Ielts writing task 2

Advantages and Disadvantages Essays

-People all over the world wear the same fashions, watch the
same TV, channels, use the same brands and have similar
eating habits. Do you think that the advantages of this trend
outweigh the disadvantages?
Introduction: viết lại đề, sau đó trả lời câu hỏi một cách ngắn gọn

 In this essay, I would evaluate the positivity and negativity of this development before assessing
whether it is beneficial or detrimental to our society

In this essay, I would explore the benefits and drawbacks of this development before concluding
whether which sides are more dominant

Paraphrase lại để -> wear -> gerund -> In this dat and age, wearing a similar fashion style, watching
the same TV programs, and even using the exact brands or following similar dietary habits have
become more prevalent and pervasive in many nations around the world

Viết gọn: In this day and age, sharing similar aspects, from fashion, TV programs, brands of
consumption, or even dietary habits, has become a prevalent tendency among many modern people
around the world

Or: In this day and age, people are becoming more similar in many aspects of their lives including
fashion, TV programs, using brands, or even dietary habits. Personally, I believe that this
development has more benefit than drawbacks, and in this essay, I would prove my perspective on
this matter

Brainstorming:

Tích cực:

Consumerism  tác động tích cực đến cultural exchange  tức là tiêu dùng giống nhau, có giúp chia
sẽ văn hóa giữa các quốc gia

Câu đầu chung chung: There are some benefits associated with the advent of people using similar
products and sharing my commonalities in their daily lives. (When people use the same sets of
products, they may have an easier time understanding the cultural values of different nations. As a
result, this development help foster cultural exchange, which can benefit many nations)

When people start sharing similar habits, they can start appreciating that the differences that
other cultures or nations bring about can be beneficial. For instance, the ability to understand the
complexity of cuisine has been linked to higher empathy among people, which can help them
become more tolerant and accepting towards other people. As a result, cultural exchange, even
though consumerism, can be a massive benefit regarding the observed development

Or: When people start having similar habits in consumption, they may have a better understanding
of the cultural differences, opening the door for broader acceptance and tolerance between people.
For instance, through cuisine, Korean has successfully imported other cultural values to many
nations around the world, which fuels its economic development through increased export and
tourism

Economic benefits  universal investment  đầu tư đa quốc gia và job creation

Sense of global community (hơi khó, hạn chế dùng)  ngta cảm thấy kết nối với nhau dễ dàng hơn

Tiêu cực: line cố định về chủ đề văn hóa

Eroision of cultural identity

When nations start using only an exclusive set of products and services, the ability of many local
goods to compete against them is very limited. This can lead to the loss of many culturally significant
economic activities, eroding the identity of a nation and leading to other devastating consequences.
(Cho VD: fast food ảnh hưởng sự cạnh tranh của các món địa phương)

Environmental impacts  do hàng hóa cần phải lưu thông, quãng đường xa hơn

When many nations, despite their geographical locations, start using similar products, it is obvious
that these products must travel a massive distance to get to the hands of consumers. This
unnecessary demand for transport increases the amount of carbon footprint and the discharge of
many other pollutants, which could devastate our environment and lead to climate change

Kĩ thuật Norminalize: When many nations, despite their geographical locations, start using similar
products (thành cụm danh từ), it is obvious that these products must travel a massive distance to get
to the hands of consumers (làm mất When). This unnecessary demand for transport increases the
amount of carbon footprint and the discharge of many other pollutants, which could devastate our
environment and lead to climate change

 Sharing more commonalities in products would necessitate the movements of them across
great geographical distances, surging the overall carbon footprint and leading to devastating
environmental problems. For example, the transport of products has contributed up to 40%
of all carbon emissions globally, according to a recent report by the International Energy
Agency

Loss of diversity and innovation (sự sáng tạo)

In conclusion, although there are mixed opinion about determining the impacts of the trend of
people sharing more common purchasing tendencies, I believe that there are more benefits than
drawbacks. Specifically, this development could bring about better economic progression by
encouraging international trading and foster a better sense of understanding between cultures.
Nevertheless, the environmental impact of such a trend should still be a matter of concern that the
government and each individual should co-operate to handle.

Chú ý các lỗi: Overgeneralization / slippery slope

Overgeneralization: People use social media would not focus on their actual relationships in their
lives, making them superficial and socially isolated

People who use social media excessively would not have enough mental capacities left for other
relationships. As a result, they may neglect actual meetings with friends or family members due to
the perceived difficulty and inconvenience, which can make them more socially isolated and turn
their bonds more superficial

Slippery slope (A  C mà không qua B): If we allow children to redo their assignments, they will keep
asking for more redo opportunities. So, we should not allow anyone to redo their assignments
despite their reasons

If we allow children to freely redo their assignments without specifing any particular and
meaningful reasons, they would not understand the concept of respecting their obligations and
deadlines. Thus, allowing such a redo should be assessed carefully based on the particular reasons
rather than giving a uniform allowance

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Opinion Essays (Agree or Disagree)

-Some people think that an enhanced quality of life can only be
achieved with economic development. To what extent do you
agree or disagree
(4 cách trả lời: đồng ý/ không đồng ý/ một phần/ hoàn toàn)

Đồng ý một phần thì bài ra giống discuss both views, VD: Some people think that an enhanced
quality of life can only be achieved with economic development. Others, in contrast, think that
there are different ways. Discuss both view and give your opinion

Opening:

Some individuals are of opinion that development is a necessary part of improving the quality of
citizens’ life. Personal, I totally/ partly agree/ disagree with this school of thought (trường phái tư
tưởng) duee to some major reasons that are explained in this essay.

Or: Some individuals claim that the quality of life can only be improved if the economic develops at
an optimal rate. My opinion expresses a total/ partial degree of alignment (sự đồng thuận) with this
school of thought due to some major reasons that are explained in this essay

Kĩ thuật CTA – Characteristic – trait assciation

[quality of life có thể cải thiện bằng cách nào, hoặc hiện tại đang bị thấp do những lý do gì]

[economic development đem lại nhựng giá trị, kết quả gì]
  Nếu giá trị và kết quả của economic development tương thích với các yêu cầu của quality of
life -> đạt được chứng minh

Quality of life -> đưa ra được definition -> ví dụ: a high quality of life can only be achieved if all
citizens can have access to education and healthcare.

Economic development -> có thể đem lại tiền, từ đó giúp chính phủ cover 2 cái trên -> When a
country is highly developed from an economic standpoint. It could have enough rescources to cover
the expenditure on these two major aspects

Kết luận -> This is why a developed economy is a vital component of an improvement in the quality
of life

An optimal quality of life can only be achieved if equality is virtually present among all socio-
economic groups within a country, which can be manifested as having effortless accessibility to
education and healthcare. When a nation is economically developed, it could have enough
rescources to ensure that sich requirements are met effectively, helping citizens enjoy a life wigh
security and certainty. This is why many people believe that a high quality of life can only be
accomplished if economic development is at an optimal state

dễ hơn: A high quality of living means that every citizen are entitled to the rights to protect
themselves and ensure their development. These goals can only be achieved if education and
healtcare can be accessible to all groups of citizens despite their income and social status. If a nation
is economically developed, it would have enough budget to cover both aspects, which ensures the
best level of career advancement and health protection for citizens. This is why many people believe
that economic progress is a vital part of elevating the quality of life of citizens.

On the other hand, the notion that there is a mutually exclusive relationship (cùng có lẫn nhau, phải
có cái này để có cái kia) between a high quality of life and optimal economic development may have
notable flaws

Or: On the other hand, there are some other aspects that could help achieve a high quality of living
without relying on economic development…

…Many countries, despite achieving massive economic successes, still struggle with elevating the
conditions of reliance on manual labor, the lack of equality, and the social chasms (khoảng cách về
mặt xã hội) that has ingrained (ghi hằng vào) in the history of modern society

Viết đễ: …Economic success can not solely determine a high quality of life, evidently in the case of
China. This nation has the 2nd highest GDP across the globe, yet still reporting a high proportion of
property and inequality.

