Radio /haek Cat.

No, 62-5026

Engineer's
Mini-Notebook
Sensor
Projects

Radio /haek
A Division of Tandy Corporalion
Fori Worth, fx 76102

Forrest M. Mims III

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ELECTROMIC 5E14:
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BV. -THE , AorHdR As Trtfc SoDk: was; £o-hJO GO SENSOftS--! I

.ANALOG ;

EACH ClRQuiT TO
AurriOft JlEASSEMBLeD
..kraC S£KSOR. ciRcm^
'-J' .-- — —- ^ -T-.-. - -rr^w. .
ANb COMPQTERfc
Af^jD, -(10*^ STRUCT oaJ Mfmaos M/iy Cj^vsfi
iltOUCH SWITCHES]
J T>*£ .

Ras^^ip+s. Vftu oetAifj TtJ oiPFEft PAoM those:

L MULTl-LA^ER S^AJiTCH
.JWtDito- 3.KACK Assume RO P-SSPo/OSlgJiity. _jFc>R_
.1tH£.. SuirABJt,lTV Of THrS ScOfe^S COWTfiAiXS^. .

FCA AfJV APPUeAr/£>W- SjUCt WE Md

PUFF
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|CQwtT1-0L over THt USE TO UJHICH TitE [71 ,

UuMf^feMATiofj i*j,-mi.s 600*= jsi F>ur,.._;._u;a£_

PAF-ER:aiPl_&iTaiy
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- jAfiSt'i-TlrOfi PROM ITS USE. DF COURSE LT._

phone: PLUGisiAfrtt
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Co'^nERCi^i USE, DR M AAJt/^ACrvftE

5At.4
OF AwV D£</ICE T>1AT /j^J CoR PC^RA TtS /AJftJfllr
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TILT WITCH i

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MUSIC WIRE VIBRATION ^euSOR
:_:iMt MAM¥._lW<au^ft^ES. RfcCEIVED-iy^
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P1E20ELECTRIC ViBRATlQM, S ^^S^f^ :
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D*.-l SHACit.L .jAft^I>_.^E At^THOR, /S. AioJ

PENblALUM SWITCH
,Tt> ReayESTs For
adoit/o/j/Ic /w^oftM4nitfy,
:tCuST£)K CiRCJJ^T DeSliSM j TECHN/iCAL AOU ICE.,. PENDULUN\ QUADRAMT SWITq:B_
TRouBl£SMootIj\J6 AOi/fCe, ETO,). J? Vou ._
\JJISW TD i^EARW HORE ABO^jT £i£.a TR6J^.ICS.j SWITCH-TYPE ALARW\ SYSTEMS
|Se£;_.£Jm£R .BoOiCS ltJ.:,m.f;S... SfiAf£iS..__;*WO —I OPE-M-ClRCUir ALAtf^S
CLoSEb-ClRCu^T ALARM ill.
iMT£^Lii^ewr sEcuPUrr P^LAWtA
_Q- POPULAR ^
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OR WATER, SENSaKf
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SENSORS E
CmiGfilPRESSURE SEhlSOR _lQlis£_CiF THE MOST If^PoRTKNT. .;AP PU t ATlOi^-
eieCTaoN^CS THE U%E OP IS£his6eS^r^
1
i— JOeTECT Afsit> l^tSPOMD. TO EXTEP-^JAL ^TlMUl
s- S'jcH AS toucw, Pressure, water, keat^.^
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t\6hT^ WWsU£TVC Fi£LDS A.^JD SD FORTW. TUE-SE^

T ARE AMotJS THE SEhJSOR APPLiCATJOmS IW mxS
STRAlM S£>JSO(^ DESltSKS: MlKJl' MOT£.e*30k. VOU CpiN h\AV.£ SOME SEnJSO.^^
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STRftiM SEMSOR RELftV .

