Example:-1:

1. The find of uiscosity V= 1x 10-5 =100 of lows on the frst plath of length 10m. The free from velocity of the
flow is find
a) The thicken of boundy ldyer
b) The displacent thickns
c) The momenten thickns
d) Energy thickens
e) Phear frets to
f) Drog force clef
g) Droy force FD (B =0.2m plate)
i)At diotonce 1m ii)At the and of the plate.
The Bounder equation is piraboli in turbuunt region and follow power- law ueeocity fintn

soln a)

Rex =

a) *1 = 8.67mm

b) = 2.89 mm.

c) = 1.16 mm

d) =

e) = 0.365 =0.365 * x

f) CD =

g) FD =
A = 1*0.2 = 0.2m2

V=
= 920 y – 52847.y2

Example:- 2 Water flows down a smooth wide concrete apron in to a river. Assuming that a turbulent
boundary layer forms, estimate the shear stress, the boundary layer thickness and dropforge 50m d/s of the
entrance to the apron.

soln

a)

b)

c)

d) From g u2

p u2 =

To =
 From the note:
To = (. -----------------------------(**)
Combining eqn

= 0.373

 At the Trailing edge (x = 50m )

Re = = 307*106

e) =
= 0.374m
 Shear strss at the Trailing edpe;
f) To = = 28.5

g) CD = = 1.164*10-3 ///.

Example 3 Find the their stress the thickness of the boundary layer (a) at the center b) at the traiung edge of a
smooth flat plate 3.0m wind x 0.6m long parallel to the flow, imrnersed in 15% water flowing at on
undisturbed velocity of 0.9m/s c) find the total frictional dross on are side of the plate
Soln:

plate : L=0.6m,B=3.0m
ReL=
(Therefore Larimore boundary layer)

a) At x = 0.3m (x =1/2)

Rex =

To = 0.332 .

b) At x = 0.6m

C) FD =CD *

A 40M- long streamlined troin 3.0m high side & 2.0m wide top compute the power required to overcome
the skin traction drug when the train is traveling at 1.5 m/s through a standard atmosphere at tes level.

Soln ReL = (laminar layer)

FD = CD*( A=

Ff 2.88N (this is friction drug)

* Power = FD * U 5.75*1.5 = 8.62

FD = Ff + Fp
Fp = 3.66 – 2.88
= 0.780
A = 3*2 = 6

*Note Total drog coeff for stredrraLined = 0..45

FD = CD Sa
Example (4) A lifeguard determined the wind velocity 4m above the beach to be 16m/s .If one wishes to get
out of the wind by crying down ,what be the velocity at
a) 1m b) 1.5m above level
soln ReL =
:. Turbulent reign
The velocity distn eqn is
a)

Example 4 (cylinder)
1) Acylinder 4m in dia 25m long ratates at 90 rpm with ito axis 1r to as airstream with a wind
velocity of 20m/s The specific weipht of air is 12 n/m3 . Assume no slip b/n The aylinder sthe cir cwatory
flow, find ,
a) the ualue of circuatoion
b) the life force
c) the position of the stagnation points
soln vt1 = DN (peripheral ulocity)

= * 4* = 18.85.
a) = 2 ro vt1 = 2 * 2 * vt1 = 236.87m2/5.
b) FL= L = 1.2*20* A 25 = 142. 13 koru
c) sin = - = - 0.471.

= 28 = -28. 110
2) imopien that a ciraulation of 2.4m2/5 is superimposed around a 30 cm dia. Cylinder immersed in 15oc
water flowing at 3.5m/5 1r to the cylidr axis. Find the loation of flog nation points & the lift on a 10m-ngth
of cy linder.
(Ans - = - 21.30, Fl = 83.9N N ).

