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Se Continuity

The document discusses the concept of continuity of functions, providing definitions, equivalent criteria, and theorems related to continuity, boundedness, and the behavior of functions on intervals. Key theorems include the continuity of sums, products, and compositions of functions, as well as the existence of maximum and minimum values and roots within closed intervals. It also covers the preservation of intervals and the properties of continuous and monotonic functions.

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11 views2 pages

Se Continuity

The document discusses the concept of continuity of functions, providing definitions, equivalent criteria, and theorems related to continuity, boundedness, and the behavior of functions on intervals. Key theorems include the continuity of sums, products, and compositions of functions, as well as the existence of maximum and minimum values and roots within closed intervals. It also covers the preservation of intervals and the properties of continuous and monotonic functions.

Uploaded by

tk113712
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Notes on MAT2050E (Elementary Analysis)

Continuity of Functions

Definition.

We say that a function f : A → \ (where A ⊆ \ ) is continuous at point c ∈ A if, given


any ε > 0 there exists δ > 0 such that if x is any point of A satisfying x − c < δ , then
f ( x ) − f (c ) < ε .

z Following the definition, if c is an isolated point of A then f is automatically continuous


at point c.

An equivalent definition of continuity can be formulated very nicely in terms of


neighborhoods as follows:

Equivalent definition.

We say that a function f : A → \ (where A ⊆ \ ) is continuous at point c ∈ A if given


any ε − neighborhood Vε ( f (c)) of f (c) there exists a δ − neighborhood Vδ (c) of c
such that f ( A ∩ Vδ (c)) ⊆ Vε ( f (c)) .

Sequential Criterion for Continuity.

A function f : A → \ (where A ⊆ \ ) is continuous at point c ∈ A if and only if for


every sequence ( xn ) in A that converges to c, the sequence ( f ( xn )) converges to f (c) .

z We say that f is continuous on the set B if f is continuous at every point of B.

Theorem.

Let A ⊆ \ , f and g be functions on A to \ , and b ∈ \ . Suppose that c ∈ A and that f and


g are continuous at c.

(a) Then f + g , f − g , fg and bf are continuous at c.


(b) If g (c) ≠ 0 , then the quotient f / g is continuous at c.

z For (b), we only need to assume g (c) ≠ 0 since the continuity of g guarantees
g ( x) ≠ 0 in some neighborhood of c. (It should be noted that the function f / g may
not be well-defined on A.)

z If f and g are continuous on A, the above theorem can be applied to every point of A so
that f + g , f − g , fg and bf are continuous on A. Moreover, if g ( x) ≠ 0 for all
x ∈ A , then f / g is continuous on A.

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Theorem.

Let A ⊆ \ . If f : A → \ and g : f ( A) → \ such that f is continuous at c ∈ A and g is


continuous at f (c) ∈ f ( A) , then the composition g D f : A → \ is continuous at c.

Definition.

A function f : A → \ is said to be bounded on A if there exists a constant M > 0 such


that f ( x) ≤ M for all x ∈ A .

Boundedness Theorem.

Let I = [a , b] be a closed bounded interval and let f : I → \ be continuous on I. Then f is


bounded on I.

Maximum-Minimum Theorem.

Let I = [a , b] and let f : I → \ be continuous on I. Then f has an absolute maximum and


an absolute minimum on I.

Location of Roots Theorem.

Let I = [a , b] and let f : I → \ be continuous on I.


If f (a) f (b) < 0 , then there exists a number c ∈ ( a, b) such that f (c) = 0 .

Bolzanos’ Intermediate Value Theorem.

Let I = [a , b] and let f : I → \ be continuous on I. If k ∈ \ satisfies f ( a) < k < f (b)


or f ( a) > k > f (b) , then there exists a number c ∈ ( a, b) such that f (c) = k .

z The theorem follows that if inf f ( I ) < k < sup f ( I ) , then there exists c ∈ I such that
f (c) = k . This is true also for open intervals.

z If I is a closed bounded interval and f : I → \ is continuous on I, then the set f ( I ) is


also a closed bounded interval.

z If I is an interval (which may be open or unbounded) and f : I → \ is continuous on I,


then the set f ( I ) is also an interval. This is called the “Preservation of Intervals
Theorem”.

z A continuous real-valued function defined on an interval is injective (one to one) if and


only if it is strictly monotone.

Continuous Inverse Theorem.

Let I ⊆ \ be an interval and let f : I → \ be strictly monotone and continuous on I. Then


the function g inverse to f is strictly monotone and continuous on f ( I ) .
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