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ARE. A^AiLAfiLE FROJA .^f\ViO. SHA-<tlt ST9&1&S

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:j_ka"gnetic fielo sewsoe

MAGNETIC FIELD ftMPLlFlER

;is.u:seo 1*0 tHiS. WMV-HarSeoaK. Eur _Vdu!

_]_LyiOEO M,DMITDft rowe i^eN£RATO.ft._i_ JSS :can ^uESTiTuTt weiwER oP AMPS <f= you..bqi
MOT, EXCEED _TME1R.. NiAXiRUM POLU£.R..SuPPL.yi

.2.UMLE^S 0TK6RWVSE SP£CIP'ED, USE 1/H oi tfX

.WATT RESISTORS ANJD CAPACITORS RATED FDR;__
.TJKFRARED SEMSQR At leA^t, the Power Supply vocta^E- £xA.cx
.VALUES ARE UfslAVAiLABlE , VOU CAM U^uALiV
5UB;lT^3^JTt_VJALU£S UJlTh.W ^10 TO to -P-S-

Z_.POL/\R\ZED LIGHT
S- ALLUAVS EU'LU A TEST VERSION OF A
"T CIRCUIT Ord A S-DLCjERLESS BREAD EOAft.b_
.

tfJIEGRATEt) LIGHT SENSi BEFORE hMKlW<S h PEANUMENT VER.SIC3M^_

THIS WILL At-LQW you TO ^aAKE M00ff»CATlOf0
i—lR. a£r-vom coNsrftOL SEmIORJ^ JMi£j.-ClBL<f.U;l-T:-j — ,
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dPTICAL LEVEL SEMSORS-IOZI 4-^

__i_yARiAeLe. tdn^ L&ueL. sewsoR
4 . i I L—
fiTOo-tlT-VOtJRSELF SENSOR' C^RCO(T5 AR£ .M£L-
ApP.ROPRvATt FOR MEDICAL APPUCATiOMS OR

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ELECTRONIC SEWSOR
SENSOR R£SRDMDS TO
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^t^ £L6.CTtlOWlC
EXTERNAL StI^^uLUS SUCH O^MT,
ftS
R-EAbiLV Available. S6Si£ :o!
SOUMb, P?l£.3SUR£., VlgRATIOM OR HEMPtRA^ CDKMOfO ARE. DESCRIBED HEfeE.' --
ruRt, KdST SeWSORS cam g£ P£,AC6D M
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ONE OF Two CAT£60RI£Si SlI^PLt GO-MOGcLJ

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S£KiSORS TH^T KCT KuCK LIKE AW OnJ-OFFj

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:SW^TCPi AND AMftLO<S SEM50RS wKOSe I

OUTPUT JS PPoPdRtidwAL TO THE STIMULUS

j.AS ow-oFF^ NES-NJo oft Binary SEW5C)RS.

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SOhAt SIMPLE MECHAM^CAL D£\/;C£S
: ^ND VlBR^TiOM SEMSORS LlKt THOSE USEcL :(n3 response to l\sht^
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(^AA6KJ£T SEMStlR) (vi^R^ATloW SEmS0R)^J

VJHVtrt PRODUCES A UOLrAG-e
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,0R .CWAM6ES A CAPACirAWCE^
SESiSDR ^^MD A CiftCUlT TIAAT
SWaChAES Ow foft off) yjHEM THE AmPLI"
OF WhAT \S BElMe SEMSeb excE£D5 EZOELECTRl
Cod. FALLS B£LD\jlJ) a CERtAin ^^EuEL.
-OFTEN THE PD|mT At wHKH THE ClRCUiT'7"
s/AR\O.U-Si-CRNSTALS OR
-SWITCHES CAW BE Adjusted gv add/mg '
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iiR ci^AMtSJMiS rme vAlug oP Aw ExtieR- UJrtE*J BEWT,

MAL RE-SISToR OR BY, A 0>iS/TAL SUJ^TCH
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. fe.: \JoLtAGE
^l/^BRAtED Oft SUBJECTED TQ-
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SENSOR CIRCUITS! .ORS XMD COMPUTER
.t^f<XINDICATES \AJR£W SdM£TH|iOi5 HAS PfEKL. I
[JfcCTED TO CCiHPUT£RS..AhJD Dl&JTAL ClRCO ItSi-,,
.

