ARDUINO BASED FIRE DETECTION AND

CONTROL SYSTEM
A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for award of the Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
IS A BONAFIED RECORD OF WORK DONE BY

CH DEEPIKA 20KP1A0420
CH ARUN KUMAR 20KP1A0421
G B SURYA SAI 21KP5A0403
D SANDIP 20KP1A0423

Under the Esteemed Guidance of

Dr. C. Kalaiselvan Ph.D.
Professor

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

NRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to JNTU, Kakinada.)
VISADALA (P.O.), MEDIKONDURU MANDAL, GUNTUR-522 438 ANDHRA PRADESH.

2021-2024
 NRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to JNTU, KAKINADA)
VISADALA (P.O.), MEDIKONDURU MANDAL, GUNTUR ANDHRA
PRADESH.

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled “ ARDUINO BASED FIRE
DETECTION AND CONTROL SYSTEM ” is a bonafide record of work carried out
by the members CH.DEEPIKA (20KP1A0420), CH .ARUN KUMAR (20KP1A0421),
G.B SURYA SAI (21KP5A0403), D.SANDIP (20KP1A0423) who carried out the
research under the super vision .Certified further ,that to the best of knowledge the work
reported here in does not form part of any other Project report or dissertation on the basis
of which a degree of award was conferred on an earlier occasion on this or any other
candidates. This work is done under the supervision and guidance.

Signature of the Guide Signature of Head of Dept

Dr. C. Kalaiselvan Ph.D. Dr. K. Srihari Rao Ph.D

PROFESSOR PROFESSOR & HOD

External examiner
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are highly indebted to our guide Dr. C. Kalaiselvan, Professor,

Department of ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING, NRI
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, VISADALA, MEDIKONDURU, GUNTUR for his
valuable guidance in the successful completion of our project work. We are very much
indebted to her for suggesting this interesting topic and helping us at every stage for its
successful completion.

It is a great pleasure to convey our sincere thanks to our Hon’ble

Chairman Dr. Alapati Ravindra garu and Hon’ble Secretary and Correspondent Sri
Alapati Rajendra Prasad garu for providing excellent facilities and everything for our
success.
Our sincere thanks to respected Principal, Dr. KOTA.SRINIVASU garu for his co –
operation and valuable suggestions during our stay in this institute.
We thank our respected Executive director, Chief Executive Officer, Chief
Finance Officer and Administrative Officer for their co-operation and valuable support
during our stay in this institute. We thank respected Vice Principal for his valuable suggestions
and motivation during our stay.

Our heartfelt thanks to beloved HOD of our department Dr. K. SRIHARI RAO
for his motivation, care and valuable guidance at every step of our project work and in every
aspect for our success.
We thank wholeheartedly our project coordinators Dr. Kalaiselvan, Professor
and Dr. B Saidaiah, Professor For their special care towards completion of our project in
smooth manner.
It’s our pleasure to thank all the faculty members of ECE department for
extending their constant co-operation and support during our stay in NRIIT.
Our heartiest thanks to our beloved parents who are well behind us for all our
success as well as achievements.
Finally, we thank all our friends who helped either directly or indirectly to achieve our
GOAL.
CH. DEEPIKA 20KP1A0420

CH. ARUN KUMAR 20KP1A0421

G. B SURYA SAI 21KP5A0403

D. SANDIP 20KP1A0423
 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the work which is being presented in the Dissertation
Entitled “ARDUINO BASED FIRE DETECTION AND CONTROL SYSTEM”
submitted towards the partial fulfilment of requirements for the award of the degree in
Bachelor of Technology and authentic record in Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering at NRI Institute of Technology, Guntur.

The matter embodied in this dissertation report has not been submitted by us
for the award of any other degree. Further the technical details furnished in the various
chapters in this report are purely relevant to the above project and there is no deviation
from the theoretical point of view for design, development and implementation.

PROJECT MEMBERS

CH. DEEPIKA 20KP1A0420

CH. ARUN KUMAR 20KP1A0421

G. B SURYA SAI 21KP5A0403

D. SANDIP 20KP1A0423
 NRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE, Approved by JNTU, Kakinada)
Visdala (P.O), Medikonduru (M), Guntur-522438, Andhra Pradesh

INSTITUTE VISION:
To become reputed institution of Engineering & Management programs, producing
competitive, ethical & socially responsible professionals.

INSTITUTE MISSION:
IM1: Provide quality education through best teaching and learning practices of committed
staff.
IM2: Establish a continuous interaction, participation and collaboration with industry to provide
solutions.
IM3: Provide the facilities that motivate/encourage faculty and students in research and
development activities.

IM4: Develop human values, professional ethics, and interpersonal skills amongst the
individuals.

(ALAPATI RAJENDRA PRASAD) (DR. KOTA SRINIVASU)

SECRETARY & CORRESPONDENT PRINCIPAL

 NRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT VISION:
To become a centre of excellence by bringing out the professional competence in the core
areas of electronics and communication engineering.

DEPARTMENT MISSION:

DM1: To provide conducive environment that impart electronics & communication knowledge
through quality teaching and self-learning.
.
DM2: To serve the needs of electronics, telecommunication and allied industries through
industry interaction.

DM3: To encourage innovative thinking, continuous learning among the stakeholders and
creates new techniques in IOT & VLSI.

DM4: To groom students in communication and interpersonal skills.

DM5: To Inculcate human values and ethics to make learners sensitive towards social issues.

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES

PEO1: Graduates with competences in the area of electronics and communication engineering.
PEO2: Graduates with continuous learning ability in hardware and software system.
PEO3: Graduates with successful career in industry, research with technical and interpersonal
skills.
PEO4: Graduates with professional and ethical values.
PEO5: Graduate shall contribute to organizational goals with individual and teamwork.

(ALAPATI RAJENDRA PRASAD) (DR. KOTA SRINIVASU)

SECRETARY & CORRESPONDENT PRINCIPAL

 NRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

PROGRAMME SPECIFIC OUTCOMES

PSO1: Professional Knowledge: Apply the concepts of electronics and communications to

arrive cost effective and appropriate solutions.

PSO2: Problem-solving skills: Apply the principles of analog, digital and signal processing
systems for consumer electronics, medical and radar systems.

PSO3: Software usage: Use VHDL, MATLAB, MULTISIM, and MENTOR GRAPHICS to
design integrated circuits and analyse signals.

SIGNATURE OF HOD
 NRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Program Outcomes (PO’s)

1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,
engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex
engineering problems.

2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, research literature, and analyse complex

engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.

3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering

problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with
appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and
environmental considerations.

4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge

and research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data,
and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.

5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources,
and modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modelling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.

6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual

knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent
responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.

7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional

engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the
knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.

8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and

responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a
member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities

with the engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to
comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective
presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.

11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding

of the engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a
member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability
to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological
change.
 CONTENTS

DESCRIPTION PAGE NO

ABSTRACT i
LIST OF FIGURES ii
CHAPTER – 1 INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 1-6
1.1 INTRODUCTION 2
1.2 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 2
1.3 MICROPROCESSOR (MP) 3-4
1.4 MICROCONTROLLER (MC) 4
1.5 COMPARISSION B/W MP AND MC 5-6
1.5.1 PERIPHERALS 5
1.5.2 TOOLS 6
CHAPTER - 2 OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT 7-12
2.1 INTRODUCTION 8-9
2.2 EXISTING SYSTEM 9-10
2.3 PROPOSED SYSTEM 10-12
2.3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PROPOSED SYSTEM 10
2.3.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 11-12
2.3.3 HARDWARE COMPONENTS 12
2.3.4 SOFTWARE COMPONENTS 12
2.3.5 TECHNOLOGY USED 12
CHAPTER – 3 LITERATURE REVIEW 13-15
3.1 FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS 14
3.2 FIXED GAS FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS 14
3.3 FIXED WATER EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS 14-15
3.4 PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHER 15
CHAPTER – 4 WSN TECHNOLOGY 16-26
4.1 INTRODUCTION 17-18
4.1.1 BACKGROUND OF SENSOR NETWORK 18-22
TECHNOLOGY
4.2 APPLICATIONS OF SENSOR NETWORKS 22-23
4.3 SENSOR NODE TECHNOLOGY 23-24
4.4 DATA DISSCMINATION AND GATHERING 25
4.5 OPERATING SYSTEM 25-26
CHAPTER – 5 HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION 27-29
 5.1 HARDWARE COMPONENTS 28
5.2 POWER SUPPLY 28
5.2.1 TRANSFORMER 28-29
5.2.2 RECTIFIER 29
5.2.3 FILTERS 29
5.3 ARDUINO NANO (AT MAGA 328P) 29-32
5.3.1 INTRODUCTION ARDUINO NANO U3 30
5.3.2 ARDUINO NANO PIN OUT 31-32
5.4 FIRE SENSOR 32-34
5.4.1 SPECIFICATIONS 33-34
5.5 GSM 34-39
5.5.1 DEFINITION OF GSM 34
5.5.2 HISTORY TO GSM 35
5.5.3 GSM SERVICE 35
5.5.4 BREAD BOARD DATA SERVICES 35
5.5.5 SUPPLEMENTARY SERVICE 36
5.5.6 OPERATION OF GSM 36
5.5.7 CHARACTERISTICS OF GSM STANDARD 37
5.5.8 ADVANTAGES OF GSM OVER ANALOG SYSTEM 37-38
5.6 LCD (LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY) 38-39
5.6.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAYS 38-39
5.7 BUZZERS 39
5.8 RELAY 39-42
5.8.1 RELAY CONTACT TYPES 41
5.8.2 TYPES OF RELAYS 42
5.9 WATER PUMP 42-44
5.9.1 OPERATING PRINCIPLE 42-43
5.9.2 STATOR 44
5.9.3 ROTOR 44
CHAPTER – 6 SOFTWARE 45-51
6.1 PROTEUS 50-51
6.3.1 INTRODUCTION 50-51
CHAPTER – 7 RESULT & DISCUSSION 52-54
7.1 RESULTS 53
7.2 ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS 54
CHAPTER – 8 CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE 55-56
8.1 COCLUSION 56
 8.2 FUTURE SCOPE 56
REFERANCE 57-58
APPENDIX 59-64
 ABSTRACT

