Physics material: magnetism (part 3: last part)

Student name:

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4.5.5 The d.c. motor

1 Know that a current-carrying coil in a magnetic field may experience a turning effect and that the turning effect is
increased by increasing:(a) the number of turns on the coil (b) the current (c) the strength of the magnetic field
2 Describe the operation of an electric motor, including the action of a split-ring commutator and brushes

4.5.1 Electromagnetic induction

1 Know that a conductor moving across a magnetic field or a changing magnetic field linking with a conductor can
induce an e.m.f. in the conductor
2 Describe an experiment to demonstrate electromagnetic induction
3 State the factors affecting the magnitude of an induced e.m.f.
4 Know that the direction of an induced e.m.f. opposes the change causing it (Lenz’s law)
5 State and use the relative directions of force, field and induced current

4.5.2 The a.c. generator

1 Describe a simple form of a.c. generator (rotating coil or rotating magnet) and the use of slip rings and brushes
where needed
2 Sketch and interpret graphs of e.m.f. against time for simple a.c. generators and relate the position of the
generator coil to the peaks, troughs and zeros of the e.m.f.

4.5.6 The transformer

1 Describe the construction of a simple transformer with a soft iron core, as used for voltage transformations
2 Use the terms primary, secondary, step-up and step-down
3 Recall and use the equation

where p and s refer to primary and secondary

4 Describe the use of transformers in high-voltage transmission of electricity

5 State the advantages of high-voltage transmission

6 Explain the principle of operation of a simple iron-cored transformer

7 Recall and use the equation for 100% efficiency in a transformer IpVp = IsVs where p and s refer to primary and
secondary
8 Recall and use the equation P = I2R to explain why power losses in cables are smaller when the voltage is
greater

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 DC motor (The motor effect can be used to create a simple d.c electric motor)
• The simple d.c. motor consists of a coil of wire (which is free to rotate) placed in a uniform magnetic field
 split-ring commutator
• Purpose: rotate with the coil to reverse the
direction of the current every half cycle
 brushes (carbon)
• Purpose: provides electrical contact between
the coil and the supply
• When the coil is horizontal, the forces are
further and have maximum turning effect
on the coil (coil rotates CW as in the figure).

• When the coil passes the vertical position,

the split-ring commutator reverses the
direction of the current through the coil, so
the forces on different sides of the coil
change direction. The coil will rotate
continuously

• Note: when the coil is at vertical position

the force on it is zero (coil is moving parallel
 Electric motors (converts electrical energy into kinetic energy) are found in
to the magnetic field lines), but it continues many household devices e.g. tumble dryers, washing machines, vacuum
to rotate because of its momentum/inertia cleaners, electric knives, food mixers, hair dryers and electric toothbrushes.

 Turning effect on a coil

• When a current flows in coil that is
placed in a uniform magnetic field, the
current flows in opposite directions
along the two sides of the coil

Remember: (motor effect) when a

current-carrying conductor is placed in
a magnetic field it experiences a force

• According to FLHR, one side of the coil

will experience a force pushing it
upwards.
• The other side will feel a force pushing it
downwards so the coil starts to rotate
(in other words, there is turning effect) Magnetic field, current and magnetic
force are perpendicular to each other

 The turning effect can be increased if:

• The current increased

• A stronger magnet is used
• The number of turns on the coil is increased
• A coil with greater area is used: greater length of the wire in the magnetic field means higher force

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Electromagnetic Induction
 Previously: current produces a magnetic field
 Electromagnetic induction: magnetic field is used to produce a current
 A potential difference will be induced (induced E.M.F) in the conductor if there is relative movement
between the conductor and the magnetic field, if there is a complete circuit a current will flow

• For a current to flow in a circuit, the circuit must be complete with no breaks in it. Also, there
must be a source of e.m.f. to provide the energy. A battery is one source of e.m.f.
• Other sources is the electromagnetic induction which results in induced e.m.f.

 The e.m.f. can be induced whenever there is a change in magnetic field through the conductor.
This can be done by:

• Moving the electrical conductor in a fixed magnetic field. Note:

A direct current (DC) produces a
• Moving the magnetic field relative to a fixed conductor
constant magnetic field. to produce a
• Using an alternating current (ac) changing magnetic field keep open
and close the switch in the circuit.

 Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction:

• The e.m.f induced in a conductor is directly proportional to the rate at which magnetic field lines
are cut by the conductor

 Moving the electrical conductor in a fixed magnetic field

As the wire moves, magnetic field around the conductor
 As the wire moves it cuts the magnetic field lines and changes, and this induces an e.m.f. in the conductor
this induces an e.m.f. in the wire
 Since there is a complete circuit a current flows in the
wire
• So the needle of the galvanometer deflects in one
direction
 The direction of the induced e.m.f. and hence the direction
of the current will reverse if:

• The wire moves in the opposite direction (needle of the

galvanometer will deflect in the opposite direction)
• Magnetic field is reversed).
• If the wire is not moving, or moving parallel to the field
lines, no induced e.m.f and the needle will not deflect

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 Moving the magnetic field relative to a fixed conductor

 As the magnet is pushed into the coils, the magnetic field lines cut the (or we say, there is a change
in magnetic field across the coil),
 This induces an e.m.f. in the coil.
 Since there is a complete circuit a current flows in the wire.
 So the needle of the galvanometer deflects in one direction

 The induced e.m.f. / current can be increased by:  Note

• An e.m.f. can be induced also if is coil is pushed
• Using stronger magnet toward the coil
• Increasing number of turns on the coil • If the coil and the magnet are moved together
• Moving the magnet faster at the speed and direction no induced e.m.f.

 Experiment with the magnet and the coil also give the following results

• If the magnet is pulled out of the coil, the direction of the induced e.m.f. / current is reversed (the
needle of the galvanometer will deflect in opposite direction)

• If the S-pole, rather than the N-pole is pushed into the coil, the direction of the induced e.m.f. is also
reversed.

• If the magnet is held stationary, no field lines are cut, so there is no induced e.m.f.

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 Induced current direction: FRHR

 If a straight wire in a complete circuit is moving at right angle to a magnetic field, the direction of the induced
current can be found using FRHR

• FLHR: (motor effect): current-carrying conductor

placed in a magnetic field.

• FRHR: induced current

In fact, Lenz’s law is little more than the conservation of energy.

Suppose that, rather than opposing the induced effect, the change were to enhance it. This would imply an
attraction instead of a repulsion between magnet and coil; the magnet would be pulled into the coil,
accelerating as it goes. This would increase the speed and lead to an even greater acceleration.
The magnet would move faster and faster into the coil, gaining kinetic energy from nowhere. Conservation of
energy tells us this cannot happen.

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The ac generator (converts kinetic energy into electrical energy)

• Most of our electricity comes from generators (dynamos) in power stations. There are smaller generators in
cars and some bicycles. These generators all use the electromagnetic induction. Most generators give out
alternating current (ac)
The a.c. generator is composed of a rotating coil is usually of many turns of wire wrapped around a structure
and the whole section of the motor is called the armature.
• Fixed carbon brushes. They 'brush' against the two slip rings maintaining an electrical connection to the
circuit without causing the circuit wires to wrap around the shaft.

The a.c. generator is composed of a

rotating coil is usually of many turns
of wire wrapped around a structure
and the whole section of the motor
is called the armature.
• Fixed carbon brushes. They
'brush' against the two slip rings
maintaining an electrical
connection to the circuit without
causing the circuit wires to wrap
around the shaft. and allows
production of an ac output

 Working principle of the ac generator:

• As the coil rotates, it cuts the magnetic field lines (or: there is a change in magnetic field in the coil) and this
induces an e.m.f. in the conductor. Since there is a complete circuit, a current flow in the circuit.
• Because the current changes direction every half cycle/turn the output current is an alternating current (ac)
• Using FRHR the direction of the induced current can be determined.

