Modul Juara STPM Pahang Matematik T

Integration

Important Notes
3.1.1 Important Concept

Integration is the reverse of differentiation

n
d (x ) n−1
=n x
Differentiation of xn dx

d ( x n )=n x n−1 dx

We get back x
n ∫ d ( x n )= xn
n n−1
x =∫ nx dx

n
The process of finding back x is call Integration

3.1.2 Useful formula of integrals

Integrals

∫ f ( x ) dx

Integration by Integration by Integration by

Standard Integrals partial fraction substitution parts

1. Standard 1. Proper
function fraction dx ∫ udv=uv−∫ vdu
∫ f ( x ) dx= ∫ g (u ) du
2. Imroper du
2. In form ¿
fraction ¿
n
∫ [ f ( x ) ] f ' x dx
( )

n+1

¿
[f ( x )]
n+1
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Modul Juara STPM Pahang Matematik T

3.1 Standard integral vs differential

d f ' (x)
16 ·
dx
[lnf ( x ) ]= 1 f ' ( x ) 16. ∫ dx=lnf ( x ) +¿ C
f (x) f (x)

{ }[ 17. ∫ [ f ( x ) ] f ' ( x ) dx= +C

n+1 n+1
d [f ( x )] n n [f ( x )]
17 · = f ( x ) ] f ' (x )
dx n+ 1 n+1

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Modul Juara STPM Pahang Matematik T

3.1.2 Integration by partial fractions

f (x)
∫
g(x)
dx , where f(x) and g(x) are polinomials of x and g(x) can be factorised.
f (x)
must first be expressed as partial fractions before integration is attempted
g(x)

1. Proper fraction can be converted directly into partial fraction.

Example: ∫
x+ 4
2
2 x + x−1
dx = ∫ A
+ (
B
2 x−1 x +1
dx )

2. Imroper fraction must first be devided first to obtain its proper fractions.

4 x +3 1
Example: ∫ dx= ∫ (2+ )dx
2 x +1 2 x +1

Next, integrate the partial fraction using formulae

3.1.3 Integration by Substitution

Some integrals which cannot be applying directly the standard formulae can be solved
by a change of variable which is known as the mathode of substitution:

dx
∫ f ( x ) dx= ∫ g (u ) du
du
¿
¿
Example: 1.
∫ x √ x +1 dx
¿
¿
u = x +1, x = u−¿1,

du
=1 , du = dx
dx

∫ x √ x +1 dx ¿ ∫ ( u−1 ) √ u du
¿ ∫ ( u 3/ 2−u1 /2 ) du
2
5
3/ 2
¿ ( x +1 ) x− +C ( )2
3

Example: 2.

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Modul Juara STPM Pahang Matematik T
1 3
∫ dx , the substitution x = sin θ
√ ( 9 −4 x )
2 2 2
2

3 dx 3
Let x= sin θ = cos θ
2 dθ 2

1 1 3
∫ dx = ∫ · cos θ dθ
√ 9−4 x 2
√ 9−9 sin θ 2
2

1 3
=∫ · cos θ dθ
3 cos θ 2

1
= ∫ dθ
2
1
= θ+c
2
1 −1 2 x
= sin +c
2 3

3.1.4 Integration by parts

Integrate the product of two functions.

∫ udv=uv−∫ vdu

x
Example 1: ∫ x e dx

Let, u=x and dv = e x dx

du = dx ∫ dv = ∫ e x dx
v = ex
x x x
∫ x e dx = xe - ∫ e dx
= xe - e x + c
x

x
Example 2: ∫ e cos dx

Let, u = ex and dv = cos x dx

du = e x dx ∫ dv = ∫ cos x dx
v = -sin x
x x x
∫ e cos dx = -e sin x + ∫ e sin x dx −¿still the product of two function

For ∫ e x sin x dx

Let, u = ex and dv = sin x dx

du = e x dx ∫ dv = ∫ sin x dx
v = cos x
x x x x
∫ e cos dx = -e sin x + e cos x−¿ ∫ e cos x dx ¿
x x x
2 ∫ e cos dx = -e sin x + e cos x
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Modul Juara STPM Pahang Matematik T

x x x
∫ e cos dx = (-e sin x + e cos x ¿ ¿
2
x
x e
∫ e cos dx = ¿ sin x ) + c
2

3.2. Definite integrals

Definite Integrals

Area under a Volume of solids

curve revolution

Area between a Area between a Volumes of solid Volumes of solid

curve y = f ( x ) and curve x = f ( y ) and revolution about the revolution about
the x-axis . the x-axis x-axis the y-axis
b b b b