Fire accidents pose a significant threat to life and property. Hence, there is
an urgent need for efficient fire detection and control systems. This paper presents an
Arduino based fire detection and control system designed to detect fires in their early
stages and initiate prompt actions to mitigate their impact. The system integrates
sensors, actuators, and a microcontroller to detect the presence of fire, alert the
occupants, and activate firefighting mechanisms. The core component of the system is
an Arduino microcontroller, programmed to receive inputs from various sensors
including temperature, smoke, and flame sensors. These sensors continuously monitor
the environment for any signs of fire. Upon detecting abnormal changes in temperature
or the presence of smoke or flames, the microcontroller triggers appropriate responses.
In the event of a fire detection, the system activates alarms such as buzzers or sirens to
alert the occupants, enabling swift evacuation. Simultaneously, it triggers actuators
connected to firefighting equipment such as water sprinklers or fire extinguishers to
suppress the fire and prevent its escalation. The system's design ensures real- time
monitoring and rapid response to fire emergencies, enhancing safety measures in
residential, commercial, and industrial settings. Furthermore, the use of Arduino-based
technology makes the system cost-effective, scalable, and easily customizable to suit
specific requirements. Overall, the proposed Arduino-based fire detection and control
system offers an effective solution to mitigate the risks associated with fire accidents,
thereby safeguarding lives and property.

i
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. FIGURE NAME PAGE NO.

1.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF MICROPROCESSOR 4

1.2 MICROCONTROLLER 4
2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PROPOSED SYSTEM 10
2.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 11
4.1 SHIFT AND PROGRESSION IN EMPHASIS OVER TIME 22
IN SUPPORT TO COMMER CENTRILIZATION
5.1 REGULATED POWER SUPPLY 28
5.2 ARDUINO NANO 29
5.3 ARDUINO NANO PIN DESCRIPTION 30
5.4 ARDUINO NANO PIN OUT 31
5.5 FIRE SENSOR MODULE 33
5.6 FIRE SENSOR PIN DESCRIPTION 33
5.7 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM 34
5.8 GSM TECHNOLOGY 34
5.9 GSM GRAPH 35
5.10 GSM ARCHITECTURE 36
5.11 GSM OPERATION 37
5.12 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY 38
5.13 BUZZER 39
5.14 RELAY 40
5.15 WATER MOTOR 43
6.1 DOTTED PCB 50
6.2 LAYOUT PCB 50
6.3 EXAMPLE CIRCUIT DESIGN PCB LAYOUT 51

ii
 ARDUINO BASED F I R E DETECTION AND CONTROL SYSTEM

CHAPTER 1

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INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Microcontroller are widely used in Embedded Systems products. An Embedded

product uses the microprocessor (or microcontroller) to done task & one task only. A
printer is an example of Embedded system since the processor inside it perform one task
only namely getting the data and printing it. Although microcontroller is preferred choice
for many Embedded systems, there are times that a microcontroller is inadequate for the
task. For this reason, in recent years many manufactures of general-purpose
microprocessors such as INTEL, Motorola, AMD & Cyrix have targeted their
microprocessors for the high end of Embedded market. One of the most critical needs of
the embedded system is to decrease power consumptions and space. This can be achieved
by integrating more functions into the CPU chips. All the embedded processors have low
power consumptions in additions to some forms of I/O, ROM all on a single chip. In
higher performance Embedded system, the trend is to integrate more & more function on
the CPU chip & let the designer decide which feature he/she wants to use.

1.2 EMBEDDED SYSTEM

Physically, embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches
and MP3 players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, or
the systems controlling nuclear power plants. Complexity varies from low, with a single
microcontroller chip, to very high with multiple units, peripherals and networks mounted
inside a large chassis or enclosure
In general, "embedded system" is not an exactly defined term, as many systems
have some element of programmability. For example, Handheld computers share some
elements with embedded systems such as the operating systems and microprocessors
which power them but are not truly embedded systems, because they allow different
applications to be loaded and peripherals to be connected. Embedded systems spanall
aspects of modern life and there are many examples of their use. Telecommunications
systems employ numerous embedded systems from telephone switches for the network
and network bridges to route data.

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EXAMPLES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM

• Automated teller machines (ATMS).
• Integrated system in aircraft and missile
• Cellular telephones and telephonic switches.
• Computer network equipment, including grouters time servers and firewalls
Computer printers, Copiers.
• Disk drives (floppy disk drive and hard disk drive), Medical equipment.
• Programmable logic controllers (PLC’s)f or industrial automation and monitoring.
Stationary ide of game controllers.

CHARACTERISTICS

Embedded systems are designed to do some specific tasks, rather than be a

general-purpose computer for multiple tasks. Some also have real-time performance
constraints that must be met, for reasons such as safety and usability; others may have
low or no performance requirements, allowing the system hardware to be simplified to
reduce costs.
Embedded systems are not always standalone devices. Many embedded systems consist
of small, computerized parts within a larger device that serves a more general purpose.
For example, the Gibson Robot Guitar features an embedded system for tuning the
strings, but the overall purpose of the Robot Guitar is, of course, to play music. Similarly,
an embedded system in an automobile provides a specific function as a subsystem of the
car itself.
The software written for embedded systems is often called firmware, and is
usually stored in read – only memory or Flash memory chips rather than a disk drive. It
often runs with limited computer hardware resources: small or no keyboard, screen, and
little memory.

1.3 MICRO PROCESSOR(MP)

A microprocessor is a general-purpose digital computer central processing unit
(CPU). Although popularly known as a “computer on a chip” is in no sense a complete
digital computer. The block diagram of a microprocessor CPU is shown, which contains
an arithmetic and logical unit (ALU), a program counter (PC), a stack pointer (SP),
some working registers, a clock timing circuit, and interrupt circuits. The
microprocessor is the central unit of a computer system that performs arithmetic and

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logic operations, which generally include adding, subtracting, transferring numbers

from one area to another, and comparing two numbers. It's often known simply as a
processor, a central processing unit, or as a logic chip. The production of inexpensive
microprocessors enabled computer engineers.

Ser
ial
CPU RAM ROM I/O Port Timer COM
General
MICROCON
TROLLERS
(MC)-
Purpose

Fig1.1 Block diagram of microprocessor

Such computer systems are small but have enough computing power to perform
many business, industrial, and scientific tasks. The microprocessor also permitted the
development of so-called intelligent terminals, such point-of-sale terminals employed in
retail stores.

1.4 MICRO CONTROLLER (MC)

Figure shows the block diagram of a typical microcontroller. The design
incorporates all of the features found in micro-processor CPU: ALU, PC, SP, and
registers. It also added the other features needed to make a complete computer: ROM,
RAM, parallel I/O, serial I/O, counters, and clock circuit.

Fig1.2 Microcontroller

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1.5 COMPARISION BETWEEN MICRO PROCESSOR AND MICRO

CONTROLLER
The microprocessor must have many additional parts to be operational as a
computer whereas microcontroller requires no additional external digital parts. The
prime use of microprocessor is to read data, perform extensive calculations on that data
and store them in the mass storage device or display it. The prime functions of
microcontroller are to read data, perform limited calculations on it, control its
environment based on these data. Thus, the microprocessor is said to be general-purpose
digital computers whereas the microcontroller is intended to be special purpose digital
controller. microprocessor need many opcodes for moving data from the external
memory to the CPU, microcontroller may require just one or two, also microprocessor
may have one or two types of bit handling instructions whereas microcontrollers have
many.

1.5.1 PERIPHERALS
• Embedded Systems talk with the outside world via peripherals such as Serial
Communication Interfaces(SCI):RS-232,RS-422,RS-485etc
• Synchronous-SerialCommunicationInterface:I2C,JTAG,SPI,SSC-and-ESSI
Universal Serial Bus (USB)
• Networks : Ethernet, Controller Area Network ,LAN networks, etc
• Timers : PLL(s),Capture/Compare and Time Processing Units Discrete
• IO: aka General Purpose Input/output(GPIO)
• Analog to Digital/Digital to Analog (ADC/DAC)

1.5.2 TOOLS

As for other software, embedded system designers use compilers, assemblers, and
debuggers to develop embedded system software. However, they may also use some more
specific tools.
Utilities to add a check sum or CRC to a program, so the embedded system can
check if the program is valid. For systems using digital signal processing, developers may
use a math workbench such as MATLAB, Simulink, Mathcad, or Mathematica to simulate
the mathematics. They might also use libraries for both the host and target which

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eliminates developing DSP routines as done in DSP nano RTOS and Unison Operating
System.

Custom compilers and linkers may be used to improve optimization for the particular
hardware.
An embedded system may have its own special language or design tool, or add
enhancements to an existing language such as Forth or Basic. Another alternative is to
add a Real-time operating system or Embedded operating system, which may have DSP.

