S.

ND Method Remembertng
Redurnq t irto echelan fosm 10e should use only
and the 1ank
finclînq StDu oper attons
non-3e
Rank NO oh
A0WS th t h e

mactn

Reduce the matix oto noamal we can use both 9tOuO

()
CUnd COumm operattons
fom and fod the
91ak

Rank: NO.o mon-3evo

touos fn the matn=

PAS-fom Here sIOLO OpeaattonsS

(3 based on
applEed oroly -foo
Pmcctix wasttten
Cse
P mctox Cnd
Opereutons are
mcutrY wsitten beased
Coumm
on no. Ok Coum applred only foo
matnx

u) 1auss -Jodan method Hene AOLO Opedation8

A = TnA Ose only USed

A TC he qtven Mata
wheae n i s t h e no. e oOS
t h e tven
Coluumne o
and

gnconsfstent
Consfst ent and Should
shoud
(5 lese
Hete we
w e
31an obB)=
n
91ank o} A =
1f soutYon
use on ly 9iOO
Tt hag unfque
Operattons.
Af anl o [AlBJ
14 910nk t}
t has ro ilutfons

anK o
9= 31ank og [niBJn
Aolut fong
t ha9 (ofntty
610ugs elfmfnateon method we should only Use rou
Augmet ed [alB) opeicutong.
The augmeted matix
maut
cOsesponds to the uppei
biaqula matix
 OnIT-
S NO Meihod fO m ula

) Cayiey - t1a7i tOn thcore m ) - 2Il = o

2 ) Find 4he Chaw/aCteShc

EaiOn

3Put 2=h

tic form
y 2
MaHi auad ya

97
2

Potiue
tenms
Of
The
3 Tmdex im
O
Canonical
ferm S

Call ed ndexlenotk yS

Siqnattolc
of 2 Yan of F
m
fo1
uad
Yafic
te 5
PoStive

4
n0
canical t m

Natuyeof f :
igen va lues
Positive
Pefinte allthe
ale P O S i t t Ve

D e f ini fe igen va |ues

N egative a fhe
Cle WegatTve

a the sigev Vaues of A

POSrtre- Seroi DefiHC
2) aie I ve) ; one s i e n value is
Seno

Neqal ive -3cn eInite

mega I One Tigen valune i's'o
 fOPHOL
METHOD
SiNGIOLAR VAIUC Decofposition
)
To find y:
find AAT ChaetacteniSic
hAT

-find sigen value AA

U ( e C2 en)

Txi
To-Find V
CnaiactcnistHc
-fi nd AA S
ATA
(e
nd VT.

s)To Find E:
diagoEYies ae

SinguII Val tees f 9mai ni

o) Oorhogona Tyand fomaH oN .)find riaen values aDd

F en vecto1 Of A
mus+ be Paiswise O>tthaonal|

Find the maHYir P as

2
P
Te,e2,ey- - Cn
e x C2 =X2

)
3) Diagnolise Hhe m a h i
D P'AP

ti the O1hogoa
ansfo0matieon x=PV
onich 2educe a. f
Canomicalfem
 Ow11-3

mtho0d Foamula

B sectron mothod o L nn1n-i

Rema Tae on +Ve h00t o n ve
00t bosed upon jaluas
2
Requta- f a i method O n-i f[1n) dnflin-1)
fln)- f[Tn-)
Remo Ls Tate On +ve 00t anotha
-ve n00t basad upon Nalua

Secant methodd n- nYn-

ftn-)
flin) flin-)

Nerton- Paph0n nt n f (1n)

methOd

SNeuton- Paphs0n method

fo s0utions t 4 .
SmuuAaneos aquati Ors

a
S ND mthOd fdimla

Cuas-stedal method
y K-; -2 ,
Vaaiable

Vasiable

K-4-7i
2Vciable
 UNIT- HInteiPolatfen)
Method FOYmUla
Remaihe.
Newteng Tonuond yecx): CNGth) Yo tPAYo+ PLP-RY.+
=
ptP-D CP2RtYot- -
--

2 3
Inten Polattem
(n -)J n.
CP-2).- - [P h
-

PLP-D

2
t.. + PCP+).-* . + -
- -

p:L dol
2Newten8
BackwaLd
n ) n t PVht h
Znte Po1at¥on

SheeP-

Gaus9 Foswad p NotPAY+ PLPDy-I+P+1)PLP-1) Sy-1+PH) PU-DU.F.x -

Inten Po lotfen 2
3 h

y-2

4 Cnaus 9 8ackwad yp-Not P(Ay-1)+ (t)P LAY-1) + (P+1) PLP-1) (Dy-2) P-&|
2 3!
IntenPolatYen (P+2P+D PCP-1) (AY-2)4 h

Remok9 Hene hiSiRfnence lol(¥orK1 2 K,3 * s -d-*jUPto¥+'nt

 Method Fo muja

X) U-X3)- (X-Ln) (X-z) 3)(X-X4)--n)

-

Lagronge 3 Lnten- eX)

X ) (X,A3)-- lUÅn)
Poiatien ( 2 ) a 3 ) . .dn)
+- +-XDU-A2)... An-)
Sn)
CnX) UnX2).. (n-dn)

Newtons divided X)go) + X ) fUG,X) +do) U-X) ÍUo,X1,An) +(X-Xo)

d f e n e n e FormuIoa
- X ) L-X2) fo,Å1,d3)t t(-l) U-1).. (Xn-)
-

foy wngQUal ntaaly

o,d, n).

PhPDh N
Newten's Fosoord )-P(Xot Ph) - fud)t Ph AJUO)+
h 2h
ZMtenPoIatfOm
FOmulo forequa ) f ) t Paf lo)1 PLP1A (Xt
21
fmten vaS
Remalk |P: X do
h
 Uoin- S
Methods ephaAK Remar K
fOYmula
b surn of
Trape bi dal Aule : ftada irst ordinate 4 lost ordinate) 2 Remaini nq
Drdinata

Simponso Rule Sum d uum of

Airst
e
3 Hovdinate
+
lirote) +( even terrna odd terrma)
"odd terra)

Yn-1)+2(tU+4+Yn)
SimponsRule
Finding Of
ia not given
Taulors series I h

Method betuen the

2 3
tusD intervals
Ibhi given
yn+ + +
n+ rn +
Eulers Method n4 4n +h (anYn)
 Method Pormula
RemoHk
Moditied etuters Method y -
Yn + (HCinin)4 -(Mna, n 1 Here O
alue 3
n+
Pixed

Rungt -kuEta Method

V= h 1o +h, o t K)
3 h 4 (1*h yo + k2)
and ky -
hf o+h) 4o + k

Then y, (D +h) Uo+ (t 2 K2 +

K ku)

Picard method
y-o yt")d
Or)

+ f( ,4n-)dz
S e c o n d Order ot Runge
K h (1o,Yo)
kutla Method
st o + Ki)
K2 h