-Some people think that the government should provide free

education to students in university. To what extent do you
agree or disagre
Đồng ý hoàn toàn hoặc không đồng ý hoàn toàn -> dễ viết view 1, khó viết view 2.

Đồng ý 1 phần ra giốn discuss both views: Some people think that the government should provide
free education to students in university. Others think that students must pay instead. Discuss both
views.

Some individuals are of the claim that (Kĩ thuật norminalize: bám vô cái verb -> biến nó thành gerund
và đẩy ra làm chủ ngữ câu) providing university education without any cost that students muct bear
is highly beneficial and should be implemented by the government. Personally, I totally/ partly
agree/disagree with this suggestion based on some major reasons that are explained in this essay

Main 1 – chứng minh tại sao nên miễn phí giáo dục đại học

-Help poor students

-More access to education

-Encourage people to learn more

-Alleviate financial burden to students

-Finding talented individuals

-Foster a sense of equality which gives poor students a chance

-Improve the economy

Đồng ý một phần  1 khổ đồng ý, 1 khồ không đồng ý  On the one hand, on the other hand

Topic sentence: nói chung chung, sơ lược những thứ sắp được nói.

Không nên viết võ: vì mất thời gian, không thay đổi ý được, ý phát triển bị trói buộc sẳn vào câu đã
có, topic sentence không khớp với nội dung phía dưới

On the one hand, there are some persuasive rationales that support the claim that university
education should be free of charge.…

Ngữ cảnh 1) 98% người đi học đại học, không ai có vấn đề chi trả

2) 25% người đi học đại học, trong đó, có ½ gặp khó khăn chi trả

Nếu muốn kêu gọi cho những giải pháp cho miễn phí giáo dục cho hs ở university thì đâu là bối cảnh
phù hợp để đưa ra lời kêu gọi đó?

Bất cứ khi nào muốn đưa ra nội dung thì cần cho ngta biết ngữ cảnh mà ta đưa ra nhận xét là ntn

VD: ta không nên sử dụng xe máy vì gây ô nhiệm mt

: Không nên sử dụng oto vì gây kẹt xe

Nếu 1 quốc gia, mọi ng đi học bình thường  không nên miễn phí đại học vì vừa không mang lại
hiệu quả mà còn tiêu hao tài chính

Nếu 1 quốc gia đang phát triển, nhiều người học giỏi nhưng chỉ học đến cấp 3  kêu gọi
[Giáo dục hiện tại có phần inaccessible -> lí do hoặc VD] -> [dẫn đến các problems: list ra] -> [Nếu
free tuition cho hs đại học, sẽ giải quyết được các vấn đề trên].

…In this day and age, due to stagnant inflation, the cost of education has increased significantly,
causing problems for individuals to make a university entry if they come from disadvantageous
socio-economic backgrounds. This would resilt in their inability to contribute to the workforce,
making the country fail to develop effectively. If university education can be given to students for
free, many talented individuals can contribute to the workforce, boosting economic development
and transforming the quality of living of the whole population.  inflation

…Nowadays, the cost of education has increased significantly due to the higher demand for quality,
teaching facilities, and human resources, effectively prohibiting students with lower means of living
from entering universities. This issue leads to the inability of talented individuals to contribute to
their nations’ workforce, slowing down economic development. If university education is given for
free, such a problem would not occur, helping the nations develop better thanks to an improved
workforce  Facilities, quality, human resources

Trái ngược vs quan điểm đầu tiên: On the other hand, despite the idealistic nature (lí tưởng) of
making university education free of charge, its actual application could bring about many obstacles
and problems…

Không miễn phí đh

-hs-sv coi là hiển nhiên  ỷ lại, không cố gắng

-không có tiền trả cho những người làm trong giáo dục

-chính phủ thiếu

-gánh nặng chi tiêu

-chi phí nâng cao, không thu tiền  chất lượng xuống

-Trường cần chi phí để vận hành

Chính phủ có thể không đủ budget để cover:

Để giải thích thì cần đưa ra điều kiện cần, để khẳng định của mình đúng:

(3 cái này phải ntn để không đủ budget để cover)

 (số lượng hs)  lớn/nhỏ

 (chi phí GD)  mắc/rẻ
 (độ lớn của national budget)  nhiều/ít

…The coverage of such an expenditure that the government is required to handle an increasing
amount of tuition fee and a large number of students. Also, some nations, especially developing
ones, may not have a flexible budget that can be spent on such a large expense. As a result, if the
proposal of removing the financial obligations for students is implemented, many goverments would
not manage to complete such task
Viết dễ: …Given the very large number of university students in a nation and the increasing cost of
education at this stage, covering the entire tuition fee for students would require massive amounts
of financial resources. Unfortunately, many nations, especially developing ones, may not have a
budget thaat is large enough for such coverage. As a result, the proposed measure may not be
implemented successfully

In conclusion, [optional – although there are mixed opinions on determining whether the cost of
university education should be taken on by all students, I think that the governments still need to
provide financial aid on a case-by-case basis. While students with disadvantaged socio-economic
backgrounds should receive support, ones who can pay still need to follow through with their
financial obligations to ensure the function of the university.

-One long-distance flight consumed fuel which a car uses in

several year’s time, but they cause the same the amount of
pollution. So some people think that we should discourage non-
essential flights, such as tourist travel, rather than of limit the
use of cars. To what extent do you agree or disagree
Personlaly, I totally/partly agree/disagree with this school of thought based on some reasons that
are eludicated in this essay

Không ủng hộ: Air travel significantly contributes to climate change by emitting CO2 and nitrogen
oxides (Nox) at high altitudes, which leads to the formation of ozone, a potent greenhouse gase, and
increases stratopheric water vapor, both of which exacerbated global warming. The impact of these
high altitudes emissions is more severe than ground-level pollution because they have a longer
atmostphere lifetime and stronger warming effects (optional nếu không nhớ)

Ủng hộ: The use of airplane for tourism is indispenable for the economic growth of numberous
countries. To illustrate, international tourists contribute to 13% of Italy’s GPD, and this figure can
reach up to 40% in other nations. If air travel were to be discouraged, it would result in a substaintial
income losses for many individuals, potentially leading to increased property and a decline in living
standards. Moreover, a reduction in airplan usage would likely prompt a greater reliance on car
travel, which in turn would exacerbate traffic congestion and air pollution in urban areas, adding
more issues to be already problematic living conditions of city dwellers

Air travel:

2-3% pollutant

4-4,5% climate change

Thải Nox -> No và NO2

OH + CH4  CH3 + H2O

CH3 + O2  CH2O (free radical) + OH

CH2O + OH  HCO + H2)

HCO + OH  CO + H2O

CO + OH  CO2 + H (free radical)

-If old people are no longer physically, mentally or financially

able to look after themselves, younger family members should
be legally responsible for supporting them. To what extent do
you agree or disagree
Kĩ thuật Nominalization trong writing, sử dụng verb, adverb, adj, chuyển thành danh từ, rồi đổi vai
trò của nó trong câu

If we use social media too much, our relationships may become more superficial

Useusing social media too much could make our relationships more superficial

If we rely too much on computers to work, our core skills would not development

An over-reliance on computer for working could diminish the development of our core skills

To what extent -> thì mới trả lời đồng ý một phần hoặc không đồng ý một phần

Do you agree or disagree -> thì một trong 2

Some people think that when an older individual fails to take care of themselves physically, mentally,
or financially, there should be a legal obligation that young family nembers must look after them

Some people are of the opinion that a failure to be responsible for a senior individual’s physical,
mental, or financial aspects should invoke a legal binding that forces young family members to start
looking after them

Some people think that young family members should start taking care of senior ones once they fail
to be responsible for their mental, physical, and even financial competencies

Once an older person fails to take care of themselves regarding their physical and mental well-being
or their financial capabilities start to become troubled, younger members in the family should start
looking after them

Personally, I partly/totally agree/disagree with this suggestion based on some reasons that are
explained in this essay
Nghĩa vụ về mặt đạo đức – moral obligations

Young people have a moral obligation to take care of the older ones in their families. The reason is
that the oler ones once took care of the younger ones (không đảm bảo mặt lập luận)

Older  đâu phải chỉ là bố mẹ? mà ngay cả bố mẹ cũng chưa chắc đã 100% cover toàn bộ quá
trình lớn lên của một người

Based on the culture of some nations, there is a moral obligation for younger persons to look after
their older family members. This is why younger people should take care of the senior one’s well-
being once their ability to sustain their lives becomes crumbled

Bố mẹ đã có công nuôi dưỡng -> nên con cái phải phụng sự là chuyện bth

Tuy nhiên: đề không phải chỉ nói về bố mẹ, mà nói chung là old family members?