. SEWStD. THE. !WDicAT<!>R fO^

iio SO. SEMSOR Such AS A ^MS^J£r .SujiTCHi

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EATTER^ Iwkejsi a..

ASJAL06 StMSORS RtQUiRe A C^EOj rr THffl_

T^KWSFORMS TUE SiGWAC FftOt^ We. SEMSdR.-
IKITO DISITAL PoRSA TKAT a a)M?UT£R_ CAlhJ__.
U- -L OMDlR-STA^iO. Okl£. AVPROACK IS Tt) CHAM&t-
oirrPuT tEvicE For Aw Ama.Lo6 sewsor S^ChJAL IMTD A ST(i.fWe OF PuiS£S
CAM BEAM AMALOG 0^ DVS/TAL METER, WhosE FEE*au£NCV IS PRo PORTIOMAC TD
Aw OSCILLOSCOPE ,a(L..A ..COM.PuT£Ea.-. . .
AMPLlTUPt OF me SIGMAL, TH£., COMi'WT
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OR L
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MAM^ AmALOG SE_MSDRS Rtau^RE. ACldQult
TD PREPARE- THE- Sl^^JAL FoR ^fO OutPuT
IMtjvcfcTOR- AM ES?EC{fklCi USEFUL ClRCt'lT IS
tlAS- 0?£AATvOhiAL AMPi-IFi£R Co? AMPV tH£. VERtER) CHAmcES a S^CSnAL FRO^A, A^.^EWSdR
op AMP CAnj Tft-AwsFofcM THE TIWN CuRfttwT
FCLoK A PKOT0DiOt>£. IWT^ A yOLTA-&£ -THATJS, jAMPUTUDE.. of TH£ SlSWAL-. —L-f— !_f-4-E-J-

PH0TODiOD£ AWAL06
TO
DIGITAL
COKJVtftTER

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Aluminjum
I

s<5u^R£s ftTTACrtEt>:To LemjEe. .

Foil RESEAE,CW-.DftA6 WHlSVi^ER OVER. SoiL OR.
S^t)t WITH CEMEwr OK OOUSlE'SID£D TW£. ._
I.. .J.- ^ ; t-^

4niEUiJHLSK£ R-S^^ LTeU*.U -.1.-

.^OR PGSITJON SVMITCH EL£M OV£i_ _l_^Row PdstA6£ SCAl£ _
fATTGRW W A. PRE,-E.TCH£t» EDAR-D*.!
;APFLl£t»
4^.i_WAS PRESSED A6Ai»oST
UfectAlt. PLAT FORK.

1 —lA^lf^)
fCi\U C£M£NT£D OR TAP£[
loujEA Side Awd
a£mt£D. or TAPET5 TO. FOR AMJDEAi- Lef&R! J
APPt-t£l> FoftcE * A -
-EAT
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SluiTCBES are EXPEfJSVUtWARD TO FlND+.J /\WD i

6uT VOU CAw. EASa^ MAKE THEM.. O P. TWE.^ .

VARIOUS Kinds I WAVE MAOe TH£^|TfyB£,j-Sii4^*4W

HEftG-, IS THE MOST l^tiiASLE., .^.i

MR— .pAp£(R|^

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l^a.5lDE -mt Tuee awd cause, a s^iwiTtw mechamshJ-I-

_TO CORRvODE OR STICK. THIS mETHdP \i^P% -r-

L-*40A*iTuft E AVslAV FRON\ THE SVJlTCH. QELO^AJ 15_

i_jA,-D£MOMS.TRATlO>J SWITCH. WJ^l CJi, CA^J ftjfiM. .-i^TO CLOSE SWixitt 'Ml Rr^-rVi ^dMf>TT£D cohbL . _

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.C*4J u .,T0 OPEM SWITCH.
AfiUAfHUM SlNO£R clips: 1.... _i L—
TUBISJG y?^^ 5MAU MEDIUM

STEEL AIR GUM SHOT CES) RaLL^S-.

