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Noise

Noise in communication systems is defined as unwanted energy that interferes with signal reception and reproduction, classified into external and internal noise. External noise includes atmospheric, extraterrestrial, and industrial noise, while internal noise arises from components within the receiver, such as thermal agitation and shot noise. Each type of noise has distinct characteristics and effects on signal quality, impacting devices like radios and televisions.

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4 views37 pages

Noise

Noise in communication systems is defined as unwanted energy that interferes with signal reception and reproduction, classified into external and internal noise. External noise includes atmospheric, extraterrestrial, and industrial noise, while internal noise arises from components within the receiver, such as thermal agitation and shot noise. Each type of noise has distinct characteristics and effects on signal quality, impacting devices like radios and televisions.

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heartless9109
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Noise

Noise may be defined, in electrical term, as any unwanted form of


energy tending to interfere with the proper reception and reproduction
of transmitted signals.

Effect of noise in Communication system:

Many disturbance of an electrical nature produce noise in receivers,


modifying the signal in an unwanted manner.

 In radio receivers, for example, noise may produce hiss sound in


loudspeaker output.

 In TV receiver, snow or confetti becomes superimposed on the


picture.
Noise Classification:
According to source, effect, or relation to the receiver noise can be
classified into two groups –

 External Noise: Noise whose sources are external to the receiver.


Atmospheric noise
Extraterrestrial noise
Man Made Noise or Industrial Noise
 Internal Noise: Noise created within the receiver itself.
Thermal Agitation Noise or White Noise or Johnson Noise
Shot Noise
Transit-time Noise
 Miscellaneous Noise
Atmospheric Noise
The atmospheric noise, generally called static. Static is caused by lightning
discharges in thunderstorms and other natural electric disturbances occurring in
the atmosphere.

Atmospheric noise becomes less severe at frequencies above about 30 MHz


because of two separate factors.

First, the higher frequencies are limited to line-of-sight propagation i.e., less
than 80 kilometers or so.

Second, the nature of the mechanism generating this noise is such that very little
of it is created in the VHF range and above.
Extraterrestrial Noise
Solar Noise: The sun radiates so many things our way that we should not be too
surprised to find that noise is noticeable among them, again there arc two· types.
under normal "quiet'' conditions, there is a constant noise radiation from the sun,
simply because it is a large body at a very high temperature (over 6000°C on the
surface). It therefore radiates over a very broad frequency spectrum which
includes the frequencies we use for communication.

Cosmic Noise: Since distant stars are also suns and have high temperatures, they
radiate RF noise in the same manner as our sun and what they lack in nearness
they nearly make up in numbers which in combination can become significant.
The noise received is called thermal (or black-body) noise and is distributed
fairly uniformly over the entire sky.
Industrial Noise or Man Made Noise:

Between the frequencies of l to 600 MHz (in Urban, suburban and


other industrial areas) the intensity of noise made by humans easily
outstrips that created by any other source, internal or external to the
receiver.

Under this heading, sources such as automobile and aircraft ignition,


electric motors and switching equipment; leakage from high-voltage
lines and a multitude of other heavy electric machines are all
included. Fluorescent lights are another powerful source of such
noise and therefore should not be used where sensitive receiver
reception or testing is being conducted.
INTERNAL NOISE

Under the heading of internal noise, we discuss noise created by any of


the active or passive devices found in receivers. Such noise is generally
random, impossible to treat on an individual voltage basis i.e.,
instantaneous value basis, but easy to observe and describe statistically.

Because the noise is randomly distributed over the entire radio


spectrum there is, on the average, as much of it at one frequency as at
any other.

Random noise power is proportional to the bandwidth over which it is


measured.
Thermal Agitation Noise

The noise generated in a resistance or the resistive component is


random and is referred to as thermal, agitation, white or Johnson noise.
It is due to the rapid and random motion of the molecules (atoms and
electrons) inside the component itself.

In thermodynamics, kinetic theory shows that the temperature of a


particle is a way of expressing its internal kinetic energy.

It becomes apparent that the noise generated by a resistor is


proportional to its absolute temperature, in addition to being
proportional to the bandwidth over which the noise is to be measured.
Shot Noise

Thermal agitation is by no means the only source of noise in


receivers. The most important of all the other sources is the shot
effect, which leads to shot noise in all amplifying devices and
virtually all active devices.

It is caused by random variations in the arrival of electrons ( or


holes) at the output electrode of an amplifying device and appears as
a randomly varying noise current superimposed on the output.
in  2ei pf
Transit-Time Noise

If the time taken by an electron to travel from the emitter to the


collector of a transistor becomes significant to the period of the signal
being amplified, i.e., at frequencies in the upper VHF range and
beyond, the so-called transit-time effect takes place, and the noise
input admittance of the transistor increases.

The minute currents induced in the input of the device by random


fluctuations in the output current become of great importance at such
frequencies and create random noise (frequency distortion).
Noise in Mixer
Addition of Noise due to Several Amplifiers in Cascade:
Noise in Reactive Circuits:

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