4 CBSE Champion Mathematics Class 12

Previous Years’ CBSE Board Questions

1.2 Types of Relations 12. Let R = {(a, a3) : a is a prime number less than 5} be a
relation. Find the range of R. (Foreign 2014)
MCQ 13. Let R be the equivalence relation in the set
1. Let A . en num er of re e ive relations on A A = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} given by R = {(a, b) : 2 divides (a – b)}.
is Write the equivalence class [0]. (Delhi 2014 C)
(a) 2 (b) 4
(c) 0 (d) 8 (2023) SA I (2 marks)

2. Let R be a relation in the set N given by 14. Check if the relation R in the set of real numbers
R = {(a, b) : a = b – 2, b > 6}. Then efine as R = {(a, b) : a < b} is (i) symmetric,
(a) (8, 7) R (b) (6, 8) R (ii) transitive. (2020)
(c) (3, 8) R (d) (2, 4) R (2023) 15. Let W denote the set of words in the English
3. A relation R is efine on N. Which of the following is i tionar . Define t e relation R by
t e re e ive relation R = {(x, y) W × W such that x and y have at least one
(a) R = {(x, y): x > y, x, y N} letter in common}.
(b) R = {(x, y): x + y = 10, x, y N} Show that this relation R is reflexive and symmetric,
but not transitive. (2020)
(c) R = {(x, y): xy is the square number, x, y N}
(d) R = {(x, y): x + 4y = 10, x, y N} LA I (4 marks)
(Term I, 2021-22) An
16. Show that the relation R in the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
4. The number of equivalence relations in the set given by R = {(a, b) : |a – b| is divisible by 2} is an
{1, 2, 3} containing the elements (1, 2) and (2, 1) is equivalence relation. (2020)
(a) 0 (b) 1 17. Check whether the relation R efine on t e set
(c) 2 (d) 3 (Term I, 2021-22) A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} as
5. A relation R is efine on Z as aRb if and only if R = {(a, b) : b = a + 1} is reflexive, symmetric or
a2 – 7ab + 6b2 = 0. Then, R is transitive. (2019)
a re e ive an s mmetri 18. Show that the relation R on the set Z of all integers,
s mmetri ut not re e ive given by
transitive ut not re e ive R = {(a, b) : 2 divides (a – b)} is an equivalence relation.
re e ive ut not s mmetri (2019)
(Term I, 2021-22) Ap 19. Show that the relation R on efine as
6. Let A = {1, 3, 5}. Then the number of equivalence R = {(a, b): a ≤ b}, is re e ive an transitive ut not
relations in A containing (1, 3) is symmetric. (NCERT, Delhi 2019)
(a) 1 (b) 2 20. Show that the relation S in the set A = { x ∈Z :0 ≤ x ≤12}
(c) 3 (d) 4 (2020) given by S = {(a, b) : a, b ∈ Z, |a – b| is divisible by 3} is
7. The relation R in the set {1, 2, 3} given by R = {(1, 2), an equivalence relation. (AI 2019) Ap
(2, 1), (1, 1)} is 21. Let A = {1, 2, 3, ..., 9} and R be the relation in
a s mmetri an transitive ut not re e ive A × A efine a, b) R (c, d) if a + d = b + c
re e ive an s mmetri ut not transitive for (a, b), (c, d) in A × A. Prove that R is an equivalence
s mmetri ut neit er re e ive nor transitive relation. Also obtain the equivalence class [(2, 5)].
(d) an equivalence relation (2020) (Delhi 2014)
22. Let R e a relation efine on t e set of natural
VSA (1 mark)
numbers N as follow :
8. rite t e smallest re e ive relation on set A = {a, b, c}. R = {(x, y) x N, y N and 2x + y = 24}
(2021 C) Find the domain and range of the relation R.
lso fin if R is an equivalence relation or not.
9. A relation R in a set A is called , if (a1, a2) R (Delhi 2014 C) An
implies (a2, a1) R, for all a1, a2 A. (2020) R
LA II (5/6 marks)
10. A relation in a set A is called relation, if each
element of A is related to itself. (2020) R 23. If N denotes the set of all natural numbers and R
is the relation on N × N efine a, b) R (c, d), if
11. If R = {(x, y) : x + 2y = 8} is a relation on N, write the ad(b + c) = bc(a + d). Show that R is an equivalence
range of R. (AI 2014) relation. (2023, Delhi 2015)
Relations and Functions 5