A = ∫ y dx A = ∫ x dy V = π ∫ y dx V = π ∫ x dy
2 2

a a a a

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Modul Juara STPM Pahang Matematik T

STPM questions and solutions

Example 1

π
4
(a) Evaluate ∫ tan2 x dx [3 marks]
0
1 1

(b) Using an appropriate substitution, evaluate ∫x 2 3

( 1−x ) dx . [4 marks]
0
(c)

1 Solutions: Notes:

a) π π Change using the identity and

4 4
= integrate using standard integral
∫ tan2 x dx ∫ ( sec2 x−1 ) dx formulae number 1 and 6.
0 0
π
= [ tan x−x ] 4
0

( π π
= tan − −( 0 )
4 4 )
π
= 1 
4

b) Substitution then use the standard

formulae number 3.

Let u=1−x
du
=−1
dx
When x=0 , u=1
When x=1 , u=0
1 1 0 1

∫x 2
( 1−x ) dx = ∫ ( 1−u ) ( u ) (−du )
3 2 3

0 1
0 1

= ∫ − (u ) 3 ( 1−u ) du
2

1
0 1

= ∫ −u ( 1−2u+u ) du
3 2

1
0 1 4 7

= ∫ (−u 3 +2 u 3 −u 3 )du
1

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Modul Juara STPM Pahang Matematik T

[ ]
4 7 10 0
−u 2 u u
3 3 3

= + −
4 7 10
3 3 3 1

=0- [ −3 6 3
+ −
4 7 10 ]
27
=
140

Example 2

x dz 32
z= = [3 marks]
Given 1 , show that dx 3 .
( x + 32 )
2 2
( x +32 )
2 2

Hence,find the exact value of the area of the region bounded by the curve

1
y= [4 marks]
3 , the x-axis and the lines x = 2, x = 7.
( x +32 )
2 2

2. Solutions: Notes:

1 −1 Differentiation
dz ( x +32 ) −( x ) ( x + 32 ) ( x )
2 2 2 2 of quotients of
= 2 functions
dx x +32
formulae
2 2
x + 32−x
= 1
( x 2+32 ) ( x 2 +32 ) 2
32
= 3
( x 2+32 ) 2 From the basic
concept:
Integration is the

Area =∫
7
1 reverse of
3
dx differentiation
2
( x 2+ 32 ) 2

Area between a

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Modul Juara STPM Pahang Matematik T

= 32
[ ]
1 x
7
curve z = f ( x )
1 and the x-axis .
( x 2+32 ) 2
2
b

A = ∫ z dx

[( )]
a

= 32
)(
1 7 2
1
− 1
2 2
( 49+32 ) ( 4+ 32 )

=
1 2
units
72

Exercises

Section A Questions

1 1
Find (a) ∫ 1−e−2 x dx [ 2 marks]

(b) ∫ x tan ( x 2 ) dx
[ 2 marks]
1
ln |e −1| + c ,
2x
Answer: (a)
2
−1 formulae no 16
ln |cos x −1| + c
2
(b)
2
formulae no 16

3
sin x
2. (a) By using the substitution u=cos x to find ∫ 4
dx . [4 marks]
cos x
π
2
(b) Show that ∫ e2 x sin x dx = 1 ( 2 e π +1 ) . [5 marks]
0 5
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Modul Juara STPM Pahang Matematik T

1 1
Answer: (a) − +c,
3
3 cos x cos x

(b) integration by part

2 x3
∫1 dx
3. 2
Use the substitution u = 6 – x to find the value of √6−x 2 , giving your answer in
the
form p √5+q √ 2 , where p and q are rational numbers. [7 marks]

13 16
Answer: √ 5− √2
3 3

( )
3
d x 1
4. Show that = . Hence evaluate ∫ ¿ ¿ dx. [5 marks]
dx 1+5 x (1+5 x )2 1