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CHAPTER 2

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OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT

2.1 INTRODUCTION
The fire hazards bring great problems in the domestic as well as working places.
The flames occurred due to short circuits and various fire accidents in the house and at
work places. The leakage of the gas causes fire and destructible impact to the lives and as
well as to the heritage of the people. So, by keeping it in the concept of the project we
have determined to develop an examining system which detects fire and protects the work
places by taken correct precaution at correct time. This system provides the information
such as fire, sensors of in the project are used to notice the fire and immediately turns ON
the buzzer for the danger indication. Buzzer is a clear indication of fire detection. By the
detection of the fire the alerting message reached to the person who has control over it
from the GSM. Detection of the fire is important and halting is important equally. The
main objective of this project is that it is extremely accurate with a least cost, this project
system is best to detect fire and also warn people around by buzzer beep sound and an
SMS is been send to the responsible person for preparatory safety calculations and it also
respond quickly and turn on the water motor to minimize the damage.
According to ABS-CBN news 2017 that from January to June last 2017, the BFP
has recorded a total of 2,522 fire incidents. It was traced that LPG is one of the major
causes of fire during that year where half of the total which is 1,253 beside from the
electrical causes. " More than the lifetime Arduino has been a reason that thousands of
projects from everyday bodies to complicated scientific mechanism. Worldwide societies
of scholars, performers, programmers, and specialists have assembled around this
opensource program. Their knowledge about the said matter contributions a lot to help
the society in this subject area. The project entitled fire alarm with water sprinkler and
SMS alert will be a great help in terms of preventing any danger caused by fire accidents.
The purpose of this project is to detect the fire as a part of a safety system. Apart from
sound alarm, an SMS alert will inform the authorized person and the water motor should
be turned on to minimize the damage. Descriptively, we use a fire sensor to monitor the
fire. This proposed project will trigger the sound alarm. In addition, the authorized person
will be informed about the detection via SMS alert and the water motor will be
automatically turned on. The people can be saved from a potential explosion caused by
fire accidents.

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But it may lead to major fire incidents when LPG is leaked and both material damage
and human injury or death occur, which are growing day by day for so many reasons. From
0.72% of all kitchen accidents, LPG gas leaks have risen to 10.74% of all kitchen accidents.
prevent fire accidents and to provide house protection to create an alert warning system based
on the Global System for Mobile (GSM) network. The presence of fires can be detected using
it. "The sensors used in the circuit will detect that it turns on the buzzer whenever fire detects,
and at this time the GSM modem will send an SMS alert and also call to be sent to owner to
the mobile user not that the gas has been Fire Detected in your home please immediately take
action! which provides notification in real-time. This device can be mounted in kitchens,
storage rooms parking garages industries for fire detection, factories, or any place that is
considered appropriate.

2.2 EXISTING SYSTEM

Fire accidents can result in catastrophic personal injury and devastating damage.
Every year, billions of rupees in property damage occur as a result of fire. Victims of
fire accidents can suffer serious harm, including burn injury to their entire body. The
Centres for Disease Control and Prevention note deaths from fires and burns are the
fourth most common cause of unintentional injury deaths in the and third leading cause
of fatal home injury. Fire accidents can cause death not only from burns but also from
smoke inhalation and toxic gases in house - Grease mishandling from cooking, pots and
pans overheating and combustible material being too close to burners (newspaper, paper
towels, oven mitts, glass). Ignored maintenance of heating equipment. Each year you
should have your furnace and air conditioning unit looked after by a professional. When
your furnace fails, you are at severe risk of carbon monoxide poisoning. Careless
smoking: this is a given. No one should be smoking in or around the home and cigarettes
should be completely put out and properly disposed of. appliances should be unplugged
at the end of the day or when you are out of the home. Toasters, coffee machines, irons,
etc. are known causes for accidental fires.
In factory - Paper, cardboard, and combustible materials tend to build up and
present a fire hazard in many workplaces especially office environments. It is important
to dispose of these items on a regular basis to help reduce the chance of a fire starting.
Something as simple as a discarded cigarette can start a fire that can spread quickly.
Factories are constantly in motion, with assembly lines and machinery constantly in use,
and as such, a huge amount of electricity is required to run them. With the strain that is

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put on the electrical systems, there is always a chance that they may overload, for
example, which could start an electrical fire that quickly spreads across the factory. The
Existing system does not respond quickly.

2.3 PROPOSED SYSTEM

In this proposed by using the “Fire Detector with SMS Alert using ARDUNIO and
GSM module”, will be a great help in terms of preventing any danger caused Due to fire
accidents. The purpose of this project is to detect the presence of fire in the homes and
working places. Apart from sound alarm and SMS alert it will also turn on water motor.
The water motor is used to Control the fire in room. which used to prevent accidents and
property damage. It is cost efficient and reduce damage caused by the fire accident.Fire
accidents have been increased drastically in the recent years of all the kitchen accidents
Industries etc. This is the big problems in industrial sector, residential milieu and homes
parking garages manufacturing areas hotels and historical buildings One of the
contraceptive methods to stop accidents associated with the fire is to install a fire
detection device at vulnerable places. This system provides the information such as when
a fire is detected, by the sensors of in the project are used to notice the fire and
immediately turns ON the buzzer for the danger indication. Buzzer isa clear indication of
fire accident. By the detection of the fire the alerting message reached the person and also
call will be directs to owner who has control over it from the GSM. Water motor is system.

2.3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PROPOSED SYSTEM

POWER
SUPPLY LCD

FIRE ARDUINO
RELAY MOTOR
SENSOR NANO

GSM BUZZER

Fig 2.1 Block Diagram of Proposed System

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2.3.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig 2.2 Circuit Diagram

A circuit diagram (wiring, electrical, elementary, electronic schematic diagram) is

a graphical representation of an electrical circuit. A pictorial circuit diagram uses simple
images of components, while a schematic diagram shows the components and inter
connection of the circuit using standardized symbolic representation.
Circuit diagram consists of bread board, fire sensor, relay, LCD display, GSM
module, AC motor, Arduino nano, Buzzer. Relay to Arduino: Vcc connected to the 3.3V;
ground connected to ground; input connected to 11th pin. Sensor to Arduino: D0 pin

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connected to 12th pin ; Vcc connected to 5V power supply; ground is grounded. GSM to
Arduino: Receiver pin is connected to transmitter pin ; Transmitter pin is connected to
receiver pin. Lcd to Arduino D7 pin connected to 5thpin ; D6 pin connected to 4th pin of
Arduino; D5 pin connected to 3rd pin; D4 pin connected to 2nd pin; EN pin connected to
6th pin; RS pin connected to 7th pin; 5v pin connected to 5v power supply.

2.3.3 HARDWARE COMPONENTS

• Power Supply
• Arduino NANO
• Fire Sensor
• GSM
• LCD
• Buzzer
• Relay
• AC Motor

2.3.4 SOFTWARE COMPONENTS

• Arduino IDE
• Proteus

2.3.5 TECHNOLOGY USED

WSN (Wireless Sensor Network)

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CHAPTER 3

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LITERATURE REVIEW
Throughout the development of our project, we were able to review some projects,
Journals, Articles and books which are related to the title of our project. We believe that
all the reviewed materials have been a good asset for the overall design and development
of the project we have chosen. In this section some of the related projects we have
reviewed are discussed.

3.1 FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS

Fire extinguishing systems have various types by fire main, water, foams, sprays
or waters pray etc. Other uses gas inert. All systems conform to ISO. Fire Main Systems
pumps and a distributed piping system supplying fire hydrants, hoses and nozzles the
located throughout the vessel. Its purpose is to provide a readily available source of water
to any point throughout the vessel which can be used to combat a fire and is considered
the backbone of the firefighting systems onboard a vessel. Through the fire main system,
the firefighter is provided with a reliable and versatile system capable of providing a
number of different methods with which to engage a fire. Water can be supplied as a
straight stream for combating deep seated fires, as a spray for combating combustible
liquid fires where cooling and minimum agitation is desired or as a means to protect
personnel where cooling is the primary effect desired

3.2 FIXED GAS FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS

Fixed gas fire extinguishing systems typically suppress fires by reducing the
available oxygen in the atmosphere to a point where combustion can no longer take place
or by interrupting the chemical reaction necessary for the progression of the fire.

3.3 FIXED WATER FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM

Water is an ideal extinguishing medium for many shipboard applications. It is

used on a variety of fires. There are several mechanisms involved in the extinguishment
of a fire with water. First, there is the cooling of the flame temperature when water
passes through the combustion zone and absorbs heat through evaporation. Cooling of
the flame temperature results in a reduction in the amount of radiant heat released by
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the fire, and therefore, a reduction in the amount of with a reduction of the radiant heat
received at the fuel surface and the additional cooling of the fuel surface by direct
contact with the water droplets, there is a reduction in the amount of combustible gases
released. With sufficient cooling of the flame temperature and/or the fuel, the rate of
pyrolysis or vaporization of combustible vapors will be reduced to a point which
combustion will no longer be self-supporting. Water chemical reaction, displaces the air
that supplies oxygen for the combustion process and results in a smothering of the fire.
Fixed water extinguishing systems are normally considered to include water spray,
water sprinkler
system piping and then into the foam proportional. The foam solution produced by water
and foam concentrate flows into the system piping and is discharged through the open
nozzles or sprinklers

3.4 PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHER

Portable fire extinguishers will work as intended to provide a first line of defines
against fires of limited size. A fire extinguisher is a storage container for an extinguishing
agent such as water or chemicals. It is designed to put out a small fire not a big one. An
extinguisher is labelled according to whether the fire on which it is to be used occurs in.

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CHAPTER 4

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WSN TECHNOLOGY
4.1 INTRODUCTION
A sensor network is an infrastructure comprised of sensing (measuring),
computing, and communication elements that gives an administrator the ability to
instrument, observe, and react to events and phenomena in a specified environment. The
administrator typically is a civil, governmental, commercial, or industrial entity. The
environment can be the physical world, a biological system, or an information technology
(IT) framework. Network(ed) sensor systems are seen by observers as an important
technology that will experience major deployment in the next few years for a plethora of
applications, not the least being national security. Typical applications include, but are
not limited to, data collection, monitoring, surveillance, and medical telemetry. In
addition to sensing, one is often also interested in control and activation.
There are four basic components in a sensor network:
1. An assembly of distributed or localized sensors;
2. An interconnecting network (usually, but not always, wireless-based);
3. A central point of information clustering; and
4. A set of computing resources at the central point (or beyond) to handle data
correlation, event trending, status querying, and data mining.
In this context, the sensing and computation nodes are considered part of the
sensor network; in fact, some of the computing may be done in the network itself.
Because of the potentially large quantity of data collected, algorithmic methods for data
management play an important role in sensor networks. The computation and
communication infrastructure associated with sensor networks is often specific to this
environment and rooted in the device and application-based nature of these networks.
For example, unlike most other settings, in-network processing is desirable in sensor
networks; furthermore, node power (and/or battery life) is a key design consideration.
The information collected is typically parametric in nature, but with the emergence of
low-bit-rate video [e.g., Moving Pictures Expert Group 4 (MPEG-4)] and imaging
algorithms, some systems also support these types of media.
In this book we provide an exposition of the fundamental aspects of wireless
sensor networks (WSNs). We cover wireless sensor network technology, applications,
communication techniques, networking protocols, middleware, security, and system
management. There already is an extensive bibliography of research on this topic; the
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reader may wish, for example, to consult [1.4] for an up-to date list. We seek to
systematize the extensive paper and conference literature that has evolved in the past
decade or so into a cohesive treatment of the topic. The book is targeted to
communications developers, managers, and practitioners who seek to understand the
benefits of this new technology and plan for its use and deployment.

