Panpac Additional Mathematics

Chapter 4 Polynomials and Partial Fractions

Exercise 4.1

1. Evaluate P(3) and P(1) if

(a) P(x) = x3  2x + 1, (b) P(x) = 4  6x + x2.

2. Find the value of the polynomial P(x) = 3x2  7x + 2

(a) at x = 4, (b) at x = 2.

3. Given that P(x) = x2 + x + 1 and Q(x) = 2x2  3x + 2, find

(a) Q(x)  P(x), (b) P(x) + 2Q(x), (c) P(x)Q(x).

4. Expand
(a) (7x  3)(2x2 + 4x  1), (b) (5x2 + 2x  4)(3x2 + x  2),
(c) (3x  4x + 3)(4x + 2x  2).
3 2

5. Given that P(x) = 6x2  2x  3 and Q(x) = 3x2 + 5x  4, find the value of each of the
following polynomials at x = 1.
(a) 3Q(x) + 2P(x) (b) 4P(x)  2Q(x) (c) P(x)Q(x) (d) [P(x)]2  3Q(x)

6. Without expanding the following polynomials, find the coefficient of x2 in

(a) (2x2  x + 1)(3x  2), (b) (x2 + 3x + 2)(8x2  5x  4).

7. Without expanding the following polynomials, find the coefficient of x3 in

(a) (2x2  2x + 5)(x2  3x + 1), (b) (4x3  x2 + 7x  2)(2x3 + 3x2  x + 6).

8. Show that the two polynomials (x + 1)2 + 1 and (x + 1)(x2 + 2)  x3 are the same.
(We say that they are identical.)

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Panpac Additional Mathematics

Exercise 4.2

In questions 1 to 6, find the values of the unknown constants for each identity.

1. a(x  2) + b(x  4) = x + 2

2. 2x3  6x + 5 = (x  2)(2x2 + ax + 2) + b

3. x3  6x2  x + 30 = (x  3)(ax2  3x + b)

4. x3 + cx2 + x + 6 = (x + 1)(x  2)(ax + b)

5. 3x2  5x + 4 = A(x  2)2 + B(x  2) + C

6. x3 + 3x2  2x + 16 = Ax2(x  1) + B(x  2)2(x  1) + C(x + 2)

7. Given that 3x3 + 2x2 + x + 2 = (x2 + 2x  1)(3x  4) + Ax + B for all values of x, find the
value of A and of B.

8. Given that 4x3  6x2 + 1 = (x  2)(x + 1)Q(x) + ax + b, where Q(x) is a polynomial, find
the value of a and of b.

9. James solved for the values of A, B, C and D in the identity

3x3  2x2 + x  4 = A(x  1) + B(x  1)(x + 1) + Cx(x2  1) + D
and obtained A = 3, B = 2, C = 5 and D = 2. Use a graphing software to show that he
had made some mistakes.

Solve for A, B, C and D. Check your answers using the graphing software.

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Panpac Additional Mathematics

Exercise 4.3

1. Express each result in the form

dividend = divisor × quotient + remainder
when
(a) 2x3  4x2 + x  2 is divided by x  2,
(b) 3x4  x2 + 8x  4 is divided by x + 1,
(c) 4x4  5x3 + x2  2 is divided by x2  x + 2,
(d) 8x4  x2 + 5 is divided by 2x2 + 2x  1,
(e) 6x3 + 3x2  4x + 7 is divided by x2 + 1,
(f) 2x5 + 8x2  2x  3 is divided by 2x3  x  3.

2. Without long division, state the degree of the quotient and of the remainder when
x4 + 2x3  2x2  2x + 4 is divided by
(a) x + 2, (b) x2 + x + 3,
(c) x  1,
2
(d) x3  x2 + x  1.

Check your answers by carrying out the division process.

3. Given that P(x) = 3x3  5x2 + 4x  9 and Q(x) = 2x4 + 4x3  6x  5.

(a) Use long division to find the remainders when P(x) and Q(x) are each divided by
x  2. Hence, deduce the remainder when P(x) + Q(x) and 2P(x)  Q(x) are each
divided by x  2.
(b) Use long division to find the remainders when P(x) and Q(x) are each divided by
x2  x  2. Hence, deduce the remainder when Q(x)  P(x) and 3P(x) + Q(x) are
each divided by x2  x  2.