Cụ thể hóa đối tượng -> chỉ nên bao gồm, những người có công nuôi dưỡng thôi

On the one hand, such a measure should cover older people who were previously responsible for
raising and taking care of another younger members. In most of the cases in society, parents are
legally responsible for taking care of their children, spending enormous amounts of time and effort.
This process has indirectly led to future issues for older people, including the drainage of their
financial resources and the waning states of their health. This is why young people should be
responsible for taking care of older people’s health, especially if they are taken care of by them in
the past

Từ tổng thể -> đi đến cụ thể -> rồi lại suy rộng ra tổng thể

In many families, parents are the ones who are responsible for raising their children until the age of
18. This process consumes massive amounts of time and effort, leading to future issues for older
people, inluding the inability to cover their financial obligations or their deteriorated health. Due to
these reasons, young people, who are taken care of by an older member in their families, should be
required to pay back the debt by being responsible for aged members

Người trẻ không phải chỉ là “encouraged”, mà là phải có trách nhiệm về mặt pháp luật là phải take
care người lớn tuổi trong gia đình?

CTA – characteristic – trait association

Việc take care older persons khi mà họ không còn sức khỏe và tài chính -> có những yêu cầu và trở
ngại gì / mà người trẻ - với những hạn chế của họ, không thể thực hiện được

The process of taking care of an older member in the family often require intensive resources and
time, ranging from spending time with them and covering their increasingly expensive medical bills.
Unfortunately, young people, who often lack financial reserves and the ability to be flexible with
their time, may not be able to satisfy these requirements. Thus, legally binding them with such a
massive responsibility would be unjust and inappropriate
Or: Taking care of an old person requires massive financial resources due to their deteriorating
health which leads to increasingly expensive medical bills. Unfortunately, young people, who have
usually entered a profession for a short period of time, lack the financial capabilities for such a taxing
task. This is why proposing a law that forces them to take care of older members in their families is
unrealistic and not appropriate

Khi cho những đối tượng về hành vi. Vd: tại sao mình không nên làm, tại sao nên làm, tại sao cần
làm, … 

Tại sao người trẻ sẽ khó trong việc chăm sóc người lớn tuổi.

Older people are known for their degrading well-being, which requires expensive medical support.
Unfortunately, young individuals do not have a long enough time to save up their financial
resources. This would take it impossible for young people to cover every need of older members in
their families, which explains why I would not strongly endorse (support) the suggested measure

Rõ hơn về CTA: Tại sao người ta nên làm việc đó và tại sao không nên làm việc đó

Tại sao trẻ em thích chơi video games

Trẻ em -> có đặc diểm gì – characteristics

Video games – có đặc điểm gì, khả năng gì -> traits

Nếu characteristic tương thích với traits, thì có khả năng hành vi xảy ra

Children are known for their innate curiosity that make them gravitate towards activities that can
provide novel mental stimuli. Unfortunately, video games, with their main purposes of making users
concentrate as long as possible with their innovative visual and audio features, can lead to increased
usage time among adolescents

Tại sao người trẻ thích đồ hiệu?

Người trẻ có đặc điểm gì, và đồ hiệu có khả năng hay tính chất gì, mà từ đó đồ hiệu thỏa mãn được
hay tính chất gì, mà từ đó đồ hiệu thỏa mãn được nhu cầu của người trẻ -> xuất hiện hành vi

Đồ hiệu – dễ neo tính chất lại, mình sẽ neo lại trước -> giá cao.

Mà nguồi trẻ -> thích được công nhận, bị ảnh hưởng bởi peer pressure

Young consumers are often affected by peer pressure as they consistently seek external validation
from members in their social circles. Luxurious items, with their expensive price tags, can
conveniently give the impression that people who possess them are financially successful and
superior. This correlation explains the obsession of young people towards luxurious brands as items
from them could satisfy a deep-rooted desire of this population.

TCA / CTA:
The only solution to improve safety on roads is to stricter
punishment for driving offense. To what extent do you agree or
disagree?
CTA – dùng để giải thích hành vi, VD: tại sao lại có hành vi đó, tại sao nên làm việc đó, tại sao việc đó
có lợi hay có hại với một nhóm đối tượng cụ thể nào đó.
Nowadays. People are using social media a lot. Why? What is the impact of this development?

Tại sao người ta lại sử dụng social media nhiều, thì mình sẽ đi theo line như vầy:

-Con người có đặc tính gì, mà social media có thể offer được 1 satisfaction, từ đó dẫn đến xuất hiện
hành vi

Con người là sinh vật xã hội, có xu hướng muốn được công nhận bởi người khác, còn social media
có khả năng offer được những mối quan hệ với những người có cùng quan điểm Xuất hiện hành vi

There are some reasons that explain why social media has a strong influence on people and has
been used extensively by most individuals. Human beings are social creatures who desire external
validation and confirmation from their peers. Social media, conveniently, can offer social
connections to people who are more likely to share the same host of thoughts and perspectives on
matters, a phenomenom known as echo chamber. This ability to social media platforms to satisfy a
deeply-rooted psychological need to people is the reason behind its popularity among many group
of users

Vô bài

Human beings are scientifically proven to be fearful of actions that can damage their well-being or
their benefits. As strict punishment can target the core of people’s fear by threatening to take away
people’s money and their privileges, they can be highly effective in controlling harmful actions from
drivers

Some people are of the opinion that [improve -> improving -> đẩy ra làm chủ ngử của câu] ->
improving the safety on the roads can be achieved optimally if driving offences face harsher on
consequences

 Chỉnh từ vựng lại dễ hơn: Some people claim that the safety of the roads could be
safeguarded optimally if any problematic driving behavior faces strict punishments, and the
offenders are held accoutable for their actions under the laws

Some people are of the claim that improving the level of safety on the roads could be achieved
optimally when reckless driving behaviors face exceptionally harsh punishments from the authorities

Or: Some people are of the suggestion that an optimal level of safety for travelers on the roads could
be accomplished if any reckless and problematic driving behavior is made to face harsh
consequences

Or gộp 2 câu, mất if: Some people are of the suggestion that a deliberate attempt to make driving
offenders face harsh consequences for their actions could lead to an optimal achievement of
superior safety on the roads for travelers and their vehicles

Do you agree or disagree -> trả lời 1 trong 2, không trả lời partly
To what extent -> partly/totally agree/disagree -> I partly/totally agree/disagree with this suggestion
based on some reasons that are explained further in this essay.

Some people are of the opinion that improving the safety on the roads for travelers and their
vehicles could be achieved optimally if driving offences would mean that offenders will face very
harsh punishment. Personally, I partly/totally agree/disagree with this suggestion based on reasons
that are elucidated further in this essay

Main Phần 1 – là nói nó có thể có hiệu quả

Phần 2 – nói những hạn chế của nó

Bài này có thể viết theo CTA hoặc CAR

Topic sentence: On the one hand, there are some reasons that explain why increasing the severity of
punishments regarding driving offences would be highly effective in reducing further commitment of
such egrogrious actions [CTA] -> Human beings’ course of behaviors is proven to be altered
effectively if their benefits and well-being are put at risk. As punishments can range from the
removal of a person’s freedom of their possession of wealth, the severity of them could immediately
change how a person thinks of their actions. Eventually, drivers could be more concious of the
potential damages to themselves, helping them drive safer and better and prevent further
commitments if an offence has happened in the past.