1
Answer:
3

5. Find (a) ∫ 2 sin 2 2 x dx

(b) [6
1
∫ x 3 lnx dx
marks]

1
Answer: (a) x− sin 4 x+ c
4

−1 1
(b) 2
lnx− 2 +c
2x 4x

17+x
(4−3 x)(1+2 x)
6. a) Express in partial fractions. Hence, or otherwise, show that
1
2
17+ x 1
∫ (4−3 x )(1+2 x ) dx= 6 (19 ln 2+9 ln 3 )
1
−
3
. [5
marks]

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Modul Juara STPM Pahang Matematik T
1
2
x2
∫ 1
dx
0 2 2
b) By using the substitution x=sin θ , find (1−x ) . (A result in decimal form is
not
required) [6
marks]

17+x 5 3
= +
Answer: (a) (4−3 x )(1+2 x ) 4−3 x 1+2 x

1
(b) ( 2 π−3 √3 )
24

7. A region R is bounded by a curve xy= 12 and a line 3x + 4y = 30.

(a) Find the coordinates of the points of intersection of the curve xy= 12 and the line
3x + 4y = 30. [ 3 marks]
(b) Calculate the area of the region R. [ 3 marks]
(c) Calculate the volume of the solid of revolution formed when this region R is
rotated through 360o about the x-axis. [3 marks]

Answer: (a) Coordinates of the points of intersection are (2,6) and (8,1.5)

(b) Area R = 22.5 – 12 ln4 or 5.86 unit2.

(c) V = 40.5π unit3

8. Evaluate the definite integrals

ln 2 x
e
(a) ∫ 1+ e
x
dx [3 marks]
0

3
x
(b) ∫ √ 1+ x
dx [6 marks]
0

3
Answer: (a) ln
2
8
(b)
3

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Modul Juara STPM Pahang Matematik T
3
sin x
9. (a) By using the substitution u=cos x to find ∫ 4
dx . [4 marks]
cos x
π
2
(b) Show that ∫ e2 x sin x dx = 1 ( 2 e π +1 ) . [5 marks]
0 5

1 1
Answer: (a) − +c
3 cos x cos x
3

Diagram 1 shows a portion of the curve 𝑦 =

10. x
y 2
1+ x

By using the substitution 𝑥 = tan𝜃, show that

y= and the line 4y = x.

4y = x √3 π
x2 3
R ∫ 2 dx = ∫ sin 2 θ d𝜃and evaluate this
0 ( 1+ x 2 ) 0
x integral.
O
Hence, find the volume of revolution generated
when region R is rotated completely aboutthe
x-axis. Give your answer correct to three
Diagram 1 significant figures. [11 marks]

Answer: V = 0.626

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Modul Juara STPM Pahang Matematik T

Section B Questions

11. Sketch the curve y=x 2−4 for the interval −2 ≤ x ≤3 . [2 marks]

(a) (i) Find the area of the region bounded by the curve and the x
-axis for x from

−2 to 3
[4 marks]

(ii) Hence or otherwise, find

∫ √ y + 4 dy . [3
5

marks]
−4

(b) Find the volume of solid formed when the region bounded by the
curve and the

x - axis is rotated

(i) through 2 π radians about the x -axis,

[3 marks]

(ii) through π radians about the y-axis.

[3 marks]

Answer: 11.

(a) i. 13 unit 2, ii. 18

512
(b) i. π, ii. 8 π
15

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Modul Juara STPM Pahang Matematik T
12.

2
x
(a) The diagram above shows the curve y= 3
for x ≥ 0, and its maximum point M.
1+ x
The shaded region R is enclosed by the curve, the x-axis and the lines x=1∧x =p .
(i) Find the value of the x-coordinate of M. [4 marks]
(ii) Calculate the value of p for which the area of R is equal to 1. Give your
answer correct to 3 significant figures. [5 marks]

(b) The region enclosed by the curve y=tan x+ cos x and the lines
1
x=0 , x= π∧ y =0 is shown in the diagram above. Find the volume of the solid
4
produced when this region is rotated completely about the x-axis. [6 marks]

Answer. (a) (i). x=√3 2

(ii). p=3.40

(b) π ¿) or 4.5336 unit3

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