4. Given that 2x5  x3 + x2  4 = (x + 1)(x  2)Q(x) + ax + b for all values of x and that
Q(x) is a polynomial,
(a) state the degree of Q(x),
(b) find the values of a and b and hence, state the remainder when f(x) is divided by
x2  x  2.

5. Given the identity x4  2x3 + ax2  2 = x(x  1)(x + 1)Q(x) + 4x2 + bx + c, where Q(x) is
a polynomial,
(a) state the degree of Q(x),
(b) find the values of a, b and c, and hence state the remainder when
x4  2x3 + ax2  2 is divided by x3  x.

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Panpac Additional Mathematics

Exercise 4.4

1. By using the Remainder Theorem, find the remainder for the following operations.
(a) x8  4x7 + 3x5 + x4 + 3 is divided by x + 1
(b) x(x  1)4(1  2x)2 + x2  3 is divided by 2  x
(c) 3(x + 4)2  (1  x)3 is divided by x
(d) (2x  1)3 + 6(3 + 4x)2  10 is divided by 2x + 1

2. Find k if x3 + 3x2  kx + 4 leaves a remainder of k when divided by x  2.

3. When x4 + x3 + 2ax2  14a4 is divided by x + 2a, the remainder is 32. Find the possible
values of a.

4. When ax2 + bx  6 is divided by x + 3, the remainder is 9. Find, in terms of a only, the

remainder when 2x3  bx2 + 2ax  4 is divided by x  2.

5. The expression 8x3 + ax2 + bx  9 leaves remainders 95 and 3 when divided by x + 2
and 2x  3 respectively. Calculate the value of a and of b.

6. The polynomial x3 + ax2 + bx  3 leaves a remainder of 27 when divided by x  2 and a

remainder of 3 when divided by x + 1. Calculate the remainder when the polynomial is
divided by x  1.

7. The expression x3 + ax2 + 7 leaves a remainder of 2p when divided by x + 1 and a

remainder of p + 5 when divided by x  2. Calculate the value of a and of p.

8. The remainder when ax3 + bx2 + 2x + 3 is divided by x  1 is twice that when it is

divided by x + 1. Show that b = 3a + 3.

9. When 2x3  4x2  5x  2 is divided by (x  1)(x + 2), the remainder is ax + b.

This result may be expressed as the identity
2x3  4x2  5x  2 = (x  1)(x + 2)Q(x) + ax + b,
where Q(x) is the quotient.
(a) State the degree of Q(x).
(b) By substituting suitable values of x, find a and b.

10. The polynomial 2x2 + 6x + 3 has the same remainder when divided by x + p or by
x  2q, where p ≠ 2q. Find the value of p  2q.

11. Find the value of p and of q if 2x4 + px3 + qx  4 leaves a remainder of 36x + 32 when it
is divided by x2  2x  3.

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Panpac Additional Mathematics

Exercise 4.5

1. Show that x4  3x2 + 2x + 4 is exactly divisible by x + 1 but not by x  2.

2. Given that 3x2  4ax  4a2 has a factor x + 2, find the values of a.

3. Find the values of k if 3(x + 3)4  (k + x)2  12 has a factor x + 1.

4. The polynomial 2x3 + x2 + px  4 has a factor x  2. Find p. Show that 2x + 1 is also a

factor and deduce the third factor.

5. The expression ax3 + bx2  5x + 2a is exactly divisible by x2  3x  4. Calculate the

value of a and of b, and factorise the expression completely.

6. The polynomial x3 + ax2 + bx + c is exactly divisible by x2  x  2. Find the value of

a + b.

7. The polynomial 2x2 + bx  3 has a factor x  a, where a ≠ 0. Express b in terms of a.

8. For what values of p does the polynomial (2p + 1)x2 + px + 2p2 have a factor
(a) x  1, (b) x + 2?
State the value of p for which the polynomial is exactly divisible by x + 2 but not
by x  1.

9. Given that f(a) = a3  ba2  4b2a + 4b3, show that a  2b is a factor of f(a). Find, in
terms of b, the remainder when f(a) is divided by a + b.