24. Let A = {x Z : 0 x 12}. Show that R = {(a, b) : a, b A, LA I (4 marks)

|a – b| is divisible by 4}, is an equivalence relation. Find
the set of all elements related to 1. Also write the 31. Case Study : An organization conducted bike race
equivalence class [2]. (2018) under two different categories - Boys and girls.
There were 28 participants in all. Among all of them,
25. Show that the relation R in the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} given
finall t ree from ategor 1 an t o from ategor
by R = {(a, b) : a – b is divisible by 2} is an equivalence
ere sele te for t e final ra e. avi forms t o
relation. Write all the equivalence classes of R.
sets B and G with these participants for his college
(AI 2015 C)
project.
1.3 Types of Functions Let B = {b1, b2, b3} and G = {g1, g2}, where B represents
the set of Boys selected and G the set of Girls
MCQ selected for the final race.

26. The function f : R → R efine f(x) = 4 + 3 cosx is

(a) bijective (b) one-one but not onto
(c) onto but not one-one
(d) neither one-one nor onto (Term I, 2021-22) An
27. e num er of fun tions efine from
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5} → {a, b} which are one-one is
(a) 5 (b) 3 Based on the above information, answer the
(c) 2 (d) 0 (Term I, 2021-22) following questions.
28. Let f : R → R e efine f(x) = 1/x, for all x R, Then, (i) How many relations are possible from B to G
f is (ii) Among all the possible relations from B to G,
(a) one-one (b) onto how many functions can be formed from B to G
i e tive not efine (iii) Let R : B → B be defined by R = {(x, y) : x and
(Term I, 2021-22) y are students of the same sex}. Check if R is an
29. The function f : N → N is efine equivalence relation.
 n +1 OR
 , if n is odd
f(n) =  2 A function f : B → G be defined by f = {(b1, g1), (b2, g2),
 n , if n is even (b3, g1)}. Check if f is bijective, justify your answer.
 2
(2023) Ap
The function f is
(a) bijective
(b) one-one but not onto
32. Let { }
f :− −
4
3
→ e a fun tion efine as

(c) onto but not one-one 4x

f (x) = . Show that f is a one-one function. Also,
(d) neither one-one nor onto 3x + 4
(Term I, 2021-22) Ev check whether f is an onto function or not. (2023)
VSA (1 mark)
33. Show that the function f : (– , 0) → 1 0 efine
30. If f = {(1, 2), (2, 4), (3, 1), (4, k)} is a one-one function x
from set A to A, where A 1 t en fin t e f(x) = ,x (– , 0) is one-one and onto. (2020)
1+ x
value of k. (2021 C)

CBSE Sample Questions

1.2 Types of Relations 2. Let the relation R in the set A = {x Z : 0 x 12},

given by R = {(a, b) : |a – b| is a multiple of 4.} Then [1],
MCQ the equivalence class containing 1, is
(a) {1, 5, 9} (b) {0, 1, 2, 5}
1. A relation R in set A 1 is efine as (c) (d) A
R = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 2), (3, 3)}. Which of the follow- (Term I, 2021-22) Ev
ing ordered pair in R shall be removed to make it an
equivalence relation in A VSA (1 mark)
(a) (1, 1) (b) (1, 2) (c) (2, 2) (d) (3, 3) 3. o man re e ive relations are possi le in a set A
(Term I, 2021-22) An whose n(A 2020-21) Ap
6 CBSE Champion Mathematics Class 12