[CAR] -> counter-argument refinement – phản biện câu ở thời điểm hiện tại -> tìm ra context

On the one hand, there are some reasons that explain why we can improve the level of safety on the
roads if offenders are held accountable for their actions in a severe manner [Context cho đề xuất]…

2 contexts:

Context 1: Nowadays, even a simple offence regarding driving, such as parking at a wrong spot,
could lead to people in this nation needing to pay a fine of 20000USD

Context 2: Nowadays, even serious offences regarding driving manners could only lead to the
worst scenario of removing a driver’s license

…In many nations around the world, the set of laws and regulations regarding driving on the roads
has been created before the emergence of technologically advanced vehicles, which can operate a
very high speed and make it more dangerous if the drivers are reckless. Also, the level of
punishments is also set at a very low bar given the lack of ability to violate driving regulations
severely for outdated vehicles. Thus, it is of paramount importance for a reset of the laws to begin,
increasing the level of punishments and taking into account the destructive impacts of new vehicles
traveling fast on the roads (khó)

…Many nations nowadays still apply the laws created a couple of decades ago to regulate driving
behaviors, which failed to take into account the emergence of high-speed vehicles. As a result, the
punishments were initially calculated based on a lack of insight into the future, making them
inappropriate and inadequate for violations of magnitude that we are currently seeing from high-
speed vehicles. Thus, it is important to increase the severity of punishments to match the current
state of vehicles, which helps adjust people’s behaviors and create a safer driving environment.

Khổ 2: On the other hand, the thinking that enhancing the severity of punishment is the exclusive
solution to handle driving offences is not accurate due to the existing of many effective measures…

…Although punishing offenders severely could raise awareness and stop future re-commitment of
dangerous activities, it may not be sufficent to limit the present lack of safety on the roads

Or: …Punishments can increase fear and prevent future commitment of problematics behaviors;
however, they lack the ability to prevent the issue at the begin. In order to achieve a better
outcome, we need to teach young adults carefully about driving techniques and how to handle their
responsibilities as a driver. Also, high-speed vehicles should not be allowed freely if individuals are
not confirmed to be capable of using them with regard of others’ safety (khó)

Or: …When we punish people, we can prevent them from commiting unlawful driving behaviors in
the future, but we would not handle the issue at its root. In order to do this, the government should
focus more on teaching young adults how to drive respectfully and have a regard for others’ well-
being. It is also important to regulate the use of high-speed vehicles to make sure that people who
operate them have the ability to keep the safety of travelers on the roads. (dễ hơn)

Or…Punishment can prevent people from commiting unlawful driving behaviors in the future, but it
may not be effective to handle the issue at its root. This goal can only be achieved if driving safely is
taught in school for children to develop a highly ingrained responsibility for others’ safety when
traveling. Also, high-speed vehicles that can pose as a threat to people’s safety should be regulated
carefully, which can ensure people who operate them to prioritize the well-being of themselves and
other travelers (dễ hơn nữa)

VD về kĩ thuật Nominalization:  biến adv/adj/verb thành noun, sau đó thay thế subject trong câu

Because (làm mất luôn) people who do not have to face harsh consequences for their volutions
tend to repeat their behaviors again -> cụm danh từ. We need stricter punishments for their
actions

 The lack of harsh consequences for people’s offences regarding their driving behaviors could
lead to future re-arrangement in such problematic activitiws, prompting the demand for
punishment to be stricter

If people face harsh punishments, they would not repeat their actions again.

 Facing harsh punishment would prompt offernders to not repeat their actions in the future.

If people face harsh punishment, they would not repeat their actions again (mất “if”)

 Facing harsh punishment would prompt offenders do not repeat their actions in the future.
If people do not face harsh punishments once they commit driving offences, they would repeat their
actions again.

 The lack of harsh punishment once people commit their driving offences would lead to a
repeat of their behaviors in the future.

Sai ngữ pháp, sai chính tả - mà làm mất nghĩa của câu – 5.0 lexical và 5.0 grammar

Nếu có sai, nhưng không mất nghĩa của câu, VD: stricter punishing drivers could reduce further
commitment -> 6.0  sửa “punishments of”

Sai ít, câu rõ nghĩa -> 7.0+

Grammar – ưu tiên sử dụng complex structures -> các câu có 2 vế, 1 vế là surbordinate của vế còn lại
-> VD: although/ even though/ despite/ because/ because of

Some people think that employers should not care about the
wat their employees dress, because what matter is the quality
of their work
To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Opening: Some people are of the opinion that employees should be allowed to address the way they
want, and employers should focus solely on the quality of their work rather than their attire (trang
phục). Personally, I partly/totally agree/disagree with this suggestion based on some reasons that
are explained in this essay

Or: Some individuals think that the attire chosen by employees should not be a focus of employers
due to the outsize role of productivity and the quality of work. In this essay, I would evaluate the
rationales leading to my total/partial agreement with this way of thinking

Or: Some individuals suggest that the emphasis of employers should be on the quality of work that is
produced by workers rather than the attire they they choose. I express a partial/total level of
endorsement towards this particular way of thinking based on some reasons that are elucidated in
this essay

Research liên quan đến topic trên:

1) Employee productivity/comfort -> được chứng minh là có liên quan đến việc họ dress
comfortably
2) Perception of professionalism (client -> facing role)
3) Company culture and inclusivity
4) Impact of creativity -> freedom to dress can increase creativity during working.

On the one hand, allowing employees to have the freedom to dress the way they want could bring
about tangible benefits for both these individuals and the companies as a whole… Based on recent
research, attire has a huge impact on creativity, and workers are allowed to wear what they want
to be more creative (rất kì, cảm giác bị lặp)
=>Chọn lựa ngữ cảnh để đưa quan điểm mình vào

Context 1: In this day and age, the ability to work uniformly becomes more important due to the
industrialization that demands a high level of precision and accuracy.

Context 2: In this day and age, the ability to work creatively has become more important as
repetitive works can be doned by machines, and creativity becomes an important competitive
edge that companies highly value

…Nowadays, the ability to work creatively has become more valued in multiple bussinesses as
repetitive works have already be doned primarily by machines. Based on recent research, when
workers are given the permission to dress the way they want, their creativity soars exponentially,
helping them come up with novel ideas that can be employed by their companies to create products
or services

1)…When employees dress the way they want, they can work more comfortably, helping them
become more productive (bị trùng lặp)

=> context: Uniforms are very comfortable to wear because they highly the value of the companies,
which can generate a sense of community and lead to better connections

Contexr 2: Uniform often have a lack of flexibility and adaptability, meaning that they are not
comfortable to wear for people with distinctive body shapes and unique physical attributes

…Uniforms are often designed for the majority, meaning that they lack of the flexibility that can
accommodate people with unique physical features and attributes. When employers force everyone
to dress in a similar way, many would feel pschologically prohibited, plunging their productivity level.
Fortunately, research has pointed out that dressing the way people want could help them feel more
mentally comfortable, elevating their productivity and benefiting the companies

Dễ hơn: On the one hand, there are some reasons that explain why allowing workers to dress what
they want can be highly beneficial. Nowadays, many professional tasks that acquire repetitive works
can be doned by machines, and workers are often more valuable if they can work creatively.
Fortunately, research has proven that when employees are given the right to dress the way they
want, they can have creative ideas and innovative solutions more often. Eventually, they will
contribute more to their firms, which benefit all stakeholders and create unique competitive edges
(lợi thế) that help their companies survive

On the other hand, it is important to emphasize a dresscode when the companies have a lot of
client-facing roles. … It is proven that perception of professionalism is affected by the way a person
dresses. When a worker needs to persuade a client, even a minor boost in positive perception can be
hugely beneficial. For instance, if a lawyer dresses inappropriately, it would be challenging for them
to gain trust with their clients, which evetually damages the productivity of their partnerships

Or: …It is true that whether a person feels that a worker is professional is affected by the way the
worker dresses. In important meetings, this factor is very important because a worker and their
clients must gain trust to ensure the best outcomes of their partnerships. For instance, if a lawyer
fails to dress appropriately and make themselves look trustworthy, their customers may not trust
them and give them inaccurate information.
In conclusion, although there are mixed opinions on determining whether the focus of employers
should be on the productivity and quality of work or the attire chosen by their employees, I believe
that striking a balance between all aspects is the optimal approach. While dressing comfortably can
boost productivity and creativity, the chosen outfit must ensure that it represents a spirit of
profession alism that is vital in client-facing roles

Handmade products -> products that are made by hand

Health-benefiting food -> food that benefits heath

Some people think that schools should teach young students

about the role of money. To what extent do you agree or
disagree?
Teach -> kĩ thuật nominalize -> V-ing

Some individuals think that teaching young students about the importance of money should be part
of the curriculum of educaitonal institution.