10. Given that 2x2 + 3px  2q and x2 + q have a common factor x  a, where p, q and a are
non-zero constants, show that 9p2 + 16q = 0.

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Panpac Additional Mathematics

Exercise 4.6

1. Factorise the cubic polynomials 3x3  10x2 + 9x  2 and x3  2x2  4x + 8.

2. Given that f(x) = x3  3x2  4x, solve the equation

(a) f(x) = 0, (b) f(x) = 12.

3. Solve the following cubic equations.

(a) x3  4x2 + x + 6 = 0 (b) 4x3 + 3x2  16x = 12
(c) 4x + 18 = 7x + 21x
3 2
(d) x3 + 4 = x(x + 4)
4
(e) (x  3)2 = x (f) x(x + 3)(x  1) = x + 8

4. The curves y = 2x3 and y = (2  x)(5x + 6) intersect at three points. Find the
x-coordinates of these points.

5. Solve the following equations, giving your answers in surd form, where necessary.
(a) 3x3 + 5x2 = 3x + 2 (b) 2x3 + 6x  6 = (13x  6)(x  1)

6. The remainder when 2x3 + 9x2 + 7x + 3 is divided by x  k is 9. Find k.

7. Factorise f(x) = x3  2x2  7x  4. Hence solve the equation

(a) f(x) = 0, (b) f(x) = (x + 1)(x  4), (c) f(x) = 6(x + 1).

8. Given that P(x) = x4 + ax3  x2 + bx  12 has factors x  2 and x + 1, solve the equation
P(x) = 0.

9. Given f(x) = 2x3 + ax2  7a2x  6a3, determine whether x  a and x + a are factors of
f(x). Hence find, in terms of a, the roots of f(x) = 0.

10. Copy and complete the following table.

f(x) f(x) factorised completely

(a) (4x2  1)(x + 3) (2x + 1)(2x  1)(x + 3)
(b) (x + 2)(6  x  x2)
(c) 2x3 + 11x2 + 10x  8
(d) 3x3  5x2 + 11x  3

Use a graphing software to plot y = f(x) for each of the above expressions. Devise a
method to sketch the graph of y = f(x) from the completely factorised form of f(x). Use
your method to sketch the graphs of y = (x  4)(2x + 3)(2  x) and y = (x + 1)2(x + 3).
Use the graphing software to check your answers. Are they correct? If not, modify
your method and check it with more cubic polynomials f(x).

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Panpac Additional Mathematics

Exercise 4.7

1. Express each expression in partial fractions.

3x  1 x2 x5
(a) ( x  2)( x  5) (b) ( x  2)( x  1) (c) x2  x
x  10 (2 x  5)( x  2) x 2  8 x  44
(d) x  4 (e) ( x  2)( x  1)
2 2
(f) ( x  2)( x  2) 2
14  7 x  3 x 2
8 x  11x  5
2
x 2  2 x  15
(g) x 2 ( x  2) (h) (2 x  3)( x 2  1) (l) x( x 2  3)

2. Express the following in partial fractions.

2 x 3  15 x 2  39 x  33 4 x 3  4 x 2  16 x  7
(a) ( x  2)( x  3) (b) ( x  1)( x  2)
6 x 3  5 x 2  19 x  28 4 x5  2 x 4  3x3  x 2  x  1
(c) (2 x  3)( x  1) 2 (d) x( x 2  1)

6 x 2  21x  25 B C
3. Express x(2 x  5) in the form A + x + 2 x  5 .

4 x 3  12 x 2  x  4
4. Without using long division, express 4x2  1 in the form
C D
Ax + B + 2 x  1 + 2 x  1 .

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Panpac Additional Mathematics

Miscellaneous Exercise 4

1. (a) Given that x3 + x  4 = (x2 + x  1)(x  1) + Ax + B for all values of x, find the
values of A and B. Hence, or otherwise, find the remainder when x3 + x  4 is
divided by x2 + x  1.
(b) The expression 3(x + 2)5 + (x + k)2 leaves a remainder of 7 when divided by
x + 1. Determine the values of k.

2. Show that the expression x3 + (k  2)x2 + (k  7)x  4 has a factor x + 1 for all values
of k. If the expression also has a factor x + 2, find the value of k and the third factor.