4. A relation R in S 1 is efine as R = {(1, 1), 9. Define t e relation R in the set N × N as follows:

(1, 2), (2, 2), (3, 3)}. Which element(s) of relation R be For (a, b), (c, d) N × N, (a, b) R (c, d) iff ad = bc. Prove
removed to make R an e uivalen e relation
that R is an equivalence relation in N × N. (2022-23)
(2020-21)
5. An equivalence relation R in A divides it into 1.3 Types of Functions
equivalence classes A1, A2, A3. What is the value of
A1 A2 A3 and A1 A2 A3. (2020-21) MCQ
10. Let A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {4, 5, 6, 7} and let f = {(1, 4), (2, 5),
SA I (2 marks) (3, 6)} be a function from A to B. Based on the given
6. Let R be the relation in the set Z of integers given by information, f is est efine as
R = {(a, b) : 2 divides a – b}. Show that the relation R is (a) Surjective function (b) Injective function
transitive rite t e e uivalen e lass of 0. (c) Bijective function (d) Function
(2020-21) Ap (Term I, 2021-22) Ev
11. The function f : R → R efine as f(x) = x3 is
SA II (3 marks)
(a) One-one but not onto
7. Check whether the relation R in the set Z of integers (b) Not one-one but onto
defined as R = {(a, b) : a + b is “divisible by 2”} (c) Neither one-one nor onto
is re e ive s mmetri or transitive. rite t e (d) One-one and onto (Term I, 2021-22)
equivalence class containing 0, i.e., [0]. (2020-21)
VSA (1 mark)
LA II (5/6 marks) 12. Check whether the function f : R → R efine as
8. Given a non-empty set X efine t e relation R on f(x) = x3 is one-one or not. (2020-21)
P(X) as : 13. A relation R in the set of real numbers R efine as
For A, B P(X), (A, B) R iff A B. Prove that R is R = {(a, b): a = b} is a function or not. Justify
re e ive transitive an not s mmetri . 2022-23) (2020-21)

Detailed SOLUTIONS
R2 = {(1, 2), (2, 1), (1, 3), (3, 1) (2, 3), (3, 2), (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)}
Previous Years’ CBSE Board Questions
Number of equivalence relations is 2.
1. (b) : otal num er of re e ive relations on a set having Concept Applied
2
n number of elements = 2n – n  A relation R in a set A is called an equivalence
Here, n = 2 relation, if R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
22 – 2
e uire num er of re e ive relations
5. (d) : Given, aRb, a, b Z
= 24 – 2 = 22 = 4
e e ive or a Z, we have
2. (b) : Given, R = {(a, b) : a = b – 2, b > 6}
a – 7a.a + 6a2 = a2 – 7a2 + 6a2 = 0 (a, a) R
2
Since, b > 6, so (2, 4) R
elation is re e ive.
Also, (3, 8) R as 3 8 – 2
Symmetric : Since, (6, 1) R
and (8, 7) R as 8 7 – 2
As, 62 – 7 × 6 × 1 + 6 × 12 = 36 – 42 + 6 = 0
Now, for (6, 8), we have But (1, 6) R. Relation is not symmetric.
8 > 6 and 6 = 8 – 2, which is true
6. (b) : Equivalence relations in the set containing the
(6, 8) R
element (1, 3) are
3. (c) : Consider, R = {(x, y) : xy is the square number, x, y N} R1 = {(1, 1), (3, 3), (1, 3), (3, 1), (5, 5)}
As, xx = x2, which is the square of natural number x. R2 = {(1, 1),(3, 3),(5, 5),(1, 5),(5, 1),(3, 5),(5, 3), (1, 3), (3, 1)}
(x, x) R. So, R is re e ive. There are 2 possible equivalence relations.
7. (c) : Given R = {(1, 2), (2, 1), (1, 1)} is a relation on set
Concept Applied {1, 2, 3}
 A relation R in a set A is called reflexive, if (a, a) R, e e ive learl R
for all a A. R is not a re e ive relation.
Symmetric : Now, (1, 2) R and (2, 1) R R is symmetric.
4. (c) : Equivalence relations in the set {1, 2, 3} containing Transitive : Now, (2, 1) R and (1, 2) R but (2, 2) R
the elements (1, 2) and (2, 1) are R is not transitive relation.
R1 = {(1, 2), (2, 1), (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)} R is s mmetri ut neit er re e ive nor transitive.
Relations and Functions 11

Self Assessment
Case Based Objective Questions (4 marks) VSA Type Questions (1 mark)

1. A relation R on a set A is said to be an equivalence 4. If R = {(x, y) : x + 2y = 8} is a relation on N, then range of

relation on A iff it is R is {a, 2, b}, where a + b = ______.
Reflexive i.e., (a, a) R a A.
5. Let A = {x ∈R : –4 ≤ x ≤ 4} and x ≠ 0. If f : A → R is efine
Symmetric i.e., (a, b) R (b, a) R a, b A.
|x|
Transitive i.e., (a, b) R and (b, c) R (a, c) R by f ( x ) = , then range of f is______.
a, b, c A. x
 2x, x > 3
Based on the above information, attempt any 4 out 
of 5 subparts. 6. Let f : R → R e efine f ( x ) =  x 2 ,1 < x ≤ 3 .
(i) If the relation R = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 2),  3x, x ≤ 1