 Current-time graph for one cycle (rotation):

• The induced e.m.f. is minimum (zero) when the coil is

vertical (no cutting of field lines)

[The coil is moving parallel to the direction of the magnetic

field, so no current is induced]

• The induced e.m.f. is maximum when the coil is horizontal

(coil cutting field lines at faster rate)

[The coil is moving at 90° to the direction of the magnetic

field, so the induced current is at its maximum]
 induced e.m.f. or current, can be increased by:
• increasing the speed of rotation of the coil;
• using a stronger magnet;
• increasing the number of turns on the coil.
• Increasing the area of the coil

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Transformers
 A transformer is an electrical device that can be used to increase or decrease the potential difference of an
alternating current (voltage transformations). This is achieved using the electromagnetic induction.

 A basic transformer consists of:

• A primary coil (The primary coil is the first coil) Vp Vs
• A secondary coil (The second coil is the second coil)
• A soft iron core (Iron is used because it is easily magnetised)

Np Ns

 Types of transformer:

• A step-up transformer: increases the potential difference of a power source because it has more turns on the
secondary coil than on the primary coil (Ns > Np)

• A step-up transformer: decreases the potential difference of a power source because it has fewer turns on the
secondary coil than on the primary coil (Ns < Np)

 Working principle The alternating

• An alternating current in the primary coil produces an alternating/changing magnetic field potential difference
will have the same
• The iron core becomes magnetized
frequency as the
• This magnetic field links/cuts across the secondary coil alternating current
• which induces an alternating voltage / p.d. across the secondary (coil) supplied to the
• If the secondary coil is part of a complete circuit it will cause an alternating current to flow primary coil

 All transformers waste some energy because of heating effect in the iron core and in the coil. An ideal transformer would be
100% efficient.
 Provided all the field lines pass through both coils and the coils waste no energy because of heating effect, the following
equation applies
Where
• Vp = potential difference (voltage) across the primary coil in volts (V)
• Vs = potential difference (voltage) across the secondary coil in volts (V)
• Np = number of turns on primary coil
• Ns = number of turns on secondary coil

 also if a transformer is 100% efficient then: Where:

• Vp = potential difference across primary coil in volts (V)
Input power = Output power • Ip = current through primary coil in Amps (A)
• Vs = potential difference across secondary coil in volts (V)
IPVP= ISVS • Is = current through secondary coil in Amps (A)

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• High-Voltage Transmission (using of transformers and alternating current (ac))

national grid are networks of wires and cables that carry electrical energy from power stations to consumers such
as factories and homes. Unfortunately, currents in long wire can lose lots of energy in the form of heat. The larger
the current, the greater the amount of energy lost.
If the current is he wires is kept to a minimum, the heat losses can be reduced. Transformers helps us do this

 Transmission cables are good conductors, but they still have resistance, especially when they are hundreds of
kilometers long. To reduce the current the voltage must be increased

• To transmit the same amount of power as the input power the potential difference at which the
electricity is transmitted should be increased
• This will result in a smaller current being transmitted through the power lines
• This is because P = IV, so if V increases, I must decrease to transmit the same power
The power (energy per second) lost in the wire is given by the following equation:
Where:
P = I2R P = power in watts (W)
I = current in amps (A)
R = resistance in ohms (Ω)
In summary:
To reduces energy loss in the cables in the high-voltage transmission:

Increasing the voltage, reduces the current, and so that the power dissipated as heat reduces (P = I2R)

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Examples
2) A step-down transformer converts 11,500 V into 230 V. The power output is used to run a 2,000 W kettle.
Calculate the current flowing in the primary coil (the input current).

0.174A
1) Assuming an ideal transformer. Use the figure to calculate the following:
a) The supply voltage
b) The current in the input coil

(a) 200V / (b) 0.2 A

3) 4 kW of power is fed to transmission cable of resistance 5Ω. calculate the power loss in the cable if the power
transmitted at
a) 200 V
b) 200 000 V

2 kW W / 0.002 W

Practicing multiple choices

1) The diagram shows a transformer

The input voltage is 240V.
What is the output voltage?

A 6.0V
B 12V
C 20V
D 40V

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2) A coil carries a current in a magnetic field. The coil experiences a turning effect. Which device uses
this effect?
a) a d.c. motor
b) an electromagnet
c) a relay
d) a transformer

3) A magnet is suspended from a spring so that it can move freely inside a stationary coil. The coil is
connected to a sensitive centre-zero galvanometer.