3. (a) Given that g(x) = x3 + ax2 + x + 5 and that g(x) leaves a remainder of 31 when
divided by x  2, find the value of a.
Given further that g(x) = x(x  1)(x  b) + cx + 5 for all values of x, calculate the
value of b and of c.
(b) Solve the equation x3 = 3x2 + 6x + 2, giving your answers correct to two decimal
places, where necessary.

4. Express the following in partial fractions.

2 x 2  7 x +14 7x  3 10 x  5
(b) 1  x
2 2
(a) ( x + 2)( x  4) (c) ( x +1)( x + 4)
x3 42 x4 + 9
(e) (2 x  5)( x +1)
2
(d) ( x  4)
2 3
(f) x + 3 x
5. The polynomial f(x) leaves remainders of 5 and 7 when divided by x + 1 and x  2
respectively. Find the remainder when f(x) is divided by x2  x  2.

6. If x + 2 is a factor of x4 + ( p  1)x2  p2 but not of x3 + px2  3x + 10, find the value

of p.

7. Given that x5 + ax3 + bx2  3 ≡ (x2  1)Q(x)  x  2, where Q(x) is a polynomial. State
the degree of Q(x) and find the value of a and of b. Find also the remainder when Q(x)
is divided by x + 2.

8. (a) Solve the equation x3 + 3x2  6x  8 = 0.

(b) The expressions 22x3 + 15x2  4x  6 and 2 + 14x  12x2  5x3 have the same
remainder when each is divided by x  a. Show that 27a3 + 27a2  18a  8 = 0.
Use the substitution y = 3a to find the values of a.

9. Given that f(x) = x3 + px2  2x + 4 3 has a factor x + 2 , find the value of p. Show
that x  2 3 is also a factor and hence solve the equation f(x) = 0.

10. Given that kx3 + 2x2 + 2x + 3 and kx3  2x + 9 have a common factor, what are the
possible values of k?

11. When x4  2x3  4b2x2  40bx  56 is divided by x + 2b, the remainder is 200.
(a) Show that b3 + 5b2  16 = 0.

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Panpac Additional Mathematics

(b) Find the possible values of b.

12. (a) The curves y = x(16x  19) and y = 4x3  6 meet at some points. Find the
x-coordinates of these points.
(b) Find the value of k for which a  2b is a factor of a4  a2b2 + kb4. Hence, for this
value of k, factorise a4  a2b2  kb4 completely.

13. (a) Given that f(x) = 4x3  16x2  9x + 40, find the remainder when f(x) is divided by
x  4. Deduce a root of the equation f(x) = x and find the other roots of this
equation.
(b) Show that x  2y is a factor of x3 + 2x2y  5xy2  6y3 and find the other two
factors.

14. (a) Find the value of p for which x2 + 5px + p2 + 5 has a factor x + 2 but not x + 3.
(b) Solve the equation x2(x + 3) = 10x + 24. Hence, by using a suitable substitution,
solve the equation 25x2(5x + 3) = 50x + 24.

15. The cubic polynomial f(x) is such that the coefficient of x3 is 2 and that the root of the
equation f(x) = 0 are 1, 3 and k. Given that f(x) has a remainder of 20 when divided by
x  4, find
(a) the value of k,
(b) the remainder when f(x) is divided by x + 2.

16. Find the value of k for which x2  3x + k is a factor of x3  7x2 + 48.

Hence, or otherwise, solve the equation 8x = 7(4x)  48.

17. It is given that f(x) = x4  x3  7x2 + x + 6 and g(x) = x4  2x3  10x2 + 5x + 18.
(a) Solve completely the equation f(x)  g(x) = 0.
(b) If f(x) and g(x) have a common factor x  α, find the value of α.

18. Factorise 2x3  5x2  4x + 12 completely.

7
Hence, express 2 x  5 x  4 x +12 in partial fractions.
3 2

19. (a) The expression f(x) = ax3  (a + 3b)x2 + 2bx + c is exactly divisible by x2  2x.
When f(x) is divided by x  1, the remainder is 8 more than when it is divided by
x + 1. Factorise f(x) completely. Hence sketch the curve y = f(x) and find the
range of values of x for which f(x) < 0.
(b) Given that 6x2  x  3 = A(2x + 1)(x  1) + B(1  x) + C for all values of x, find
the values of A, B and C.