-->Or: some individuals claim that the importance of money should be taught to students in an
official manner by their educational institutions.

-When students are taught about the role of money, they can secure better financial well-being in
the future

Being educated about the role of money could help students secure better financial well-being in
the future.

When schools provide lesson about money, students could gradually adapt to how the world work
financially

Providing lessons about money by schools could help students gradually adapt to how the world
work financially.

Vô

Opening:

Some individuals claim that teaching young students about the importance of money should be a
compulsory part of educational programs at school. Personally, I totally/partly agree/disagree with
this school of thought based on some reasons that are explained further in this essay.

There are some reasons that explain why schools should provide lessons about money for young
students. When school provide lessons about money, young students would understand how to use
them in the future. As a result, they could have more money in the future, which helps them
accomplish a high standard of living and be able to purchase things they want  không work vì
giống như đang đưa ra quan điểm và không có lời giải thích, không nhắc tới những cái bên dưới

Young people – đối tượng

Nowadays – thời điểm khi nào

Schools – trách nhiệm – tại sao phải dạy

==>Bám vào ngữ cảnh:

1)Context về hiện tại

A: in this day and age, the role of money becomes less important because everyone has high income
levels, and the government has helped subsidize a lot of services. Sometimes, people do not spend
money in a week

B: in this day and age, as inflation becomes a prevasive issue around the world, our currency has
lost its previous value, weakening the purchasing power of consumers and leading to difficulties in
money saving.

2)Context về young people

A: young people are often educated from a very early stage about money. They are given money to
use when they are a toddler. As a result, they know how to save money right after they enter
elementary schools

B: Young people lack real-life abilities to deal with financial matters as they are often shielded
away from this matter by their parents or guardians. Most young people don’t have the ability to
conserve money despite how much has been given to them

(kĩ thuật CAR – counter arguement refinement – đưa context vào trong bài)
B+B: There some reasons that explain why schools should provide lessons about money for
young students. In this day and age, inflation has become a pervasive issue around the
world, weakening our purchasing power and degrading the value of our currency. Thus, the
ability to save money has become more important as it provides people with the flexibility
to adapt to sudden changes in their lives. Unfortunately, young people often lack real-life
abilities regarding financial matters as they often shielded away from them by their parents.
Thus, if schools can provide lessons about money, it could improve the ability of young
people to secure financial well-being in the future.

3)Context về school:
A: parents are better at teaching money matters as they are adults who have knowledge
about money for a long time.
B: Schools are the best environments for financial education as they have well-research
curricular along with the expertise of teachers. In schools, there are also more social
interactions, helping students to practice using money in a safe environment.
giả sử B đúng
Another reason that explains why schools should be the ones that deliver financial
education for students comes from their functionality and capability. Schools usually adopt
a highly pedagogical approach to education by employing well-research teaching methods
and ultilizing the expertise of teachers. These abilities aare vastly distinctie from what can
be achieved with parents or relatives as they safeguard a higher level of efficiency and
efficacy. This is why schools should be the entities who deliver education about money,
further consolidating my endorsement towards the suggestion
Schools are known to be scientific in the ways they teach, meaning that they often use proven
methods and qualified teaches to deliver any piece of knowledge. These abilities help schools teach
children about money in an academic manner, which provides deep insight into finance and avoids
unwanted problems

Giả sử không đồng ý:

Context: hiện tại, hs đang học ở trường ntn.

Context 1: Young students often have a lot of free time in schools because many schools have tried
to reduce the academic burden that each student must learn. They have not only time for the
learning of practical skills but also time to exercise.

Context 2: many students have complained about stress due to academic workload. Around 60%
reported that they feel pressured to learn more, while 25% thought that they can not tolerate more
knowledge

There are some reasons that explain why schools should not include financial education in the
current curriculum of students. Nowadays, the expectation of parents towards students’
performance has increased due to peer pressure and the demand for competent workers. This has
resulted in an overloaded amount of academic knowledge, which require students’ time and effort
and potentially leads to burnt-out. As financial matters are highly complicated and take a
considerable amount of time to learn, the inclusion of them in students’ programs could further
exacerbate the mental burden of students. Thus, we should hand this matter to parents, as they are
adults who can teach their children about basic matters in life

Or: There some reasons that explain why schools should not include financial education in the
current curriculum of students. In this day and age, due to the emergence of novel (mới lạ, chưa
từng có tiền lệ) knowledge, student’s curricular have become exceptionally demanding from a
mental and academic perspectives

Or: …In this day and age, as our economy grows, the demand for high quality workers has increased,
directly putting more pressure on schools to produce academically sufficient students.
The restoration of old buildings in major cities in the world
costs numerous government expenditures. This money should
be used for new housing and road development. To what
extent do you agree or disagree?
As the old buidings in large urban areas around the world have required consistently financial
resources for restoration, some people are of the opinion that such a resource allocation is wasteful,
and money should be invested in creating new houses and developing roads.

Or: With the expensiveness of maintaining and restoring old building around the world, some people
have called for the re-allocation of such resources to building new houses and developing more
roads. Personally, I totally/totally agree/disagree with this suggestion based on some reasons that
are explained in this essay.

Architectual diversity

The restoration and maintainance of old building are not wasteful activities, as they play a vital role
in sustaining the economic performance of many regions around the world. As these construction
sites hold significant cultural and social value to the identity of a nation, they are an integral part of
creating a high level of attactiveness towards tourist. For instance, resources in sustaining old
buildings, which ensures the immersive experience of tourists and creates large income and
significant numbers of jobs.

Tiết kiệm resources + có kết hợp với technology để xanh hơn, sustainable hơn

There are some reasons that explain why using resources to restore old building is not wasteful and
should not be neglected. It is true that fixing an old building that is not too severely damaged costs a
smaller amount of resources compared to constructing a brand new building. The restoration can
also incorporate newer technological applications that can save energy and improve the
functionality (khả năng hoạt động) of the old buildings. These posibilities explain why the
construction of …

The best way to teach children to co-operate is through team

sports at school. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Nominalize:
Teach -> teaching -> some people are of the opinion that teaching children to co-operate could be
achieved optimally (best) if team sports are the vehicles of education. Personally, I partly/ totally
agree/ disagree with this school of thought based on some rationales that are explained further in
this essay

Or: Some individuals endorse the the view that the spirit of co-operation could be delivered to
children effectively at school through having them engaged in team sports. My personal opinion
expresses a total/ partial alignment with this suggestion based on some reasons that are explained in
this essay

Or: Some individuals are of the opinion that children could be made awared of the ability to work
together with their peers in an optimal manner if team sports become part of their education at
school.