The magnet repeatedly moves slowly up and down.

What does the galvanometer show?

a) a constantly changing reading

b) a steady reading to the left
c) a steady reading to the right
d) a steady reading of zero

4) A transformer has 50 turns on its primary coil and 100 turns on its secondary coil. An alternating
voltage of 25.0 V is connected across the primary coil.

What is the voltage across the secondary coil?

a) 12.5V
b) 50.0V
c) 100V
d) 200V

5) An e.m.f. is induced across a wire when it moves through the magnetic field between the poles of
a magnet. Which electrical device operates because of this effect?

a) a battery
b) a cathode-ray tube
c) a generator
d) a motor

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6) The diagram shows a flat, rectangular coil placed between the poles of a magnet. There is a current in
the coil that makes it turn in the direction shown in the diagram.

Which change would make the coil turn in the opposite

direction?
a) decreasing the current in the coil
b) increasing the number of turns on the coil
c) reversing both the direction of the current in the coil and
the poles of the magnet
d) reversing only the direction of the current in the coil

7) A transformer has 1000 turns on its primary coil. An input voltage of 12V is applied to the primary
coil, and an output voltage of 120V is induced across the secondary coil.

How many turns are on the secondary coil of the

transformer?

a) 100
b) 120
c) 1000
d) 10000

8) Which diagram represents the voltage output of a simple a.c. generator?

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9) A step-up transformer is used before electricity is transmitted by overhead cables. Which statement
explains why the step-up transformer is used?
a) It increases the current to increase the speed at which the electricity travels.
b) It increases the current to reduce energy loss in the cables.
c) It increases the voltage to increase the speed at which the electricity travels.
d) It increases the voltage to reduce energy loss in the cables.

10) A current-carrying coil in a magnetic field experiences a turning effect.

How can the turning effect be increased?

a) Increase the number of turns on the coil.

b) Reduce the size of the current.
c) Reverse the direction of the magnetic field.
d) Use thinner wire for the coil.

11) A student investigates electromagnetic induction. She has a bar magnet and a coil of wire that is
connected to a sensitive ammeter.
Which movement does not cause a reading on the ammeter?

a) moving the coil to the right

b) moving both the magnet and the coil to the left at the
same speed
c) moving both the magnet and the coil towards each other
at the same speed
d) moving the magnet to the left

12) Which device uses slip rings?

a) a d.c. electric motor

b) a relay
c) a transformer
d) an a.c. generator

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13) An input voltage of 10V is supplied to the primary coil of a transformer. An output voltage of 40V
is produced across the secondary coil. The 10V supply at the primary coil is now replaced with a 40V
supply. What is the new output voltage across the secondary coil?

a) 10V
b) 40V
c) 70V
d) 160V

14) A metal wire is placed between the poles of a magnet. The wire can be moved in each of three
directions OP, QR and ST.
In which direction or directions must the wire be moved to
induce an e.m.f. across the ends of the wire?

a) OP only
b) OP or ST
c) QR
d) ST only

15) Which diagram shows a movement that will not produce the changing magnetic field needed to
induce an e.m.f. in the coil?

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16) A transformer is needed to convert a supply of 240V a.c. into 4800V a.c. Which pair of coils would be
suitable for this transformer?

17) The diagram shows a simple step-down transformer used to decrease a voltage. Which part is the
primary coil?

18) The diagram shows an a.c. generator.

With the coil in the position shown, the output
voltage is +10V.
When does the output voltage become –10V?
a) when the coil has turned 90°
b) when the coil has turned 180°
c) when the coil has turned 270°
d) when the coil has turned 360°

19) A solenoid is connected in series with a sensitive ammeter. The N pole of a magnet is placed next to
one end of the solenoid, marked X.
First, the N pole of the magnet is pushed towards X, then the magnet is
pulled away from X. During both stages the ammeter deflects. Which type of
magnetic pole is induced at X during these two stages?

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20) The diagram shows a transformer

Which row describes the magnetic field in the soft-iron core and the magnetic field in the secondary
coil when the transformer is operating?

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
B A A B C D D B D A B D D A B A D B B A

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