑ The scope of this study will be ……
❑ The study will cover ……
❑ The study will consist of ……………
Delimitation of the study prompts
❑ This study will be limited to ….
❑ The study is confined to……
❑ The study will not cover the ……………
Sample scope & delimitation This study will focus on describing the academic
challenges faced by 10 Grade 12 senior high school
working students at Basa Base National High School
during the School Year 2019-2020.
The following will be the delimitation of the entire
research: coping mechanisms, time management, and
motivation of Grade 12 senior high school working
students at Basa Base National High School.
 OBJECTIVES
CITE THE BENEFITS OF RESEARCH; AND
IDENTIFY THE BENEFICIARIES OF RESEARCH.
Significance of the study Cristobal and Cristobal (2017) states that research is
a very noble undertaking if it makes significant
contributions to the community and to the academic
field or discipline where the researcher is affiliated
with.
As Cristobal and Cristobal (2017) noted, it could be
in the form of a new knowledge in the field, analysis
of trends over time, validation of other findings
using different methodologies, confirmation of the
major findings of other studies, and verification of
the validity of findings in a different population.
Significance of the study After identifying the general significance of the
study, the researcher also has to determine the
beneficiaries who will directly gain from the results
of the study.

Moreover, the researcher needs to cite the particular

benefits that the beneficiaries will gain from the
study. They refer to all advantages to be obtained by
those directly involved especially the researchers and
research users.
 1. Direct Plagiarism
Example

The stage of dialogue was the action of conversation.

On this manner, the incident was immediately
addressed and effects were identified.

from the research titled, “The Die is Cast: Experiences of Novice

Teachers in Handling Verbal Bullying Incidents in a Middle School”
written by Dexter V. Fernandez, MAED. and Arnel T. Sicat, Ph.D.

TYPES OF PLAGIARISM
 2. Self-Plagiarism
The occurrence of verbal bullying The occurrence of verbal bullying
was a typical scenario in middle was a typical scenario in middle
school. This kind of abuse was school. This kind of abuse was
commonly committed by students commonly committed by students
towards their peers. With the towards their peers. With the
literature about this matter, little literature about this matter, little
less has been conducted about the less has been conducted about the
manner novice teachers handle manner novice teachers handle
verbal bullying incidents. verbal bullying incidents.

From the research titled, “The Die is Cast:

Experiences of Novice Teachers in Handling
Verbal Bullying Incidents in a Middle School”
written by Dexter V. Fernandez, MAED. and
Arnel T. Sicat, Ph.D.

TYPES OF PLAGIARISM
3. Mosaic Plagiarism

TYPES OF PLAGIARISM
 4. Accidental Plagiarism

This is committed when unintentionally neglected to

cite a source or quoted by using similar words or
sentence structure. This can be avoided through
responsible writing and running your work in an initial
plagiarism test available in internet (Learning Services
Writing Center, 2018).

TYPES OF PLAGIARISM
 a reference citation that is made within the
body of the text or essay (Waikato Institute
of Technology, 2010).
Practically, we use in-text citations every
IN-TEXT
time we quote, summarize, and paraphrase
CITATION statements, information, and ideas that
came from others.
It is a scholarly acknowledgment through
giving credit who stipulated
the ideas and concepts.
single author used in the beginning

Fernandez (2020), stressed that proper citation has

to be observed among novice
researchers.

IN-TEXT CITATION
 single author used AT the END

Proper usage of citation styles promotes integrity

among novice researchers
(Fernandez, 2020).

IN-TEXT CITATION
six (6) or more authors (beginning)

Fernandez et al. (2020), attested that citation can be

used only at the beginning and
end of the statement.

IN-TEXT CITATION
 six (6) or more authors (END)

It was attested that citation can be used only at the

beginning and end of the
statement (Fernandez, et al., 2020).

IN-TEXT CITATION
 Books

REFERENCING
 Books

REFERENCING
 Books

REFERENCING
 Journal Articles

REFERENCING
 Journal Articles

REFERENCING
 Online Sources

REFERENCING