SOLN : FIND = = -0,36

= -21. 10

FL = 999.1*3.5* (2.4)* 10 = 71.935 kN

= 999.5 (at 150c)
Probes:
1) Asmrath flnt plate 5m wide and 45m log is fixed the bouom of the channe of
water flows at 10m/5 the drog on one side of the plate dray on the girst 10m of the plote.
2) Temperate me = 200c. (v = 1.007*1 6)

Soln FD = D A
Re = = = 446. 87 *106. 5* 105
4.468*108
It is forpulent region
Re 1* 10

There fore D 1.74*10-4.

a) FD = D= A

= 1.74*10-4 * S* 45
= 19.57KN

b) FD = * (5*10)

=9.35 KN

Fluid Mechanics

Problems
11.1 Assume a velocity distribution in boundary layer in the form =u sin (/2 ) and apply the von Karman-
pohlhausen method to find the shear stress on a flat plate.
11.2 A flat plate 1 m by 0.5 m is set in a stram of air flowing at 1m/s parallel to the plate. What is the
minimal drag force on the plate?
11.3 A thin tube, as shown in fig. p11.3, is put in a parallel flow. The fluid velocity is 0.1m/s, the kinematic
viscosity is 1.5x10-5 m2/s and its density is 1.3kg/m3 .Find the frequired to hold the
tube un place if its llegth is a. 1m, b.3m.
 Is the information that the boundary layer flow admits a similarity solution used in the van karman-
pohlhausen integral method? If yes, where?
11.5 A flat plate of dimensions 0.1m by 0.05 m is inserted into a flow such that a boundary layer is believed
to develop along its0.1-m side. The shear force on the plate is 0.1N. Find the force expected to act on a
similar of dimensions 0.2m by0.1m.
11.9 Two wide, parallel flat plates are shown in Fig. pll.9.The flow straming toward the
plates is u=0.25m/s, and theflow is assumed two dimen- b
sional. The den-sity of the fluid
is p=1,000kg/m3, and its vis a

11.12 Consider the boundary layer flow shown in Fig. p11.12. use the van u Karman-pohlhausen integral
method, with a third order polynomial.
a. obtain the velocity profile and boundary layer thickness at x=1m and x= 3m.
b calculate the mean velocity inside the boundary layer, at x=1m. Now use this mean velocity as the free
stream velocity and obtain the velocity profile and the boundary layer thickness for a flat plate at x= 2m.
Compare these results with those obtained in part forx=3m.
11.13 oil with the kinematics viscosity of 0.05m2/s enters a 0.1-m-diametr pipe.
Using boundary layer approximation, find how far downstream will the boundary layers meet.
11.14 Repeat problem 11.13 for a flow in an annulus with the diameters 0.2m and0.1m
11.15 calculate the total shear force on the entrance section of the pipe in problem11.13 between the entrance
and up to the point where the boundary layers meet, Fig.p11.15. compare the result with shear force on the
same pope section for a fully developed laminar flow of the same mass flux.
11.16 Let the oil in problem 11.15 enter the pipe, as shown in fig. p11.15. The entrance section, from point A
to point B, approximates the boundary layer flow, with B the location where the boundary layers meet.
The section from B to C, which is of the same length as that from A to B, represents the fully developed
flow. Three manometers read the pressures at points A, B and C.
The pipe is horizontal. Express the readings of the manometers in terms of the shear forces calculated in
problem 11.15 and of the pipe geometry.
11.17 Express the friction head losses between points A and B and C in problem 11.16.
11.19 An airplane flies at 1, 000 km/h. An air scoop is designed in the belly of the airplane to take in air to
cool electronic equipment. Air is to be taken from the potential flow, avoiding the boundary layer region.
Compute b,fig. p11. 19.

11.21 An estimate of forces of wind on a tall rectangular building is contained as follows: The front of the
building is assumed to be a 20 m wide by 50m high flat plate perpendicular to flow, subjected to
stagnation pressure of the wind. The back side is at the static pressure. The sides of building are fat plates
50m high by 60m long in the direction of the wind.