Or: Some individuals endorse the view that teaching children to co-operate could be accomplished
optimally through the use of team sports as a teaching vehicle. Personally, I partly/ wholeheartedly
agree/ disagree with this suggestion based on some reasons that are elucidated in this essay

Framework: body1: on the one hand [Đồng ý 1 phần] – khẳng định rằng hoạt động này tốt

: body2: on the other hand [Không đồng ý] – có những cái tốt ngang hoặc có khả năng tốt
hơn

PEEL:

P: point of view -> thẳng vô nội dung, VD: On the one hand, there are some reasons that explain the
potential of team sports being the optimal vehicles to teach children how to co-operate. When
children engage in team sports, they are required to communicate with each other, helping them
boost their communication skills. Also, the concept of playing fair would help children understand
the ethical side of sport, enriching their understanding and contributing to their education -> ko
work (chưa nói ra cái trẻ em thiếu)

[Assumption] – The concept of effective communication sharing, and holding firm on ethical
grounds are highly sophisticated and could not be handled effectively by children. Without the
understanding of these concepts, children would not comprehend the ability to communicate
effectively

Or: -- In order to communicate effectively, children must comprehend the ability to detect nuances
(ẩn ý) in language and understand emotional exchanges at very subtle levels. Nevertheless, with
limited life experiences, these concepts are generally sophisticated and not comprehendable by
many adolescents. Thus, if schools can use team sports as a vehicle, children would be encouraged
to strategize together and play towards a specific objective. This would help them understand
communication skills without directly forcing them to learn the theoretical knowledge

Ý: Improve communication

Ethical training

Creating unity

Mutual understanding
E: explaination

E: example

L: limk -> nhắc lại point of view 1 lần nữa

There are some reasons that explain why teaching team sports could help children understand the
concept of co-operation… [trẻ em có những hạn chế gì] [communication yêu cầu cái gì] [Team sport
có thể offer những gì] – nếu tương thích thì ở đây team sports có thể giúp ích cho communication –
CTA

[Communication có requirement gì]: Communication skills often entail the ability to understand the
emotional states of another person and making precise response that satisfies both parties to the
best extent.

[Team sports có thể offer gì]: Team sports, fortunately, can be a place where such activities occur as
people are encouraged to work together towards a mutual goal, fostering a deep sense of
understading between players

Nếu như có tương thích, thì team sports có thể giúp được cho communcation skills phát triển:
Without team sports, childrens would not have other opportunities to foster their communication
skills, which explains why many people think that an inclusion of team sports is beneficial in their
school curricular

…Communication skills include the ability to comprehend others’ emotions and detect their social
cues without explicit expressions. Team sports can offer the ability for children to work together
towards a goal, which fosters active communication between them and hosts a vast range of
emotions. As children often lack the opportunities to immerse in such environment, team sports can
be particularly effective in helping them understand the concept of communication skills.

…In order to acquire communication skills, children must comprehend multiple sophisticated
concepts, including emotional exchange and social cues. However, their limited real-life experiences
make the comprehension of these concepts challenging, often limitting the development of their
communication skills. As a result, if schools manage to use team sports as a vehicle to teach, children
would be encouraged to play towards a specific goal together, helping them understand
communication skills without having to go through the theoretical knowledge of them.

Or: … In order to understand how to communicate effectively, children must practice in real-life
settings where they can exchange their emotions and information at the same time. However, the
conditions for such scenarios to happen are limited for children, leading to a universal problem that
makes them communicate ineffectively. If their schools use team sports as a vehicle for teaching,
children would have an environment to communicate extensively as they work towards a goal
together. This would foster the emergence of communication skills. Including the understanding of
emotional exchange and subtle social cues

[Co-operation yêu cầu phải có gì?]:

In order to understand the spirit of co-operation, children must comprehend the concept of having a
mutual goal and the ability to compromise and let go of each person’s ego.

[team sports có thể offer những gì]:

Fortunately, team sports can foster an environment where such interactions and teaching values
could be delivered. While children play towards a specific objective of wining, they compromise,
exchange emotions, and become one entity during the time of their play

[Nếu có tương thích thì ở đó team sports có thể giúp co-operation phát triển]:

Thus, this is why the inlcusion of team sports could be particularly beneficial for the teaching of co-
operation skills

Body2: CTA – Nghị luận về tâm lí học, hành vi

VD: tại sao ngta lại thích luxurious items.

Con người – có đặc điểm gì: Human beings are social creatures who seek external validation and
recognition, which could put them in a comfortable mental place

Luxurious items – có traits gì: Luxurious items, with their hefty price tags, could instant give the
impression that who possess them are highly capable from a financial perspective.

Nếu có tương thích -> hành vi

This is why these items are highly sought after as they satisfy a deeply-rooted desire that is ever-
present in many human beings

VD: tại sao trẻ em thích dùng điện thoại nhiều

Children – có đặc tính gì?

Children are known to be attracted to novel mental stimuli and lack the ability to resist temptation

Điện thoại – có đặc tính gì?

Unfortunately, smartphones are designed to generate the highest level of attraction to users by
employing visual stimulation and rich streamas of data influx

Nếu có sự tương thích, thì có thể xuất hiện hành vi:

That is why children have gradually increase the usage of their smartphones, which could eventually
manifest into a full-blown psychological addicted

Vô

On the other hand, there are more activities and approaches that can be ultilized to enhance the
ability of children to work as a team without relying solely on team sports…

[còn những cái khác mà team sports ko có]:

…The ability to co-operate in team sports generally focusus on clear objectives, while there are other
concepts regarding mental goals that would not be taughts effectively through this method

Or: The ability to play sport is not ubiquitous (ở đâu cũng có) in children, especially ones with
physical deformities (khuyết về cơ thể) or difficulties.
ĐỀ: many people believe that the best way to produce a happier society is to ensure that there are
only small differences in earnings between the richest and the poorest members. To what extent do
you agree or disagree?

*Nominalize:

Bám vô produce -> gerund

Tui: Many people are of the opinion that producing a happier society is the optimal way to make
sure that there are only small differences in the level of income between the wealthiest and the
poorest people. Personally, I partially agree with

Anh Huy: Many individuals are of the claim that producing a happier society would require that the
social chasm (differences/discrepancies) between the rich and the poor is as narrow as possible.

Some individuals suggest that producing a harmonious society would necessitate the closing of the
gap between the richest and the poorest in terms of financial possession, making it as narrow as
possible.

Bám vô happier society:

Some individuals are of the opinion that in order to create a happier society, the gap between the
rich and the poor in terms of financial possession should become as narrow as possible.

Some individuals claim that a harmonious and socially positive world can be generated if the
financial gap between the richest and the poorest people in a society could be as narrow as possible.

…Personally, I partly agree with this school of thought due to some major reasons that are
elucidated in this essay

Main 1 – chứng minh cách này hiệu quả trong việc đảm bảo happier society

Happier society -> có thể được ra khi -> thu hẹp khoảng cách giàu nghèo

Happier society -> yêu cầu những đặc tính điều kiện gì

Thu hẹp khoảng cách giàu nghèo -> có những tác động gì -> giúp cho giá cả trở nên bình ổn hơn,
giảm tính exclusivity của dịch vụ và sản phẩm

Nếu như đặc tính thỏa mãn được bởi những tác động -> đưa ra kết luận là -> thu hẹp giàu nghèo dẫn
đến happier society

On the one hand, there is one major reason that explains why closing the financial gap between
the richest and the poorest in a society would effectively improve the sense of happiness among
its citizens (topic sentence). A happier society can be manifested when people have general
accessibility to important services and products, which can give them a high quality of living despite
their socio-economic backgrounds. When the gap between the richest of the poorest becomes as
close as possible, the price of vital products and services would be more stable and set at a lower
level. This would improve accessibility, eventually leading to a better society for all citizen

… A majority of citizens living in a nation could experience a higher level of happiness if their
accessibility to vital products and services is not financially restricted. If the gap between the richest
and the poorest is expotentially, there would be a degree of exclusivity for certain ranges of
products and services, including healthcare and technological devices. As a result, the closing of this
gap would ensure the price of most goods and services is lower and more accessible, helping people
live a better life and boosting the general sense of happiness.