4.1.1 BACKGROUND OF SENSOR NETWORK TECHNOLOGY

Researchers see WSNs as an ‘‘exciting emerging domain of deeply networked
systems of low-power wireless motes2 with a tiny amount of CPU and memory, and large
federated networks for high-resolution sensing of the environment’’. Sensors in a WSN
have a variety of purposes, functions, and capabilities. The field is now advancing under
the push of recent technological advances and the pull of a myriad of potential
applications. The radar networks used in air traffic control, the national electrical power
grid, and nationwide weather stations deployed over a regular topographic mesh are all
examples of early-deployment sensor networks; all of these systems, however, use
specialized computers and communication protocols and consequently, are very
expensive. Much less expensive WSNs are now being planned for novel applications in
physical security, health care, and commerce. Sensor networking is a multidisciplinary
area that involves, among others, radio and networking, signal processing, artificial
intelligence, database management, systems architectures for operator-friendly
infrastructure administration, resource optimization, power management algorithms, and
platform technology (hardware and software, such as operating systems). The
applications, networking principles, and protocols for these systems are just beginning to
be developed [1.48]. The near-ubiquity of the Internet, the advancements in wireless and
wireline communications technologies, the network build-out (particularly in the wireless
case), the developments in IT (such as high-power processors, large random- access
memory chips, digital signal processing, and grid computing), coupled with recent
engineering advances, are in the aggregate opening the door to a new generation of
lowcost sensors and actuators that are capable of achieving high-grade spatial and
temporal resolution.
The technology for sensing and control includes electric and magnetic field
sensors; radio-wave frequency sensors; optical-, electrooptic-, and infrared sensors;
radars; lasers; location/navigation sensors; seismic and pressure-wave sensors;
environmental parameter sensors (e.g., wind, humidity, heat); and biochemical national

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security–oriented sensors. Today’s sensors can be described as ‘‘smart’’ inexpensive.

devices equipped with multiple onboard sensing elements; they are low-cost low-power
untethered multifunctional nodes that are logically homed to a central sink node. Sensor
devices, or wireless nodes (WNs), are also (sometimes) called motes. A stated
commercial goal is to develop complete microelectromechanical systems (MEMSs)–
based sensor systems at a volume of 1 mm3. Sensors are internetworked via a series of
multi hop short-distance low-power wireless links (particularly within a defined sensor
field); they typically utilize the Internet or some other network for long-haul delivery of
information to a point (or points) of final data aggregation and analysis. In general, within
the sensor field, WSNs employ contention-oriented random-access channel sharing and
transmission techniques that are now incorporated in the IEEE 802 family of standards;
indeed, these techniques were originally developed in the late 1960s and 1970s expressly
for wireless (not cabled) environments and for large sets of dispersed nodes with limited
channel-management intelligence. However, other channel management techniques are
also available.
Sensors are typically deployed in a high-density manner and in large quantities:
AWSN consists of densely distributed nodes that support sensing, signal processing,
embedded computing, and connectivity; sensors are logically linked by self-organizing
means (sensors that are deployed in short-hop point-to-point master–slave pair
arrangements are also of interest). WNs typically transmit information to collecting
(monitoring) stations that aggregate some or all of the information. WSNs have unique
characteristics, such as, but not limited to, power constraints and limited battery life for
the WNs, redundant data acquisition, low duty cycle, and, many-to-one flows.
Consequently, new design methodologies are needed across a set of disciplines including,
but not limited to, information transport, network and operational management,
confidentiality, integrity, availability, and, in-network/local processing. In some cases, it
is challenging to collect (extract) data from WNs because connectivity to and from the
WNs may be intermittent due to a low-battery status (e.g., if these are dependent on
sunlight to recharge) or other WN malfunction.3 Furthermore, a lightweight protocol
stack is desired. Often, a very large number of client units (say 64k or more) need to be
supported by the system and by the addressing apparatus.
Sensors span several orders of magnitude in physical size; they (or, at least some of
their components) range from nanoscopic-scale devices to mesoscopic-scale devices at one
end, and from microscopic-scale devices to macroscopic-scale devices at the other end.
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Nanoscopic (also known as nanoscale) refers to objects or devices on the order of 1 to 100
nm in diameter; mesoscopic scale refers to objects between 100 and 10,000 nm in diameter;
the microscopic scale ranges from 10 to 1000 mm, and the macroscopic scale is at the
millimetre-to-meter range. At the low end of the scale, one finds, among others, biological
sensors, small passive microsensors (such as Smart Dust4), and ‘‘lab-on-a-chip’’ assemblies.
At the other end of the scale, one finds platforms such as, but not limited to, identity tags,
toll collection devices, controllable weather data collection sensors, bioterrorism sensors,
radars, and undersea submarine traffic sensors based on sonars.5 Some refer to the latest
generation of sensors, especially the miniaturized sensors that are directly embedded in some
physical infrastructure, as microsensors. A sensor network supports any type of generic
sensor; more narrowly, networked microsensors are a subset of the general family of sensor
networks Microsensors with onboard processing and wireless interfaces can be utilized to
study and monitor a variety of phenomena and environments at close proximity.
Sensors can be simple point elements or can be multipoint detection arrays.
Typically, nodes are equipped with one or more application-specific sensors and with
onnode signal processing capabilities for extraction and manipulation (pre-processing) of
physical environment information. Embedded network sensing refers to the synergistic
incorporation of microsensors in structures or environments; embedded sensing enables
spatially and temporally dense monitoring of the system under consideration (e.g., an
environment, a building, a battlefield). Sensors may be passive and/or be self-powered;
farther down the power-consumption chain, some sensors may require relatively low
power from a battery or line feed. At the high end of the power- consumption chain, some
sensors may require very high-power feeds (e.g., for radars).
Sensors facilitate the instrumenting and controlling of factories, offices, homes,
vehicles, cities, and the ambiance, especially as commercial off-the-shelf technology
becomes available. With sensor network technology (specifically, with embedded
networked sensing), ships, aircraft, and buildings can ‘‘self-detect’’ structural faults (e.g.,
fatigue-induced cracks). Places of public assembly can be instrumented to detect airborne
agents such as toxins and to trace the source of the contamination should any be present
(this can also be done for ground and underground situations). Earthquake- oriented
sensors in buildings can locate potential survivors and can help assess structural damage;
tsunami-alerting sensors are useful for nations with extensive coastlines. Sensors also find
extensive applicability on the battlefield for reconnaissance and surveillance.

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In this book we emphasize the emergence of open standards in support of WSNs;

standardization drives commercialization of the technology. ‘‘New things’’ generally start
out as advanced research projects pursued at government and/or academic labs. Typically,
pure and/or applied research goes on for a number of years. At this early stage,
specialized, one-of-a-kind, complex, and non-interworking prototypes, pilots, or
deployments are common. Eventually, however, if a new thing is to become a ubiquitous
technology, commercial-level open standards, chipsets, and products are needed, which
must meet commercial service- and operational-level agreements in terms of reliability,
cost, usability, durability, and simplicity.
Following is a sample classification of research topics by frequency of
publication based on a fair- sized sample of recent scientific WSN articles:
• Deployment 9.70%
• Target tracking 7.27%
• Localization 6.06%
• Data gathering 6.06%
• Routing and aggregation 5.76% Security 5.76%
• MAC protocols 4.85% Querying and databases 4.24% Time synchronization 3.64%
• Applications 3.33%
• Robust routing 3.33%
• Lifetime optimization 3.33%
• Hardware 2.73%
• Transport layer 2.73%
• Distributed algorithms 2.73%
• Resource-aware routing 2.42%
• Storage 2.42%
• Middleware and task allocation
2.42% Calibration 2.12%
• Wireless radio and link characteristics 2.12% Network monitoring 2.12%
• Geographic routing 1.82%
• Compression 1.82%
• Taxonomy 1.52%
• Capacity 1.52%

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• Link-layer techniques 1.21%

• Topology control 1.21%
• Mobile nodes 1.21%
• Programming 0.91%
• Power control 0.61%
• Software 0.61%
• Autonomic routing 0.30%

Total e ort

Engineering/
R&Deffort Implement t ef t

Fig 4.1Shift and progression in emphasis over time in support to

commercialization
Implementations of WSNs have to address a set of technical challenges; how-
ever, the move toward standardization will, in due course, minimize a number of these
challenges by addressing the issues once and then result in off-the-shelf chip- sets and
components. A current research and development (R&D) challenge is to develop low-
power communication with low-cost on-node processing and self- organizing
connectivity/protocols; another critical challenge is the need for
extendedtemporaloperationofthesensingnodedespitea(typically)limitedpower supply
implieslowpowerconsumptionfortransmissionoverlow-bandwidthchannelsand low-
power-consumption logic to pre-process and/or compress data. Energy- efficient wireless
communications systems are being sought and are typical of WSNs. Low power
consumption is a key factor in ensuring long operating horizons for non-power- fed
systems (some systems can indeed be power-fed and/or rely on other power sources).
Power efficiency in WSN sis generally accomplished in three ways.