20. Given that f(x) = 2x3 + (4  2a)x2  ax + 6a, show that x + 2 is a factor of f(x) and find
the other quadratic factor. If f(x) = 0 has only one real root, find the range of values
of a.

21. Take an ordinary sheet of A4 paper (about 21.0 cm by 29.7 cm). Fold a corner over to
its opposite side, to form triangle PQR with area A(x). Experiment with several folds to
see how A varies with x.

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Panpac Additional Mathematics

x(441  x 2 )
(a) A(x) is a cubic polynomial. Show that A(x) = 84
(b) Verify that 0 and 21 satisfy the equation A(x) = 0. Why must this be true?
3
(c) Calculate the values of x for which triangle PQR has an area of 15 7 cm2.
(d) Use a graphing software to draw the graph of y = A(x) and determine the value of
x in the interval 0 < x < 21 for which A(x) is a maximum.

22. Paul worked out the following.

f(x) = 4x3(x  2)5  x2 + x x  7
f(1) = 4  1 + 1  7 = 3
He claimed that f(x) leaves a remainder of 3 when it is divided by x  1. Do you agree
with him? State your reason(s).

5 x 2  3x  8 2 3x  1
Zena expressed ( x  1)( x  4) as x  1 + x  4 .
2 2
23.
(a) Show that her answer is wrong, without actually working out the partial fractions.
(b) Find the correct partial fractions.

Journal Writing

24. Explain in your own words, using your own specific examples, one of the
following topics.
(a) Long division of polynomials
(b) The Remainder Theorem
(c) The solution of cubic equations
(d) Expressing a rational expression in partial fractions

Project & Investigation

25. (a) The following shows the division of some polynomials by x + 1. Describe the
pattern in the quotient and remainders.
x +1 2
x 1 = 1 + x 1
x 2 +1 2
x 1 = x + 1 + x 1
x 3 +1 2
x  1 = x2 + x + 1 + x  1

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Panpac Additional Mathematics

x4  1 x5  1
Use this pattern to find x  1 and x  1 . Verify your results by actual
division.
x n +1
State the pattern you would observe for x  1 , where n is a positive integer.
x  1 x 2  1 x3  1 x 4  1 x5  1 x 6  1
(b) Are there similar patterns in x +1 , x +1 , x +1 , x +1 , x +1 , x +1 , …?
Do the patterns depend on n? How can you generalise your results, using x and n?

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Answers

Exercise 4.1

1. (a) 22, 2 (b) 5, 11

2. (a) 22 (b) 28
3. (a) x  4x + 1
2
(b) 5x2  5x + 5
(c) 2x4  x3 + x2  x + 2
4. (a) 14x3 + 22x2  19x + 3
(b) 15x4 + 11x3  20x2  8x + 8
(c) 12x5 + 6x4  22x3 + 4x2 + 14x  6
5. (a) 8 (b) 32 (c) 30 (d) 43
6. (a) 7 (b) 3
7. (a) 4 (b) 42

Exercise 4.2

1. a = 3, b = 2
2. a = 4, b = 9
3. a = 1, b = 10
4. a = 1, b = 3, c = 4
5. A = 3, B = 7, C = 6
6. A = 2, B = 1, C = 6
7. A = 12, B = 2
8. a = 6, b = 3

Exercise 4.3

1. (a) 2x3  4x2 + x  2 = (x  2)(2x2 + 1)

(b) 3x4  x2 + 8x  4
= (x + 1)(3x3  3x2 + 2x + 6)  10
(c) 4x4  5x3 + x2  2
= (x2  x + 2)(4x2  x  8)  6x + 14
(d) 8x4  x2 + 5 = (2x2 + 2x  1)
 2 11 21
 4 x  4 x + 
2  15x + 2
(e) 6x + 3x  4x + 7
3 2

= (x2 + 1)(6x + 3)  10x + 4

(f) 2x5 + 8x2  2x  3 = (2x2  x  3)
 2 1 3 3
 x + 
2 + 11x2  2 x  2
2. (a) 3, 0 (b) 2, less than 2
(c) 2, less than 2 (d) 1, less than 3
3. (a) 3, 47; 50, 41
(b) 8x  13, 16x + 15; 8x + 28, 40x  24
4. (a) 3

