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Bolzano Weierstrass

The document discusses the Bolzano-Weierstrass Theorem, which states that every bounded sequence in ℝ has a convergent subsequence. It outlines the steps to apply the theorem, including verifying boundedness, applying the theorem, and finding the convergent subsequence. A practical example is provided, demonstrating that the sequence {𝑎𝑛} has convergent subsequences that converge to 0.

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29 views3 pages

Bolzano Weierstrass

The document discusses the Bolzano-Weierstrass Theorem, which states that every bounded sequence in ℝ has a convergent subsequence. It outlines the steps to apply the theorem, including verifying boundedness, applying the theorem, and finding the convergent subsequence. A practical example is provided, demonstrating that the sequence {𝑎𝑛} has convergent subsequences that converge to 0.

Uploaded by

gokulcallrecords
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Bolzano Weierstrass Theorem


The Bolzano-Weierstrass Theorem states that every bounded sequence in ℝ has a convergent
subsequence.

Steps to Apply the Bolzano-Weierstrass Theorem

1. Verify Boundedness:
a. Check that the sequence {𝒂𝒏 } is bounded. This means that there exists some constant
𝐌𝐌𝐌 such that |𝒂𝒏 | ≤ 𝐌 for all 𝒏.
2. Apply the Bolzano-Weierstrass Theorem:
a. Once you’ve confirmed the sequence is bounded, the Bolzano-Weierstrass Theorem
guarantees that there is at least one convergent subsequence. You can state that a
convergent subsequence exists by the theorem.
3. Find or Analyze the Convergent Subsequence (if required):
a. If the problem specifically asks for the convergent subsequence, find a way to extract it
from the sequence.
b. Sometimes, you may need to determine the limit of this convergent subsequence.

Practical Problem:
1
Let {𝑎𝑛 } be a sequence where 𝑎𝑛 = (−1)𝑛 × 𝑛. Check whether {𝑎𝑛 } has a convergent
subsequence.

• Verify Boundedness:
(−1)𝑛 1
✓ Observe that |𝑎𝑛 | = | |=𝑛
𝑛

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1
✓ Since, ≤ 1 for all 𝑛 ≥ 1, the sequence is bounded.
𝑛

• Apply Bolzano-Weierstrass Theorem:


✓ By the Bolzano-Weierstrass Theorem, any bounded sequence has at least one convergent
subsequence.
• Find the Convergent Subsequence:
1
✓ Notice that as 𝑛 → ∞, 𝑎𝑛 = (−1)𝑛 × 𝑛 → 0
1
✓ Therefore, one possible convergent subsequence is {𝑎2𝑘 } = 2𝑘 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘 = 1,2,3 … .. which
converges to 0.
−1
✓ Another convergent subsequence is {𝑎2𝑘−1 } = 2𝑘−1 which also converges to 0.
✓ So, we have found that both {𝑎2𝑘 } and {𝑎2𝑘−1 }are convergent subsequences of {𝑎𝑛 },
where both have a limit of 0.

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