AGAIMST THE TER.KVtoALS UO jA|
1/a-ltOCK PHOhiE PLU6. IWVEfcrl
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II
ON .
PWONE PLU*^ to OPEM S.W.ITCR.
REMOTE At^i
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Be
4.s'>viH^coateC" :w,i
iijiumium LA^ER oF PftoTHCTiVE. LAC«
ARjRAM6£bJvEiu!r ,
— -H WKicH Does wot coMOjcif" I

W . SVJJTCK. For PERMAmEWT JMSTAtLiiJj _

PERMAmEwT use JMSTAtL^iij. _i Placed as. i^. SM4ix wolb- BoRia
IM waoD^ WELTEC" SOLOER OVEJLj^l—.
AT. - A- PLASTIC Box Ci^MWEcTHD ID THE OUTSJD^ ._!

_. it and Pushed %t from ^^oLE wi

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MUSIC WIRE VlBR^TlOM SENSOl? PIE2DELECTRIC VIBRATION' SENSO

Music wire. (AvAtL^BLt fRon nosgv ^nd c^ik^t^ ^_CER.TMN ce^STftLS CERAMICS 8£WD (

SroRes) IS STIFF ^TE£t VJ\fr£ TTAAT SPftlAJ^S. J- ^teSpDf^SE TO fK VOLTAGE. AWD &&/o£R.AtE_
EACK to its ORvS^wAL PDSiriOM ftPTER SE-^.G _i\;oLTAS£ whem eawT. this pp.oPE.Rrv ;s mt
B£mT SewTt^, MUSIC WIR£ CANJ EE USED TD
MAK£ MAaJV klMDS Of T\LT AmC" VlfiHATlOW I

SWITCHES THAT WORK IW

AR.\OU S PoSlTlOisjS., t -J

QyV.UT Ighjt USE DO-iT-VouRSElF seNSOR Ll^E TH^SL.;

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T>*£ tWD OPTHE .Libb EACH. TAft..
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.IWILU CAUSE THE L£.& TO FLA^H. ..{_^_L ^
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LEADS FROM TH£ PIEZO ElEwEWT TO A*^._L
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Analog ^olt meter, seismic viFrAt'ows
miL CAUSE the WEEDt-E TD JVM? Up TD A
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PEMOULUKA QUADRANT' SyOlTC
REPLACE "mt Simple go-mo tio wash£4
DE-TtCTiwe. TILT AMD yiSRATlOW. TH£V 1 Sl>JITCR ow the FfrCMtS PA6E UJITH A J j_
U5£C> ;w SECufe\"n SVSTEMS AmD S£{SM1G ClTtCULAR APRAV OF FOuR oR MOAE SEfiWEM.tS
. SEMSORS. P£SiDULUM SyJITCK^S AaC- _ ,
AMD VoL^ CAW MAKE A SWITCH LUHICM J^JD^n_L^^
il^eS-^rMt DlRECT/OW. QiE_JJLT:--QR^ U^gRATJOW-U-.
_MAr£fclALS. k£RE'S owe. Vou CAN /sAAfcfcJ i_J._l_._i

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VALUES DiRECTlDfO
FDR C. OP TILT
FROM CPMTROLS
TASLE TONE..;, ^.j
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DIFPERE^JT
VALUE FC^ i

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Wftt -TD WAS^^ER. C£m£WT U^ASREfc H TONES

DRILLED tM THE S£MSofl DECK-
\% PLASTIC OR METAL EMCLOSURE,
CIRCUIT EoARO MATERIAL
SEhiSDft. DECK. IS
C WITHOUT coPpEft PoilV Second 5£^sj£oR._.Dfeqtt SECURE. ,

.HAS WASHER UJtTH LAEjSEft HOLE THAM '

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^A^M^ S£CuRiTV ALARfA SYSTEMS USE
bt^-Off CSP^T^ SWITCHES TD t)£TECx OPEh_J_M
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Doors AwD vo^nDowjS iSftviES.NT/qM. MAcS^Jerl I i

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SWITCHES^ METAL FOli- Cl^*-*1CH efi&A^KS,

MlfeitY.
. ^.EMSORS OFT£M USED- ..