(2, 3), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3)} is defined on the set Then, f(–1) + f(2) + f(4) is______.
A = {1, 2, 3}, then R is 7. State the reason for the relation R in the set {1, 2, 3}
a re e ive s mmetri given by R = {(1, 2), (2, 1)} not to be transitive.
(c) transitive (d) equivalence
(ii) If the relation R = {(1, 2), (2, 1), (1, 3), (3, 1)} is OR
defined on the set A = {1, 2, 3}, then R is Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {5, 6, 7, 8, 9} and set
a re e ive s mmetri f = {(1, 5), (2, 6), (3, 7), (4, 8)} be a function from
(c) transitive (d) equivalence A to B. State whether f is one-one or not.
(iii) If the relation R on the set N of all natural
SA I Type Questions (2 marks)
numbers defined as R = {(x, y) : y = x + 5 and
x < 4}, then R is 8. Let f : R → R e efine i f(x) = x + |x| (ii) f(x) = x + 1.
a re e ive s mmetri Determine whether f is onto or not.
(c) transitive (d) equivalence
(iv) If the relation R on the set A = {1, 2, 3, ..... , 13, 14} 9. Let A e a finite set. If f : A → A is an onto function,
defined as R = {(x, y) : 3x – y = 0}, then R is then show that f is one-one also.
a re e ive s mmetri 10. Write the domain of the relation R efine on t e set
(c) transitive (d) None of these Z of integers as follows :
(v) If the relation R on the set A = {1, 2, 3} defined as (a, b) ∈ R ⇔ a2 + b2 = 25
R = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (3, 1),
11. Let the function f : R → R e efine f(x) = cosx,
(3, 2), (3, 3)}, then R is
∀ x ∈ R. Show that f is neither one-one nor onto.
a re e ive onl s mmetri onl
(c) transitive only (d) equivalence OR
Let f : R → R be defined by f(x) = x2 + 1. Find the
Multiple Choice Questions (1 mark) pre-image of 17 and (–3).
x2 − 8 SA II Type Questions (3 marks)
2. If f : R → R e a fun tion efine f (x) = 2 , then
f is x +2
(a) one-one but not onto 1
12. Show that f : R+ → R+ efine f (x) = is bijective,
(b) one-one and onto 2x
(c) onto but not one-one where R+ is the set of all non zero positive real
(d) neither one-one nor onto number.
OR OR
Let A = {2, 3, 4, 5,......, 17, 18}. Let '  ' be the equivalence Let N be the set of natural numbers and relation
relation on A × A, cartesian product of A with itself R on set N be defined by R = {(x, y) : x, y ∈ N, x + 4y = 10}.
defined by (a, b)  (c, d) iff ad = bc. Then number of Check whether R is reflexive, symmetric and
ordered pairs of the equivalence class (3, 2) is transitive.
(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 7 π π

13. Let A =  x : x ∈R, − ≤ x ≤  and B = {y : y ∈ R,
3. Let A = {1, 2, 3} and consider the relation R = {(1, 1),  2 2
(2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 3)}. Then R is
–1 ≤ y ≤ 1}. Show that the function f : A → B such that
a re e ive ut not s mmetri
f(x) = sinx is bijective.
re e ive ut not transitive
(c) symmetric and transitive 14. Show that the function f : R → R efine x3 + x is a
(d) neither symmetric nor transitive bijection.
12 CBSE Champion Mathematics Class 12