4.2 APPLICATIONS OF SENSOR NETWORKS

Traditionally, sensor networks have been used in the context of high-end
applications such as radiation and nuclear-threat detection systems, ‘‘over-the-horizon’’
weapon sensors for ships, biomedical applications, habitat sensing, and seismic

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monitoring. More recently, interest has focused on networked biological and chemical
sensors for national security applications; furthermore, evolving interest extends to direct
consumer applications. Existing and potential applications of sensor networks include,
among others, military sensing, physical security, air traffic control, traffic surveillance,
video surveillance, industrial and manufacturing automation, process control, inventory
management, distributed robotics, weather sensing, environment monitoring, national
border monitoring, and building and structures monitoring.
A short list of applications follows :
• Military applications Monitoring inimical forces
• Monitoring friendly forcesand equipment Military- the ater or battle field surveillance
Targeting
• Battle damage assessment

• Nuclear, biological, and chemical attack detection.

• Environmental applications
• Microclimates
• Forest fire detection
• Flood detection Precision agriculture.
• Health applications
• Remote monitoring of physiological data

• Tracking and monitoring doctors and patients inside a hospital Drug administration
• Elderly assistance.
• Home applications
• Home automation
• Commercial applications
4.3 SENSOR NODE TECHNOLOGY
As we saw in earlier chapters, a WSN consists of a group of dispersed sensors
(motes) that have the responsibility of covering a geographic area (the sensor field) in
terms of some communication capabilities and some logic for signal processing, topology
management (if and where applicable), and transmission handling (including digital
encoding and possibly encryption and/or forward error correction). Figured epicts the
progression of sensor technology overtime during the past few years. WSNs that expected
to) will be of benefit ;design of such systems is now being encouraged by U.S. research
agencies (e.g., the National Science Foundation). Some sensor applications also support

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e-money purchases at point-of-sale locations such as from soft-drink machines, kiosks,

gas stations, and checkout counters. At the design level a WSN sits at the confluence of
research in disciplines such as database query processing, networking, algorithms, and
distributed systems; hence, a lot of thought and engineering go into the development of
both WNs and WSNs. The basic functionality of a WN generally depends on the
application, but the following requirements are typical:
Determine the value of a parameter at a given location. For example, in an
environment-oriented WSN, one might need to know the temperature, events of interest
and estimate the parameters of the events. For example, in a traffic- a car, a minivan, a
light truck, a bus Track an object. For example, in a military WSN, track an enemy tank
as it moves through the geographic area covered by the network.
Physical measurement: Examples include two-axis magnetometers; light and
ultraviolet intensity (photo resistor); radiation levels, radio, and microwave; humidity,
temperature (thermistor), atmospheric pressure, fog, and dust; sound and acoustics; two-
axis accelerometers, shock wave, seismic, physical pressure, and motion; video and
image (visible or infrared); and location (GPS) and locomotion measurements.
Chemical and biological measurements: Examples include the presence or
concentration of a substance or agent at specified concentration levels (there are no less
than 50 biological agents of interest).Event measurement: Examples include
determination of the occurrence of human-made or natural events, including cyber-level
events; tracking of internal and external events .Small, low-cost, robust, reliable, and
sensitive sensors are needed to enable the realization of practical and economical sensor
networks. Although a large number measurands are of interest for WSN applications,
commercially available sensors exist for many of these measurands; one prominent
exception is that a wide range of appropriate chemical sensors is not yet broadly
available. Sensor nodes come in a variety of hardware configurations: from nodes
connected to a LAN and attached to permanent power sources, to nodes communicating
via wireless multi hop RF radio powered by small batteries. The trend is toward very
large-scale integration (VLSI), integrated optoelectronics, and nano- technology; in
particular, work is under way in earnest in the biochemical arena. The goal of recent
research and engineering is to build cubic milli meter (mm3)– scale advanced WNs and
motes. As shown in Figure, motes developed in the early 2000s were on the order of a
cubic inch (this is approximately 16,387mm3). By 2007, researchers expect to have 1-
mm3 nodes able to operate in a functional network (e.g., Speck Net research).
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4.4 DATA DISSEMINATION AND GATHERING

The way that data and queries are forwarded between the base station and the
location where the target phenomena are observed is an important aspect and a basic
feature of WSNs. A simple approach to accomplishing this task is for each sensor node
to exchange data directly with the base station. A single-hop-based approach, however, is
costly, as nodes that are farther geographical region or where the wireless sensors are
mobile and may move away from a radius. Such an approach leads to significant energy
savings and reduces considerably communication interference between sensor nodes
competing to access the channel, particularly in highly dense WSNs. Data forwarding
between the sensors where data are collected and the sinks where data are made available
is illustrated in Figure 6.2. In response to queries issued by the sinks or when specific
event so occur within the area monitored, data collected by the sensors are transmitted to
the base station using multi hop paths.

4.5 OPERATING SYSTEM

The role of any operating system (OS) is to promote the development of reliable
application software by providing a convenient and safe abstraction of hardware
resources. OSs for WSN nodes are typically less complex than general-purpose OSs both
because of the special requirements of WSN applications and because of the resource
constraints in WSN hardware platforms.
Tiny OS (Tiny OS Community Forum, n.d.) is perhaps the first operating system
specifically designed for WSNs. It features a component-based architecture which
enables rapid innovation and implementation while minimizing code size as required by
the severe memory constraints inherent in WSNs. TinyOS’s component library includes
network protocols, distributed services, sensor drivers, and data acquisition tools - all of
which can be further refined for a custom application. Unlike most other OSs, TinyOS is
based on an event-driven programming model instead of multithreading. TinyOS
programs are composed into event handlers and tasks with run-to-completion semantics.
When an external event occurs, such as an incoming data packet or a sensor reading,
TinyOS calls the appropriate event handler to handle the event. Event handlers can post
tasks that are scheduled by the TinyOS kernel at a later stage. Both the TinyOS system
and programs written for TinyOS are written in a special programming language called
nesC which is an extension of the C programming language. NesC is designed to detect
race conditions between tasks and event handlers. Currently, TinyOS has been ported to

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over a dozen platforms and numerous sensor boards. A wide community uses it in
simulation to develop and test various algorithms and protocols. Contiki provides IP
communication, both for IPv4 and IPv6. Many key mechanisms and ideas from Contiki
have been widely adopted within the industry. The UIP embedded IP stack, originally
released in 2001, is today used by hundreds of companies in systems such as freighter
ships, satellites and oil drilling equipment. Contiki’s protothreads, first released in 2005,
have been used in many different embedded systems, ranging from digital TV decoders
to wireless vibration sensors. Contiki’s idea of using IP communication in low-power
WSNs has lead to an IETF standard and an international industry alliance - IP for Smart
Objects (IPSO) Alliance (IPSO Alliance - promoting the use of IP for Smart Objects,
n.d.). There are also other OSs that can be used by WSNs. or example, SOS (SOS
Embedded Operating System, n.d.) is an event-driven OS for mote-class sensor.

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CHAPTER 5

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HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION
5.1 HARDWARE COMPONENTS
• Power Supply
• Arduino NANO
• Fire Sensor
• GSM
• LCD
• Buzzer
• Relay
• AC Motor
5.2 POWERSUPPLY
In this project we have power supplies with +5V & -5V option normally +5V is
enough for total circuit. Another (-5V) supply is used in case of OP amp circuit.
Transformer primary side has 230/50HZ AC voltage whereas at the secondary
winding the voltage is step downed to 12/50 H zand this voltage is rectified using
two full wave rectifiers the rectified output is given to a filter circuit to fitter the
unwanted ac in the signal. After that the output is again applied to are gulator
LM7805 (toprovide+5v) regulator. WhereasLM7905 is for providing –5Vregulation.
Z (+12V circuit is used for stepper motors, Fan and Relay by using LM7812 regulator
same process like above supplies).

Fig5.1 REGULATED POWER SUPPLY

5.2.1 TRANSFORMER
Transformers are used to convert electricity from one voltage to another with
minimal loss of power. They only work with AC (alternating current) because they require
a changing magnetic field to be created in their core. Transformers can increase voltage
(step-up) as well as reduce voltage (step-down). Alternating current flowing in the
primary (input) coil creates a continually changing magnetic field in them on core. This

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field also passes through the secondary (output) coil and the changing strength of the
magnetic field induces an alternating voltage in the secondary coil. If the secondary coils
connected to a load the induced voltage will make an induced current flow. The correct
term for the induced voltage is ‘induced electromotive force’ which is usually abbreviated
to induced e.m.f.

5.2.2 RECTIFIERS
The purpose of a rectifier is to convert an AC wave form into a DC wave form
(OR) Rectifier converts A current or voltages into DC current or voltage. There are two
different rectification circuits, known as 'half-wave' and 'full-wave' rectifiers. Both use
components called diodes to convert AC into DC.

5.2.3 FILTERS
A filter circuit is a device which removes the ac component of rectifier output but
allows the dc component to the load. The most commonly used filter circuits are capacitor
filter, choke input filter and capacitor input filter or pi-filter. We used capacitor filter here.
The capacitor filter circuit is extremely popular because of its low cost, small size, little
weight and good characteristics. For small loadcurrents this t peoffilter is preferred. It is
commonly used in transistor radio battery eliminators.

5.3 ARDUINO NANO (ATmaga328p)

Fig 5.2 Arduino NANO

The Arduino Nano is a small, complete, and breadboard – friendly board based
on the AT mega 328 P released in 2008. It offers the same connectivity and specs of the
Arduino Uno board in a smaller form factor. The Arduino Nano is equipped with 30 male

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I/O headers, in aDIP30-like configuration, which can be programmed using the Arduino
Software integrated development environment (IDE), which is comm onto all Arduino
boards and running both online and offline The board can be powered through a type-B
micro-USB cable or from a 9 V battery. In 2019, Arduino released the Arduino Nano
Every, a pin-equivalent evolution of the Nano. It features a more powerful ATmega4809
processor and twice the RAM.