…In order to achieve a ubiquitous level of happiness and fulfillment among citizens, it is important
for the accessibility to vital products and services to be not financially restricted. This means that
even the most advanced healthcare features can be accessible for people with lower means of living.
If the social chasm between the richest and the poorest becomes as narrow as possible, the price of
products and services could become much lower, ensuring the best quality of living for people and
boosting their sense of happiness

Khổ hoàn thiện cơ bản:

On the one hand, there is one major reason that explains why closing the financial gap between the
richest and the poorest in a society would effectively improve the sense of happiness among its
citizens. People can only feel happy if they can access any service and product without having to
earn a lot of money. This mean that even the most advanced medicines or healthcare technology
can be accessible for the poorest members of society. If the richest and the poorest do not have
significantly different level of financial possession, important products and services can not be too
expensive, helping with accessibility and eventually making everyone happier in life.

Main 2:

On the other hand, opponents of the idea regarding trying to close the gap between the richest and
the poorest are skeptical of its application and implications. Happiness if not only about physical
possession as it is directly contributed by the psychological health of each citizen. Even when the gap
between the richest and the poorest is getting narrow and the prices of everything become more
affordable, the mental well-being of citizens is influenced by other factors. They could include the
quality of healthcarem the level of education, how they can entertain themselves with social or
cultural features. As a result, the best way to improve the sense of happiness is not solely about
improving financial chasms as it requires a lot of other factors.

Đây không phải cách tốt nhất

Happiness được define bằng các yếu tỗ, mà nếu chỉ thu hẹp khoảng cách giàu nghèo, sẽ không thể
tác động được

…Happiness is a multifaceted factor, meaning that exclusively influencing the level of financial
possession and accessibility to vital products and services is not enough to initiate a meaningful and
guaranteed change. Specifically, people’s general mental well-being is defined by the level of
satisfaction they have with their nations’ education, healthcare, social welfare, and entertainment.
As a result, if a nation wants to create a happier society, it must take in consideration other factors
outside of simply narrowing the gap between the richest and the poorest.

In conclusion, [ tóm tắt topic bài lại], tóm tắt câu trả lồi. Nếu có thể: giải thích ngắn gọn tại sao.
In conclusion, although there are controversial opinions on determining whether or not closing the
gap between the richest and the poorest in a society is the best measure to improve the happiness
of citizens, I believe that it can be effective only to a certain extent. [While this approach could
drastically improve accessibility to products and services, ultimately boosting people’s satisfaction,
other psychological aspects can only be influenced through different measures – dạng to what
extent có thể không có câu này]

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Discussion Essays (Discuss Both Views)

-Some people think that space mining is a field that should be
invested more. Others strongly oppose this and suggest that it
is wasteful. Discuss bot views and give your opinion.
Làm

Some individuals are of the claim that investing more in space mining is highly beneficial, and this
activity should be proliferated (tăng cưởng). Others, nevertheless, consider such an investment as
wasteful and strongly oppose it. Although both schools of thought hold merit, I agree more with the
former/ latter perspective.

Khổ 1:

On the one hand, there are some major reasons that explain why some people endorse the
investment in space mining. (Context):

…Due to the ever-lasting increase in the size of out population and the demand for energy, the
scarcity of natural resources has become prevalent around the world. As space is proven to contain
all important minerals and energy sources, investing in the space mining has become a potential
solution for our planet’s problems.

Or: …As the population sizes have consistently surged at an uncomfortable rate, the demand for
resources, especially oil and natural gas, has become more heated thane ver. Due to the fact that
space minerals, metals, and substance that can serve as our future energy sources, investing in space
mining has become a widely endorsed topic. For instance, Helium-3 isotope, which has a total
presence of few kilograms on our planet, is abundant in the lunar regolith, can hold the key to
limitless clean energy (is a vital compotent in fushion reaction)

Bối cảnh

Context 1: There are a hundred of new disvoreries regarding resources on the planet. This would
expect to provide enough natural gas and oil to use for the next 5000 years

Context 2: The price of fossil fuels has increased exponentially, yet many nations still do not have
enough to serve the demand of their citizens

Conclusion: The race towards finding a new source of power has never been this urgent.
context 2

Khổ 2:

On the other hand, opponents of the previous view claim that space mining would not be cost-
effective solution and could include unnecessary waste of resources. In the modern scientific world,
most minerals and metals can be artifically synthesized on this planet, and the effort should be put
into ensuring that these processes can be executed at a lower cost. Also, traveling into the cosmos is
extremely expensive, which could outweigh any potential benefit. For instance, according to Artemis
project carried by NASA, a kilogram of material can be transported to the moon with a general cost
of 100,00 to 200,000 USD

Kết: tóm tất nội dung

In conclusion, although there are mixed opinions on determining whether space mining is a
beneficial activity that can justify its cost-effective result, I believe that investing in this field is
wasteful and unnecessary. Not only can many substances be artficially created in the lab nowadays,
but also moving matters into the universe is very expensive and could challenge even the largest
resources on the planet.

Some people say that what children watch on television

influences their behavior, while others say the amount of time
children spend watching television influnences their behavior.
Dicuss both views and give your opinion.

Some individuals are of the opinion that watching TV programs could have influential consequences
on the behaviors of adolescents. Others, in contrast, state that this aspect of children could be
affected more significantly by the duration of time they spend watching TV.

Viết dễ hơn: Some individuals state that the content of TV programs heavily influences children’s
behaviors. In contrast, others think that the duration of time spent on watching has a more
influential impact. Although both schools of thought hold merit, I agree more with the former/latter
perspective (view trước/sau). [Which is elucidated further in this essay]

[Tiêu cực] -> TV programs -> violence -> desensitize children -> potential imitation -> psychological
pathway that explains why children may imitate problematic behaviors on TV

[Tích cực] -> educational content -> broaden the understanding/ aiding the process of learning
Desensitize: làm mất cảm giác

Topic sentence (có thể học thuộc): On the one hand, there are some reasons that explain why many
people think that children’s behaviors could be impacted by the content of TV programs. They argue
that exposure to violence, aggression, and criminal behaviors that are prevalent in many TV
programs could desensitize children to these acts, potentially leading to imitation. However,
educational content in many TV programs could broaden children’s horizon of understanding, giving
them precious knowledge that can enrich themselves socially and academically. According to the
recent research on The Review of Educational research, aroung 30% of children’s knowledge is
derived from TV programs.

(cái này không phải lúc nào cũng đúng, vì nó phụ thuộc vào culture, content, … Nên đây chỉ là cái line
để giải thích tại sao người ta lại tin như vậy, chỉ đúng trong bối cảnh cụ thể)

Inconclusion -> Kết quả phụ thuộc vào parental supervision

Confounding factor vì parental supervision vừa ảnh hưởng tới hành vi, mà vừa ảnh hưởng tới
content, vì bố mẹ khó thường không cho con cái xem problematic TV programs.

Thời lượng, content, sự quản lí dễ dải của parents, môi trường học tập, …

1) Physical activity/ mental capablity

On the other hand, others put an emphasis on the role of watching time rather than the content.
[Standard setting/ CTA] In order for children to develop optimally, they must engage in regular
physical activities, acquire enough knowledge, and be socially available to their parents and friends.
Unfortunately, watching TV programs can be highly addictive, causing them to be lose the
availability that is supposed to be spent on other activities. As a result, they become physcically
passive and socially isolated, which severely influence their behaviors.

