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Lecture 6 (CO)

The document provides an overview of Integrated Circuits (ICs), detailing their classification into SSI, MSI, LSI, and VLSI based on the number of gates they contain. It also discusses various digital logic families such as TTL, ECL, MOS, and CMOS, highlighting their characteristics and applications. Additionally, the document explains the functions of decoders and encoders, including examples of 2 to 4 and 3 to 8 decoders, as well as a 4 to 2 encoder.

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8 views6 pages

Lecture 6 (CO)

The document provides an overview of Integrated Circuits (ICs), detailing their classification into SSI, MSI, LSI, and VLSI based on the number of gates they contain. It also discusses various digital logic families such as TTL, ECL, MOS, and CMOS, highlighting their characteristics and applications. Additionally, the document explains the functions of decoders and encoders, including examples of 2 to 4 and 3 to 8 decoders, as well as a 4 to 2 encoder.

Uploaded by

heril72480
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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C.U.Shah Institute of Computer Application, Ahmadabad.

Lecture-6

Integrated Circuit

An integrated circuit (IC) is manufactured using silicon material and mounted in a


ceramic or plastic container (known as Chip).

The basic components of an IC consist of electronic circuits for the digital gates.
The various gates are interconnected inside an IC to form the required circuit.

The following categories can broadly classify an Integrated Circuit (IC):

 SSI (Small Scale Integration Devices)


These type of devices contain several independent gates in a single
package. The inputs and outputs of these gates are connected directly to the
pins in the package. The number of logic gates are usually less than 10 and
are limited by the number of pins available in the IC.
 MSI (Medium Scale Integration Devices)
These type of devices has a complexity of approximately 10 to 200 gates
in a single package. The basic components include decoders, adders, and
registers.
 LSI (Large Scale Integration Devices)
LSI devices contain about 200 to a few thousand gates in a single
package. The basic components of an LSI device include digital systems,
such as processors, memory chips, and programmable modules.
 The following categories can broadly classify an Integrated Circuit (IC):
 VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration Device)
This type of devices contains thousands of gates within a single package.
The most common example of a VLSI device is a complex microcomputer
chip.

Digital integrated circuits are also classified by their specific circuit technology to
which they belong. The circuit technology is often referred to as Digital Logic
Family. Each technology has its own basic electronic circuit and functions to
perform.

By: Assistant Professor Devangi Parekh 1|P a ge


C.U.Shah Institute of Computer Application, Ahmadabad.

The most common component in each technology is either a NAND, a


NOR, or an inverter gate.

 TTL (Transistor-transistor Logic)

The TTL technology was an upgraded version of a previous technology called as


DTL (Diode-Transistor Logic). The DTL technology used to have diodes and
transistors for the basic NAND gate. TTL came in existence when these diodes are
replaced with transistors to improve the circuit operation.

 ECL (Emitter-coupled Logic)

The ECL technology provides the highest-speed digital circuits in integrated


form. An ECL circuit is used in supercomputers and signal processors where high
speed is essential

 MOS (Metal-oxide semiconductor)- high component density

 CMOS (Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor)

The complementary MOS or CMOS technology uses PMOS and NMOS


transistors connected in a complementary manner in all circuits.

CMOS logic families are highly preferred in large-scale integrated circuits


because of its high noise immunity and low power dissipation.

Decoders

Decoder is a combinational circuit that has ‘n’ input lines and maximum of
2n output lines. One of these outputs will be active High based on the
combination of inputs present, when the decoder is enabled. That means
decoder detects a particular code. The outputs of the decoder are nothing but
the min terms of ‘n’ input variables lineslines, when it is enabled.

2 to 4 Decoder

Let 2 to 4 Decoder has two inputs A1 & A0 and four outputs Y3, Y2, Y1 & Y0.
The block diagram of 2 to 4 decoder is shown in the following figure.

By: Assistant Professor Devangi Parekh 2|P a ge


C.U.Shah Institute of Computer Application, Ahmadabad.

One of these four outputs will be ‘1’ for each combination of inputs when enable,
E is ‘1’. The Truth table of 2 to 4 decoder is shown below.

From Truth table, we can write the Boolean functions for each output as

Y3=E.A1.A0

Y2=E.A1.A0′

Y1=E.A1′.A0

Y0=E.A1′.A0′

Each output is having one product term. So, there are four product terms in total.
We can implement these four product terms by using four AND gates having three
inputs each & two inverters. The circuit diagram of 2 to 4 decoder is shown in
the following figure.
By: Assistant Professor Devangi Parekh 3|P a ge
C.U.Shah Institute of Computer Application, Ahmadabad.

Therefore, the outputs of 2 to 4 decoder are nothing but the min terms of two
input variables A1 & A0, when enable, E is equal to one. If enable, E is zero, then
all the outputs of decoder will be equal to zero.
Similarly, 3 to 8 decoder produces eight min terms of three input variables A2,
A1 & A0 and 4 to 16 decoder produces sixteen min terms of four input variables
A3, A2, A1 & A0.

3 to 8 Decoders

The following image shows a 3-to-8 line decoder with three input variables which
are decoded into eight output, each output representing one of the combinations of
the three binary input variables.

By: Assistant Professor Devangi Parekh 4|P a ge


C.U.Shah Institute of Computer Application, Ahmadabad.

The three inverter gates provide the complement of the inputs corresponding to
which the eight AND gates at the output generates one binary combination for
each input.

The most common application of this decoder is binary-to-octal conversion.

The truth table for a 3-to-8 line decoder can be represented as:

By: Assistant Professor Devangi Parekh 5|P a ge


C.U.Shah Institute of Computer Application, Ahmadabad.

Encoders:
 Encoders are a digital circuit that performs the inverse operation of a decoder.
 Encoders have 2n input lines and n output lines.
 Example-octal to binary encoder(8 to 3)
 It will produce a binary code equivalent to the input, which is active High. Therefore, the
encoder encodes 2n input lines with ‘n’ bits. It is optional to represent the enable signal in
encoders

Let 4 to 2 Encoder has four inputs Y3, Y2, Y1 & Y0 and two outputs A1 & A0. The block
diagram of 4 to 2 Encoder is shown in the following figure.
A1=Y3+Y2
A0=Y3+Y1
We can implement the above two Boolean functions by using two input
OR gates. The circuit diagram of 4 to 2 encoder is shown in the following figure.
At any time, only one of these 4 inputs can be ‘1’ in order to get the respective binary
code at the output. The Truth table of 4 to 2 encoder is shown below

By: Assistant Professor Devangi Parekh 6|P a ge

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