5.3.1 INTRODUCTION ARDUINO NANO U3

The Arduino Nano is a small, complete, and breadboard –friendly board based on
the ATmega328(ArduinoNano3.x) thus more or less the same functionality of the Arduino
Due Milonov, but in a different package. It lacks only a DC power jack, and works with
a Mini-B USB cable instead of a standard one.
It comes with an operating voltage of 5V; however,theinputvoltage can vary from
7to 12V. Arduino Nano Pinout contains 14 digital pins, 8 analog Pins, 2 Reset Pins & 6
Power Pins. Each of these Digital &Analog Pins are assigned with multiple functions but
their main function is to be configured as input or output. The analog pins come with a
total resolution of 10bits which measure the value from zero to 5V.

Fig 5.3 Arduino NANO Pin Description

Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the Arduino
Nano is designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software running on a connected
computer.One of the hard ware flow control lines(DTR) of the FT232RL is connected to
there set line of the ATmega328 via a 100 nano-farads capacitor. When this line is asserted
(taken low), the reset line drops long enough to reset the chip.

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5.3.2 ARDIUNO NANO PIN OUT

Fig 5.4 Arduino NANO Pin Out

The Arduino Nano has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer,
another Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provide UART TTL (5V)
serial communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An FTDI
FT232RL on the board channels this serial communication over USB and the FTDI
drivers (included with the Arduino software) provide a virtual com port to software on
the computer. The Arduino software includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual
data to be sent to and from the Arduino board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will
flash when data is being transmitted via the FTDI chip and USB connection to the
computer (but not for serial communication on pins 0 and 1). A Software Serial library
allows for serial communication on any of the Nano's digital pins. The ATmega328 also
support I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino software includes a Wire library
to simplify use of the I2C bus.

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FEATURES
• Microcontroller:MicrochipATmega328P[5]
• Operatingvoltage:5vols
• Inputvoltage:6to20volts
• Digital I/Opins:14(6optionalPWMoutputs)
• Analoginputpins:8
• DC per I/Opin:40mA
• DCfor3.3Vpin:50 mA
• Flashmemory:32KB, of which0.5KBisusedbybootloader
• SRAM:2KB
• EEPROM:1KB
• Clockspeed:16MHz
• Length:45mm
• Width:18mm
• Mass:7g
Note: We use Arduino IDE software for programming this module. It is important to note
that the pin configuration appearing on the board is different from the configuration we
use to program the board on the software i.e., when we write code for targeting pin 16 on
the Arduino IDE, it will actually help is laying out the communication with the D0 pin
on the module. Following figure, the shows the pin configuration to use in Arduino IDE.

HOW TO POWER ARDUINO NANO U3

We can see from the pinout image above, there are five ground pins and three 3V3
pins on the board. The board can be powered up using the following three ways. mini–
USB Power. It proves to an ideal choice for loading programs unless the project you aim
to design requires separate interface i.e., disconnected from the computer.
Provide 5V. This is another great option to power up the module. If you have your own
off- board regulator, you can generate an instant power source for your development kit
.ower Vin. This isa voltage regulator that comes with the ability to support up to 800 mA.
It can handle somewhere between 7 to 12 V. You cannot power the devices operating at
5V, as this regulator unable to generate as low as 5V.

5.4 FIRE SENSOR

Flame sensor is the most sensitive to ordinary light that is why its reaction

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is generally used as flame alarm purposes. This module can detect flame or wavelength
in 760 nm to 1100 nm range of light source. Small plate output interface can and single
chip can be directly connected to the microcomputer IO port. The sensor and flame should
keep a certain distance to avoid high temperature damage to the sensor. The shortest test
distance is 80 cm, if the flame is bigger, test it with farther distance. The detection angle
is 60 degrees so the flame spectrum is especially sensitive. The detection angle is 60
degrees so the flame spectrum is especially sensitive.

Fig 5.5 Fire sensor module

5.4.1 SPECIFICATIONS
• On-board LM393 voltage comparator chip and infrared sensing probe.
Support 5V/3.3V voltage input.
• On-board signal output indication, output effective signal is high level,
and the same time the indicator lights up, output signal can directly
connect with microcontroller IO. Signal detection sensitivity can be
adjusted.
• Reserved a line voltage compare circuit (P3 is leaded out). PCB size:
30(mm) x15(mm).
Pin Configuration:
VCC
Output
Ground

Fig 5.6 Fire sensor pin description

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SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

Fig 5.7 Schematic Diagram

HOW TO TEST
Connect your Arduino microcontroller to the computer.
Connect the VCC pin of your module to the to the 5V pin of your Arduino.
Connect the GND pin of your module to the GND pin of your Arduino. Connect
the Output pin of your module to the A0 pin of you Arduino.

5.5 GSM

5.5.1 DEFINITION OF GSM

Global system for mobile communication (GSM) is a globally accepted standard
for digital cellular communication. GSM is the name of a standardization groupe
stablished in 1982 to create a common European mobile telephone standard that would
formulate specifications for a pan-European mobile cellular radio system operating at
900MHz.

Fig5.8 GSM TECHNOLOGY

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5.5.2 HISTORY OF GSM

Global system for mobile communication is a globally accepted standard for
digital cellular communication. GSM is the name of a standardization group established
in 1982 to create a common European mobile telephone standard that would formulate
specifications for a pan- European mobile cellular radio system operating at 900MHz. It
is estimated that many countries outside of Europe will join the GSM partnership. GSM,
the Global System for Mobile communications, is a digital cellular communications
system, which has rapidly gained acceptance and market share worldwide, although it
was initially developed in a European context. In addition to digital transmission, GSM
incorporates many advanced services and features, including ISDN compatibility and
worldwide roaming in other GSM networks.
The advanced services and architecture of GSM have made it a model for future third
generation cellular systems, such as UMTS.

Fig5.9 GSM Graph

5.5.3 GSM SERVICES

o Tele-services.

o Supplementary services.

o TELE-SERVICES:
o Telecommunication services that enable voice communication via mobile phones.

5.5.4 BEARERORD DATASERVICES

Include various data services for information transfer between GSM and other
networks like PSTN, ISDN etc.at rates from300 to 9600bps, Short Message Service
(SMS) up to 160-character alphanumeric data transmission to/from the mobile terminal
Unified, Messaging Services (UMS), Group3fax, Voice mailbox, electronic mail.

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5.5.5 SUPPLEMENTARY SERVICES

Call related services like Call Waiting-Notification of an incoming call while on
the hand set, Call Hold-Put a caller on hold to take another call, Call Barring-All calls,
outgoing calls, or incoming calls, Call Forwarding- Calls can be sent to various numbers
defined by the user, Multi Party Call Conferencing-Link multiple calls together.

Fig5.10 GSM Architecture

5.5.6 OPERATION GSM

The basis of the GPS is a constellation of satellites that are continuously orbiting the
earth. These satellites, which are equipped with atomic clocks, transmit radio signals that
contain their exact location, time, and other information. The radio signals from the
satellites, which are monitored and corrected by control stations, are picked up by the
GPS receiver. A Global Positioning System receiver needs only three satellites to plot a
rough, 2D position, which will not be very accurate. On air interface, GSM uses
encryption and TMSI instead of IMSI. SIM is provided 4-8digit PIN to validate the owner
ship of SIM.
3.algorithmsarespecified:
A3algorithmfor authentication.

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Fig5.11 GSM Operation

5.5.7 CHARACTERISTICS OF GSM STANDARD

• Fullydigitalsystemusing900,1800MHzfrequencyband.

• TDMA over radio carriers (200KHzcarrierspacing).

• fullrateor16 half rate TDMA channels per carrier.

• Encryption of speech and data transmission over the radio path. User / terminal
authentication for fraud control.
• Full international roaming capability.
• Low speed data services(upto9.6Kb/s).
Compatibility with ISDN.
• Support of Short Message Service (SMS).

5.5.8 ADVANTAGES OF GSM OVER ANALOG SYSTEM

• Capacity increases.
• Reduced RF transmission power and longer battery life.
International roaming capability.

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• Better security against fraud (through terminal validation and user authentication).
Generation-WCDMA (Wide band CDMA its data rate:
0.348 – 2.0 Mb).

5.6 LCD (LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY)

LCD (liquid crystal display) is the technology used for displays in notebook and
other smaller computers. Like light-emitting diode (LED) and gas-plasma technologies,
LCDs allow displays to be much thinner than cathode ray tube (CRT) technology. LCDs
consume much less power than LED and gas-display displays because they work on the
principle of blocking light rather than emitting it.

Fig 5.12 Liquid Crystal Display

FEATURES
• Compatible with most I/O ports in the E-Block range (requires 5 I/O lines via 9-way
D- type connector)
• Ease to develop programming code using Flow code icons
• Low cost
• E-blocks compatible

5.6.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAYS

The term liquid crystal is used to describe a substance in a state between liquid
and solid but which exhibits the properties of both. Molecules in liquid crystals tend to
arrange themselves until they all point in the same specific direction. This arrangement
of molecules enables the medium to flow as a liquid. Depending on the temperature and
particular nature of a substance, liquid crystals can exist in one of several distinct phases.
Liquid crystals in a nematic phase, in which there is no spatial ordering of the molecules,
for example, are used in LCD technology.
One important feature of liquid crystals is the fact that an electrical current affects
them. A particular sort of nematic liquid crystal, called twisted nematic (TN), is naturally

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twisted. Applying an electric current to these liquid crystals will untwist them to varying
degrees, depending on the current's voltage. LCDs use these liquid crystals because they
react predictably to electric current in such a way as to control the passage of light.
The working of a simple LCD is shown in Figure 1. It has a mirror (A) in back,
which makes it reflective. There is a piece of glass (B) with a polarizing film on the
bottom side, and a common electrode plane (C) made of indium-tin oxide on top. A
common electrode plane covers the entire area of the LCD. Above that is the layer of
liquid crystal substance (D). Next comes another piece of glass (E) with an electrode in
the shape of the rectangle on the bottom and, on top, another polarizing film (F), at a right
angle to the first one

5.7 BUZZERS
Buzzer is usually like an alarm. Whenever we press the switch button it gives an
output like an alarm sound and then activates the machine. Buzzer contains of two pins.
The negative end is connected to the data pin of microcontroller. The positive end is
connected to the Vcc in the microcontroller.