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Panpac Additional Mathematics

(b) a = 20, b = 16; 20x + 16

5. (a) 1
(b) a = 3, b = 2, c = 2; 4x2  2x  2

Exercise 4.4

1. (a) 6 (b) 19 (c) 47 (d) 12

2. 8
3. ±2
4. 32  8a
5. a = 6, b = 1
6. 3
7. a = 2, p = 2
9. (a) 1 (b) a = 5, b = 14
10. 3
11. p = 1, q = 3

Exercise 4.5

2. 3, 1
3. 5, 7
4. 8, x + 2
5. a = 2, b = 7; (x  4)(x + 1)(2x  1)
6. 3
3
7. b = a  2a
1
8. (a) 1,  2 (b) 1, 2; p = 2
9. 6b3

Exercise 4.6

1. (x  1)(x  2)(3x  1), (x  2)2(x + 2)

2. (a) 1, 0, 4 (b) 2, 2, 3
3
3. (a) 1, 2, 3 (b) 2,  4 , 2
3
(c) 2, 4 , 3 (d) 2, 1, 2
(e) 1, 1, 4 (f) 2, 2, 2
3
4. 2, 2, 2
1± 13 7 ± 17
5. (a) 2, 6 (b) 3, 4
1
6. 3, 2, 2
7. (x + 1)2(x  4)
(a) 1, 1, 4 (b) 1, 0, 4

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Panpac Additional Mathematics

(c) 2, 1, 5

8. 3, 2, 1, 2
3
9. (x + a) is a factor; a,  2 a, 2a

Exercise 4.7

1 2
1. (a) x  2 + x + 5
4 3
(b) x + 2  x +1
5 4
(c) x  x +1
3 2
(d) x  2  x + 2
4 2 1
(e) x  2  x +1  ( x +1)
2

4 3 8
(f) x + 2  x  2 + ( x  2)
2

7 3
(g) x  x + 2
2

2 3x  1
(h) 2 x  3 + x 2 +1
5 2  4x
(i) x + x 2 + 3
1 3
2. (a) 2x + 5  x + 2 + x + 3
5 3
(b) 4x  x +1  x  2
4 3 2
(c) 3 + 2 x + 3  x  1 + ( x  1)
2

1 4x
(d) 4x2 + 2x  1 + x  x +1 2

5 4
3. 3  x + 2x  5
1 1
4. x + 3  2(2 x  1) + 2(2 x +1)

Miscellaneous Exercise 4

1. (a) A = 3, B = 5; 3x  5
(b) 1, 3
2. 3, x  2
3. (a) 4; b = 5, c = 6
(b) 1, 0.45, 4.45

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Panpac Additional Mathematics

6 3
4. (a) 2  x + 2 + x  4
2 5
(b) 1  x  1  x
3 3x  7
(c)  x +1 + x 2 + 4
48 64
(d) x + 8 + x  4 + ( x  4)
2

24 12 6
(e) 7(2 x  5)  7( x +1)  ( x +1)
2

3 6
(f) x + x  x + 32

5. 4x  1
6. 6
7. 3, a = 2, b = 1; 5
4 1 2
8. (a) 4, 1, 2 (b)  3 ,  3 , 3
9. p = 2 3 ;  2 , 2 , 2 3
5
10. 7, 9
1 1 17
11. (b) 4,  2 ± 2
1 3
12. (a) 2 , 2 , 2
(b) 12; (a  2b)(a + 2b)(a2 + 3b2)
5
13. (a) 4; 4, ± 2 (b) x + y, x + 3y
14. (a) 9
3 2 4
(b) 3, 2,  4; 5 ,  5 ,  5
15. (a) 2 (b) 40
16. k = 12; 2, 2.40
17. (a) 3, 2, 2 (b) 2
18. (2x + 3)(x  2) ;
2

4 2 1
7(2 x + 3)  7( x  2) + ( x  2) 2
1
19. (a) x(x  2)(2x  1); x < 0 or 2 < x < 2
(b) A = 3, B = 2, C = 2
20. 2x2  2ax + 3a; 0 < a < 6

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