15. Let N be the set of all natural numbers and R be a (i) f : R → R defined by f(x) = sinx
relation in N efine R = {(a, b) : a is a factor of b}, (ii) f : R → R defined by f(x) = sin2x + cos2x
then show that R is re e ive an transitive ut not
19. If A 1 efine relations on A which have
symmetric.
properties of being :
Case Based Questions (4 marks) (i) reflexive, transitive but not symmetric.
(ii) symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive.
16. Consider the mapping f : A → B is defined by (iii) reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
x −1
f(x) = such that f is a bijection. 20. Show that the function f : R → R such that
x −2
Based on the above information, answer the following  1, if x isrational,
questions. f (x) = 
 −1, if x is irrational
(i) Find range of f.
(ii) If g : R – {2} → R – {1} is defined by g(x) = 2f(x) – 1, is many one and not onto.
then find the range of g(x).  1
Find (i) f   (ii) f( 2 ) (iii) f ( ) (iv) f(2 + 3 )
 2
LA Type Questions (4/6 marks)
OR
17. m is said to be related to n if m and n are integers and Show that :
m – n is ivisi le 1 . Does t is efine an e uivalen e (i) the exponential function f : R → R defined by
relation f(x) = ex is one-one but not onto.
18. Classify the following functions as injective, surjective (ii) the logarithmic function f : R+ → R defined by
or bijective. f(x) = loga x, a > 0, a ≠ 1 is a bijective function.

Detailed SOLUTIONS
1. (i) (a) : Clearly, (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3) R. So, R is transitive on A.
So, R is re e ive on A. Thus, R is an equivalence relation.
Since, (1, 2) R but (2, 1) R. So, R is not symmetric on A. x2 − 8
Since, (2, 3) R and (3, 1) R but (2, 1) R. So, R is not 2. (d) : Given function f : R → R efine f (x) =
for 1, –1 R x2 + 2
transitive on A.
(ii) (b) : Since, (1, 1), (2, 2) and (3, 3) are not in R. ( −1)2 − 8 −7
f ( −1) = 2
=
So, R is not re e ive on A. ( −1) + 2 3
Now, (1, 2) R (2, 1) R and (1, 3) R (3, 1) R. 1 − 8 −7
So, R is symmetric. f (1 ) = =
1+2 3
Clearly, (1, 2) R and (2, 1) R but (1, 1) R.
–1 1 but f(–1) = f(1)
So, R is not transitive on A.
Hence, f(x) is not one-one.
(iii) (c) : We have, R = {(x, y) : y = x + 5 and x < 4}, where
x2 − 8 2y + 8
x, y N. R = {(1, 6), (2, 7), (3, 8)} Also, y = f ( x ) ⇒ y = ⇒ yx 2 + 2y = x 2 − 8 ⇒ x =
Clearly, (1, 1), (2, 2) etc. are not in R. So, R is not re e ive. x2 + 2 1−y
Since, (1, 6) R but (6, 1) R. So, R is not symmetric. x is not efine for y = 1, so f(1) has no pre image in R,
Since, (1, 6) R and there is no ordered pair in R which has hence f is not onto.
as t e first element. Same is t e ase for 7 an . OR
So, R is transitive. (c) : o fin t e e uivalen e lass of e ill ta e
(iv) (d): We have, A = {1, 2, ...... , 14}, R = {(x, y) : 3x – y = 0}, ordered pairs (a, b) with element a as multiple of 3 and
where x, y A element b as multiple of 2.
R = {(1, 3), (2, 6), (3, 9), (4, 12)} Then, the ordered pairs are
Clearly, (1, 1) R. So, R is not re e ive on A. {(3, 2), (6, 4), (9, 6), (12, 8), (15, 10), (18, 12)}
Since, (1, 3) R but (3, 1) R. So, R is not symmetric on A. Hence, required number of ordered pairs are 6.
Since, (1, 3) R and (3, 9) R but (1, 9) R. So, R is not
3. (a) : Given A = {1, 2, 3} and R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2),
transitive on A.
(2, 3), (1, 3)}
(v) (d): Clearly, (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3) R. So, R is re e ive (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3) ∈ R R is re e ive.
on A. Now, (1, 2) ∈ R but (2, 1) R. So, R is not symmetric.
e fin t at t e or ere pairs o taine inter anging Also, for all x, y, z ∈ A, (x, y) ∈ R and (y, z) ∈ R
the components of ordered pairs in R are also in R. So, R is (x, z) ∈ R R is transitive.
symmetric on A.
For 1, 2, 3 A such that (1, 2) and (2, 3) are in R implies that 4. Given, R = {(x, y) : x + 2y = 8} R = {(2, 3), (4, 2), (6, 1)}
(1, 3) is also in R. Range of R = {1, 2, 3} = {a, 2, b}. Thus, a + b = 1 + 3 = 4