Fig 5.13 Buzzer

5.8 RELAY
WHAT IS A RELAY?
A Relay is a simple electromechanical switch. While we use normal switches to
close or open a circuit manually, a Relay is also a switch that connects or disconnects two
circuits. But instead of a manual operation, a relay uses an electrical signal to control an
electromagnet, which in turn connects or disconnects another circuit.Relays can be of
different types like electromechanical, solid state. Electromechanical relays are
frequently used. Let us see the internal parts of this relay before knowing about it
working.

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Fig5.14Relay
Every electromechanical relay consists of an
consists:

• Electromagnet
• Mechanically movable
• contact Switching points and
• Spring

Electromagnet is constructed by wounding a copper coil on a metal core. The two

ends of the coil are connected to two pins of the relay as shown. These two are used as
DC supply pins. Generally, two more contacts will be present, called as switching points
to connect high ampere load. Another contact called common contact is present in order
to connect the switching points. These contacts are named as normally open (NO),
normally closed (NC) and common (COM) contacts. We can use a Relay either in a AC
circuit or a DC Circuit. In case of AC relays, for every current zero position, the relay coil
gets demagnetized and hence there would be a chance of continues breaking of the circuit.
So, AC relays are constructed with special mechanism such that continuous magnetism
is provided in order to avoid above problem. Such mechanisms include electronic circuit
arrangement or shaded coil mechanism.

HOW A RELAY WORKS?

Following animation shows a simplified working of a relay.
Relay works on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
When the electromagnet is applied with some current, it induces a magnetic field around it.
Above image shows working of the relay. A switch is used to apply DC current to the
load.
In the relay, Copper coil and the iron core acts as electromagnet.
When the coil is applied with DC current, it starts attracting the contact as shown.
This is called energizing of relay.
There are also such relays, whose contacts are initially closed and opened when there is
supply i.e. exactly to opposite to the above shown relay.
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Solid state relays will have sensing element to sense the input voltage and switches the
output using opto-coupling.

5.8.1 RELAY CONTACT TYPES

As we have seen that relay is a switch. The terminology “Poles and
throws” is also applicable for relay. Depending on the number of contacts and number of
circuits it switches relays can be classified.
Before we know about this classification of contacts we have to know the poles and throws
of a relay switch. Poles and Throws
Relays can switch one or more circuits. Each switch in relay is referred as pole. Number of
circuits a relay connects is indicated by throws.
Depending on the poles and throws, relays are classified into
1. Single Pole Single Throw
2. Single Pole Double Throw
3. Double Pole Single Throw
4. Double Pole Double Throw

1. SINGLE POLE SINGLE THROW

A single pole single throw relay can control one circuit and can be connected to one
output. It is used for the applications which require only ON or OFF state.

2. SINGLE POLE DOUBLE THROW

A single pole double throw relay connects one input circuit to one of the two outputs.
This relay is also called as changeover relay.
Though the SPDT has two output positions, it may consist of more than two throws depends
on the configuration and requirement of the application.

3. DOUBLE POLE SINGLE THROW

A double pole single throw relay has two poles and single throw and it can be
used to connect two terminals of a single circuit at a time. For example, this relay is used
for connecting both phase and neutral terminals to the load at a time.

4. DOUBLE POLE DOUBLE THROW

A DPDT (double pole double throw) relay has two poles and two throws for each
pole. In motor direction control, these are used for phase or polarity reversal. The
switching action between contacts for all these relays is performed when the coil get
energized.
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5.8.2 TYPES OF RELAYS

Relays can be classified into different types depending on their functionality, structure,
application etc. We listed out some of the common types of relays here.

• Electromagnetic
• Latching
• Electronic
• Non-Latching
• Reed
• High-Voltage
• Small Signal
• Time Delay
SPECIFICATION AND FEATURES
Operating
Voltage:5V
Max Current: 20mA
Relay Contact Current Capacity at AC250V: 10A
Relay Contact Current Capacity at DC5V: 10A
High impedance controller pin
Power supply indicator lamp
Control indicator lamp
Indicator for Relay
output status

5.9 WATER PUMP

5.9.1 OPERATING PRINCIPLE
Motors transform electrical energy into mechanical energy. An AC motor may be
part of a pump, fan, or other form of mechanical equipment. AC motors are found in a
variety of applications, from those that require a single motor to special applications that
require several motors working in concert.AC motors are found in a variety of
applications, from those that require a single motor to special applications that require
several motors working in concert.AC motors are found in a variety of applications, from
those that require a single motor to special applications that require several motors
working in concert.

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Fig 5.15 water motor

An AC motor is an electric motor driven by an alternating current (AC). The AC
motor commonly consists of two basic parts, an outside stator having coils supplied with
alternating current to produce a rotating magnetic field, and an inside rotor attached to
the output shaft producing a second rotating magnetic field. The rotor magnetic field may
be produced by permanent magnets, reluctance saliency, or DC or AC electrical windings.
An industrial type of AC motor with electrical terminal box at the top and output rotating
shaft on the left. Such motors are widely used for pumps, blowers, conveyors and other
industrial machinery. Less common, AC linear motors operate on similar principles as
rotating motors but have their stationary and moving parts arranged in a straight-line
configuration, producing linear motion instead of rotation.The two main types of AC
motors are induction motors and synchronous motors. The induction motor (or
asynchronous motor) always relies on a small difference in speed between the stator
rotating magnetic field and the rotor shaft speed called slip to induce rotor current in the
rotor AC winding. As a result, the induction motor cannot produce torque near
synchronous speed where induction (or slip) is irrelevant or ceases to exist. In contrast,
the synchronous motor does not rely on slip- induction for operation and uses either
permanent magnets, salient poles (having projecting magnetic poles), or an independently
excited rotor winding. The synchronous motor produces its rated torque at exactly
synchronous speed. The brushless wound- rotor doubly fed synchronous motor system
has an independently excited rotor winding that does not rely on the principles of slip-
induction of current. The brushless wound- rotor doubly fed motor is a synchronous motor
that can function exactly at the supply frequency or sub to super multiple of the supply
frequency. Other types of motors include eddy current motors, and AC and DC
mechanically commutated machines in which speed is dependent on voltage and winding
connection.

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HOW AC MOTORS WORK

The main components of an AC motor are the stator, stationary outer drum, and the rotor,
the rotating inner portion attached to the motor shaft. The stator and the rotor produce
rotating the stator is connected to an AC supply flux an air gap is formed rotating the flux
at a fixed synchronous speed, which produces voltages in the stator and rotor winding.
The term AC motor describes several versions of the motor, which include single phase,
three phase, for bigger more demanding work. A key difference is the phase of the
electrical feed, which is different for residential use compared to industrial use.
Residential electricity is single or double phased while electricity for industrial
use is three phased. This distinction is the reason for the difference between industrial AC
motors and residential ones.

5.9.2 STATOR
The stator produces a rotating magnetic field. It has a solid metal axle, a loop of
wire, coils, squirrel cage, and interconnections. Though a squirrel cage is not found in all
AC motors, it is the most common type. In AC motors, electricity is sent directly to the
outer coils of the stator. The stator has multiple plates that extend out from its center with
copper magnetic wire.
For a three phase AC motor, it has three phase windings with a core and housing. The
windings are 120o apart, which can be six or twelve windings. The windings are placed
on a laminated iron core. The construction of the core can be seen in the diagram below.

5.9.3 ROTOR
Unlike a DC motor, the rotor on an AC motor does not have any connection with
the external power source. It receives its power from the stator. In a three phase induction
motor, the rotor can be a squirrel cage or wound version.In the squirrel cage version, the
rotor consists of rotor bars with end rings at both ends. There are several versions of the
squirrel cage rotor, which include split phase, capacitor start, capacitor start and run,
permanent split phase capacitor run, and shaded pole with classifications of A, B, C, D,
and E. In the majority of cases, the squirrel cage is made of aluminium or copper.

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CHAPTER 6

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SOFTWARE
STEP 1: Download And Extract Arduino IDE Software

STEP 2: Launch Arduino IDE

open the Arduino IDE from the desktop icon click next to install then click on icon to open
the software.

STEP 3: Open your first project

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STEP 4: Select your Arduino board

Got o Tools>Arduino nano Boards >Boards Manager

STEP 5: Select your Arduino board Processor

Go to Tools>Processor >AT mega 320p

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STEP 6: Edit Code on Editor Window

Click on File tab and than open preferences

STEP 7: Compile code

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STEP 8: Upload Code into Arduino Board

Copy, Paste and Upload the Code Given Below

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6.1 PROTEUS

6.1.1 INTRODUCTION
Generally, we are listening the words PCB’s, PCB layout, PCB designing, etc. But
what is PCB? Why we are using this PCB? We want to know about all these things as a
electronic engineer. PCB means Printed Circuit Board. This is a circuit board with printed
copper layout connections. These PCBs are two types. One is dotted PCB and another
one is layout PCB. The two examples are shown in below.