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iTL_L>ioRKAiL^
U-H-H
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;IAJHEM A SENSOR ^\WITCK IS CLOSED TH£

:RELAY Pulls And toe alarm sta^s tri-
uwTiL THE Reset sujircK i5 oP£^J£D..
.-^E CIRCUIT CAM EE DEPEATBD 6V COJCiqifc^l-

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4- : .1 - :.
SESJSOR SUJlTCHES COWT/MUOySLY*
SENSOR T>^E ALARf^ IS Activated
l^iSUJ^TCKES > ^VJITCH WIRE IS CijT.
,'mE ReLf^Y DRAWS- .CURRENT —
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SE^JS0R .,. . ,

Alarm, {^ee-i-t sjfi.E^j^ buzzes^ or lamp.) .SWITCHES—)--^

Activated wh£m a. switch closes^
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-TWiS CIRCUIT EASILY tJ£HATEt)-3i „T0 ACTIVATE
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OOrPuT. UJITH THE R£S\^TAnjC£S PU5H8UTTOhJ. SWITCH
ABovE-j, IF TH£ OUTPUT tS ?,2k T>t£w S2.
IS oP£N, THIS METHOD Ai_SD l/^OlCATEs
WHICH Of TWO OR. MOI^e SUJiTCHES ARl
OPEM. ^'TH TH£ V_ALu£S_ ASOl/E-, lf=
U- I -Trte.OUTPUT IS 5.S^.TH£.M- OPE. RATI Of^ 11..:
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Gft£AT CAR£ LMH£M DES JiS^N^ (M<S A/^D,

READOUT POSmOM SILEWCE ER THEkI •

SoJiTcH O^J OWM, METER AMD READ THE

lNSTAi_i.lMtS SE.CURITV ALAfi-M SYSTEMS^ RE*i\STAMCE. IF £ESlSTAWCE E5 O^ii-V A PEw
_. SE: 5uRt GATTERtES AfLE FR^ESH AajOJ
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T£^T TOE, SV5.TEM .Ofmw._. -OHM^Sj -mE BATTERS )S Too weak TD P.ULl_i
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CCOSEO BY A SueST(^wc£. "mAT MEC^pS^)—
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i_- FOR. SAf^erv TH£ SujirCM OPSAlS

, ,l.f=: JwiwtfOui OR kaa/l Sox jS-
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.JoptP-fcTioM us£ THE 5uAintc
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AQTusr scftew so thw

^O^JCVJieS THE, PftPEfil .C4l
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^f4-PLAct, ft -miC)£,Eil PuLi^!-
SxRlP M^GHT BE WECESSAR-X
_tF- ^OU USE THE WqR-^\ALLV'

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File .tme-h£Ad. of
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so CLOSlhJfi-lTWEj
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TO^SE'm£l^-A^^ti Wor.

Is. CuT FR£jrt aASTK

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APPLICATIONS OWLJ-I
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.TMIS BASIC COMPARATOR VOLTAGE S£MSOS

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LZENER DIODE VOLTAGE SEMSOR

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PRESSURE SE^iSO^?X±J :SIMPLE PRESSURE SENSORT

PRtS^URt SEfOSOfiS EASILY ^AADe JckLfil -S^MPLt S&MSO R DDES WOx PROUI
reoM SIMPLE WAT£ft*ALS- "miS Da*E CHA i.CpMSlST&NCN_ Of A POTE/OT/oME
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