Fig 6.1Dotted PCB Fig 6.2 Layout PCB

What is the main difference between the dotted PCB and layout PCB In dotted
PCB board only dots are available. According to our requirement we can place or insert
the components in those holes and attach the components with wires and soldering lid.
In this dotted PCB we can make the circuit as out wish but it is very hard to design.
There are so many difficulties are there. Those are connecting the proper pins, avoiding
shot connections and etc. Coming to the layout PCB this is simple to design. First we
select the our circuit and by using different PCB designing software’s, design the layout
of the circuit and by itching process preparing the copper layout of our circuit and solder
the components in the correct places. It is simple to design, take less time to design, no
shortages, looking nice and perfect.
Up to now we have discussed about types of PCB’s and difference between the
types. different. Proteus is design suit and PCB layout designing software. In Proteus
we can design any circuit and simulate the circuit and make PCB layout for that circuit.
Proteus professional is a software combination of ISIS schematic capture
program and ARES PCB layout program. This is a powerful and integrated
development environment. Tools in this suit are very easy to use and these tools are
very useful in education and professional PCB designing. As professional PCB

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designing software with integrated space-based auto router, it the curser at the
component pin end then draw the connections with that pen symbol. Connect all
the components according to circuit.

If any modifications want to do to the component place the mouse point and click on
right button then option window will open. That is shown in below figure.
After completion of designing save with some mane and debug it. This is virtual
simulation means without making circuit we can see the result in virtually through this
software and we can design the PCB layout to our required circuit with this software.

Fig 6.3: Example Circuit Design PCB Layout

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CHAPTER 7

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7.1 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The result obtained after completion the project is whenever the fire is detected
by the sensor it shows notification on lcd and the major thing is it will blow the alarm
then it sends the message to the owner. And make the call to the owner finally the motor
will turn on automatically for some time

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7.2 ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS

ADVANTAGES
• Detection and prevention of any Fire accidents.
• Cost efficient.
• Less complex circuit.
• Not effected by environmental conditions
• Extremely high ACCURACY
• Extremely FAST RESPONSE.

APPLICATIONS
• Homes
• Portable fire Detector
• Factories
• Industrial applications
• Parking garages
• Industries and colleges
• E-houses
• Battery manufacturing places
• Theaters

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CHAPTER 8

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CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

8.1 CONCLUSION

After this project performance, can conclude that This project has been made in
order to help building owner and industries etc. to overcome the problem which is fire
spreading whenever the owner is not in the building. The unpredictable situation or
critical situation always occurs in the building or resident areas without the residents’
notice. Based on the results obtained, the home alert system is durable and functional to
the residents to protect their houses. In fact, the system built is cheap in value compared
to other existing alarm system in the market and easy to apply to the houses.

8.2 FUTURE SCOPE

The ability to detect flames because of the use of LM393 board design with
YG1006 sensor in the system. This device can be applied in varied areas due to its
flexibility and simplicity in handling; for instance, in houses, hostels, hotel industries,
factories, vehicle industries and many more areas which are related to the crowd, people
or beneficial things. Users can simply apply the device in their interested area to protect
the area from the existence of fire. Whenever the fire detected, the device will instantly
alert the users by sending a message via GSM and make a call to the respective owner
and immediately switch on the water motor to control the fire .This will make the users
become aware of the dangerous situation and can easily prevent it from happening by
quick prevention (use fire extinguisher, call firemen etc.). And we have to focus on power
to provide 24 hours to monitor fire for this you have to use solar or back up batteries and
use high range sensor to detect fire for high distance.

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REFERENCE

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• AepNurulHidayah.DEFINISIPERANCANGANByAepNurulHidayah.2016.Availa b
leonline:www.aepnurulhidayat.wordpress.com(accessedon23September2021).
• Badriah,S.FungsiHandphoneDiKalanganMahasiswaFakultasIlmuSosialdanIl muPoli
tikUniversitasAirlangga.AntroUnair-doNet2017,VI,462–472.
• Sumber Pengertian.Pengertian Flowchart Secara Umum dan Menurut Para Ahli
Lengkap!
• Availableonline:www.Sumberpengertian.id(accessedon24September2021).
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 ARDUINO BASED F I R E DETECTION AND CONTROL SYSTEM

APPENDIX
#include
<SoftwareSerial.h> #include

<LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystallcd(7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2);
SoftwareSerialgsm(9, 8); //(Rx, Tx)
char phone_no[] = "+919989280023"; //replace with phone no. to get ms
String textMessage; #defineFire_Sensor 12

#define relay 11
#definebuz 13
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
gsm.begin(9600);
pinMode(Fire_Sensor,INPUT);
pinMode(buz, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(buz,HIGH);
pinMode(relay,OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(relay, HIGH);
delay(700);
digitalWrite(buz, LOW);
lcd.begin(16, 2);
lcd.clear();
lcd.print(" FIRE DETECTION "); //arduino base accident prevention and
identification lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("Alerting System ");
delay(1500);
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Arduino and GSM ");
delay(1500);
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Searching");

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lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("GSMNetwork");
delay(1500);
gsm_init();
delay(1000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("System Ready ... ");
sendSMS(phone_no, "GSM Connected Successfully. . !");
delay(1500);
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("*-WELCOMES YOU-*");
delay(1500);
}
void loop()
{
if (digitalRead(Fire_Sensor) == LOW)
{
digitalWrite(buz, HIGH);
digitalWrite(relay, LOW);
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("FireDetected...");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("***Buzzer ON***");
delay(1500);
digitalWrite(buz,LOW);
sendSMS(phone_no, "Fire Detected in your home.\nPlease immediately takeaction!");
delay(1000);
call(phone_no);
delay(1000);
}
else
{ lcd.clear();

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 ARDUINO BASED F I R E DETECTION AND CONTROL SYSTEM

lcd.print("NoFireDetected...");
digitalWrite(buz,LOW);
digitalWrite(relay,HIGH);
delay(500);
}
delay (500);
}
void gsm_init()
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Finding Module..");
booleanat_flag = 1;
while (at_flag)
{
gsm.println("AT");
while (gsm.available() > 0)
{
if
(gsm.find("OK"))
at_flag= 0;
}
delay(1000);
}
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("ModuleConnected..);
delay(1000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Disabling ECHO");
boolean echo_flag = 1;
while (echo_flag)
{ gsm.println("ATE0");
}

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 ARDUINO BASED F I R E DETECTION AND CONTROL SYSTEM

while (gsm.available() > 0)

{
if
(gsm.find("OK"))
echo_flag= 0;
}
delay(1000);
}
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Echo OFF");
delay(1000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("FindingNetwork..);
booleannet_flag = 1;
while (net_flag)
{
gsm.println("AT+CPIN?");
while (gsm.available() > 0)
{
if (gsm.find("+CPIN: READY"))
net_flag = 0;
}
delay(1000);
}
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Network Found..");
delay(2000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("GSMConnected...");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("Successfully");
delay(1000);

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 ARDUINO BASED F I R E DETECTION AND CONTROL SYSTEM

lcd.clear();
}
void sendSMS(char *number, char *msg)
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Message");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("Sending ... ");
delay(1000);
gsm.print("AT\r");
delay(400);
gsm.print("AT+CMGF=1\r");
delay(400);
gsm.print("AT+CMGS=\"");
gsm.print(number);
gsm.println("\"\r\n");
delay(500);
gsm.println(msg);
delay(500);
gsm.write(byte(26));
delay(3000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.print(" MESSAGE SENT ");
delay(1000);
}
void call (char *number)
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Connecting Call to ");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(number);
delay(1000);

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 ARDUINO BASED F I R E DETECTION AND CONTROL SYSTEM

gsm.print("ATD");
gsm.print(number)
;
gsm.println(";");
gsm.println("") ;
delay(10000);
}

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 ARDUINO BASED F I R E DETECTION AND CONTROL SYSTEM

NRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENTS OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

COURSE OUTCOMES

COURS COURSE OUTCOMES

Taxonomy Level
E
CODE
C426.1
Apply Subject Knowledge for given problem Apply(L3)

C426.2 Understand the existed work done and extend by

incorporating the novelty for proposed work Understand(L2)

C426.3 Divide the work and execute consolidate it for given

project Evaluate(L5)

C426.4 Perform calculations analyze the results and provide

solutions Analyze(L4)

C426.5 Develop or design and simulate system for a given project

Evaluate(L5)

C426.6 Able to present and write a thesis Remember(L1)

PROJECT MEMBERS

CH. DEEPIKA 20KP1A0420

CH. ARUN KUMAR 20KP1A0421
G. B SURYA SAI 21KP5A0403
D. SANDIP 20KP1A0423

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 ARDUINO BASED F I R E DETECTION AND CONTROL SYSTEM

NRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
CO- PO MAPPING
Class: IV B. Tech, ECE-A Academic Year: 2021–24

PROJECT TILE: ARDUINO BASED FIRE DETECTION AND CONTROL SYSTEM

Student Name: 1. CH. DEEPIKA
2. CH. ARUN KUMAR
3. G. B SURYA SAI
4. D. SANDIP

Name of Guide: Dr. C. KALAISELVAN Ph. D

Page Activity description CO mapped PO mapped

Student an abstract for: ARDUINO BASED FIRE

1 DETECTION AND CONTROL SYSTEM C426.2 PO1,PO2,PO4

2 Explain the Introduction of the project

C426.6 PO3,P05

Explain the Embedded systems characteristics C426.1 PO1,PO2

3

Explain the proposed system of the Project

10-12 C426.6 PO4
32
Explain the features of ARDUINO NANO Microcontroller
C426.5 PO5
28-29 Explain the working of power supply C426.4 PO4,PO12

Explain the software used for ARDUINO IDE

45-54 C426.4 PO3,PO5

Student able to develop the circuit to identify

54 C426.3 PO2
ARDUINO BASED FIRE DETECTION AND CONTROL
57 SYSTEM C426.3 PO3,PO4,PO6,
Explain the Advantages and Applications

PO7,PO3,PO6
58-59 Student able to identify the future scope of the proposed system C426.6
ARDUINO BASED FIRE DETECTION AND CONTROL
SYSTEM
Student is able to refer and collect information from latest
61 C426.5 PO3PO6,
journals

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 ARDUINO BASED F I R E DETECTION AND CONTROL SYSTEM

PO1 PO PO PO PO5 PO PO PO PO PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2 PSO3

2 3 4 6 7 8 9
Project 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2

SIGNATURE OF STUDENT SIGNATURE OF GUIDE

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