(đưa ra tiêu chuẩn, trê em muốn tốt thì phải làm ntn?  watching TV không thể đạt được tiêu
chuẩn đó  tác động tiêu cực)

In conclusion, although there are mixed opinions on determining whether the content or the time of
watching influences children’s behavior more significantly, I believe that there is an interplay (cả hai
cái kết hợp, 2 cái đều có tác động) between these factors. While content may positively or negatively
lead to the imitation of children after a long time of exposure, the watching duration could take
away the physical and mental capability of children and hinder (cản trở) their optimal development

Capability -> have the ability to be capable of

Accessibility -> the ability to access

In many countries, the government spend a large

amount of money on arts (fact). Some people agree with
this However, others think government should spend more on
health and education. Discuss both sides and give you opinion.
[Tôi nhìn thấy cả 2 đều đúng ở một mức nào đó, tuy nhiên quan điểm của tôi là: …]

Bám vào cái fact để paraphrase:

Nominalize: V -> V-ing -> làm chủ ngữ câu

 In a large number of countries around the world, spending a large amount of financial
resources on the arts has become a prevalent approach of many governments. Some
individual claim that this approach is beneficial and they endorse it, while others claim that
healthcare and educations should be areas where the governments put more resources into.
Viết dễ: In a large number of nations around the world, their government often allocate massive
amount of resources for the arts. Some people supprt such an approach, while others think that the
governments should prioritize healthcare and education more. [học thuộc lòng được] Although both
schools of thought hold merit (có giá trị), I agree more with the former/latter perspective. [option:
due to some reasons that are explained further in this essay] -> I believe that striking a balance (đạt
được sự cân bằng) between both of them would yield the best outcomes (tạo ra outcomes tốt nhất
có thể) possible.

Yield (v): mang lại

Cái dễ viết trước:

Healthcare/ Education:

On the one hand, there are some reasons that explain why healthcare and education should be
above the arts on the priority list of government investment. When the governments invest in
healthcare, they can ensure that the facilities and human resources of this sector to be improved,
leading to a better quality of living for citizens. Also, education can improve the level of
competency of future workers, boosting the productivity and helping the economy of a nation
progress. (không đạt yêu cầu vì không so sánh với arts)

=>CAR – Context

Context 1: Nowadays, all people have good access to healthcare, and all treatments are provided for
free. This is why people in this nation report a very high quality of living

Context 2: Nowadays, many hospitals are running out of capacities as people acquire more complex
health problems that require more resources to handle. It is estimated that around 40% of citizens
do not receive adequate healthcare

context 2: …Nowadays, it is common around the world to observe that hospitals and healthcare
facilities are running out of capacities due to the increasing number of health issues and their
complexity. Without sufficent resources, it is estimated that many individuals would not have their
health problems addressed in the near future. Also, inequality and inaccessibility to educaton are
still pervasive issue that leads to poverty in developing countries. Thus, prioritizing education along
with healthcare should be considered as highly essential in most countries around the world.

Dễ: … In many countries, hospitals are running out of capacity because more people have health
issues and their treatments have become more complex. If the government fails to invest in
healthcare as soon as possible, many citizens would suffer from untreated health problems in the
near future. Also, education is still inaccessible to many people with low-income levels. As a result,
the government should also prioritize this to make sure that poverty (nghèo) due to lack of
education is no longer a problem in the future

Art (có thể dùng đối với những bài liên quan) – giúp tăng creativity / foster a sense of community.
VD: tranh Monalisa, người thích, người ghét -> kết nối ngta bằng sự tương đồng

On the other hand, the beneficial implications of the arts can not be ignored as arts can unify people
and foster creativity. In society where many foundational aspects, such as healthcare and education,
have already developed optimally, citizens would demand more for their mental and psychological
health. As arts can increase creativity and foster a sense of community, investing in building
museums, constructing sculptures, or creating paintings would increase social interactiions and help
people expand their imagination These aspects would further enhance people’s quality of living,
adding to another dimension (khía cạnh) for the experience of being a human

Or: …In developed countries, their healthcare and education systems have alr developed optimally,
and their citizens would want more values in their lives. In order to achieve this, investing in the arts
by building museums or organzing exhibitions could foster a sense of community and help people
become more creative. These psychological benefits could enrich the living experiences of humans,
elevating their quality of life in a way that other factors can not

Conclusion

In conclusion, although there are mixed opinions on determining whether investing in the arts or
healthcare and education should be the main focus of government, I believe that striking a balance
between all these objectives is the optimal approach. While education and healthcare are
fundamental aspects of a stable society, the arts can help enrich the living experiences of humans
and thus lead to a higher quality of life.

Large companies should pay higher salaries to CEOs and executives, compared to other workers. To
what extent do you agree or disagree?

Some individuals suggest that + V-ing … + to be + (adj) + passive

Higher salaries = higher level of income = higher income level

Who are at the top of the hierarchy of a company = CEOs, executives

Some individuals suggest that paying higher salaries to CEOs and executives compared to other
workers is beneficial and should be adopted by companies. [Personally, I totally/ partly agree/
disagree with this suggestion due to some major reasons that are explained in this essay].

Lương nhiều hơn:

Do người ta nhận trách nhiệm nhiều hơn

Do CEO nhiều kinh nghiệm hơn

In order to take place on the roles of an executives or even a CEO, a person must manage to handle
multiple professional tasks while maintaining a sufficient supervision over their employees. Doing
these tasks effectively would require not only years of practices but also an intensive period of
academic training. This is why these individuals should receive a higher income level.

Take place on the role of …

Years of practices = experience

 Cách 2: becoming a CEO of a company or an executive who manages other employees

means that they most bear a large number of responsibilities. As these professional
obligations require intensive human management as well as expertise in a field, years of
training and academic learning are needed. This is why paying CEOs or executives a larger
amount of money is important, helping them sustain their performances and giving them
enough for their worth

Nevertheless, a massive gap between the income of a very small group of employees and other
workers could create an unjust working environment, which should be addressed preemptively.

A massive gap between the income of … = paying too much for …

 Nevertheless, paying too much for executives or CEOs could create an unjust environment
that enrages other employees.

Trả CEOs và quản lí cao quá  làm công ty hết tiền

Trả cao quá, làm bất công cho các employees khác.

[ Rồi sao nữa?]  chớt quớt

VD: … When CEOs and managers are paid too much, other employees would perceive it as an unfair
action. Thus, they will no longer want to work and contribute to the company, leading to higher
turnover rates and job dissatisfaction

 … Although the leadership of CEOs and managers are vital to maintain the structure of an
establishment, eventually, all works are primarily not be attributed only to the top
managers. By granting an exorbitant amount of income for CEOs and managers, normal
employees may perveive it as a disregard towards their contribution, leading to higher
turnover rates and job dissatisfaction

Some people believe government should spend money on building train and
subway lines to reduce traffic congestion. Others think that building more and
wider roads is the better way to reduce traffic congestion.
Discuss both views and give your opinion.

Cấu trúc bài:

Opening: viết lại đề, sau đó trả lời câu hỏi một cách ngắn gọn
Main:

+khổ 1: viết về ưu điểm của view 1

+khổ 2: viết về ưu điểm của view 2

Conclusion: trả lời ý kiến cá nhân.

Bài làm

Tui: Many individuals hold the opinion that governments should spending money on building train
and subway lines to optimize the reduction of traffic congestion. While some believes that
expanding the width of roads would be a better option to express this issue.

Anh Huy:

+đưa verb ra làm gerund

--> some individuals claims that spending money on constructing train and subway lines is an optimal
way to control vehicular congestion. Others, however, think that expanding the size of the roads is a
superior method for such a purpose

+dùng thể bị động

--> some individuals think that a reduction in traffic congestion may be achieved optimally if more
resources are invested in constructing train and subway lines. Others, on the other hand, claim that
investing in an expansion of roads as well as increasing the overall number would be a superior
approach

Quan điểm: Although both views offer merit, I agree more with the former/latter perspective

Recommended vocabularies:

Money = financial resources

Spend more money = invest more in

Superior – ưu việt hơn  trái nghĩa – inferior  superiority / inferiority

Optimal – tối ưu

Kẹt xe  do đâu? Nhưng đâu phải lúc nào cũng kẹt?

Có con đường nào mà không có người dân không?

Vấn đề ở đây là những chung cư cao tần, vì ở những khoảng đất rất nhỏ mà lại có hàn ngàn hộ dân
sống => có ra bao nhiêu tuyến đường thì người ta vẫn vào đó ở.
Tương tự, xây dựng những cầu vươt, chốt giao thông  không kẹt xe ở ngã tư nữa nhưng lưu lượng
xe không đổi  điểm kẹt chỉ di dời từ chỗ này sang chổ khác thôi => xây nhiều đường hơn thì vấn đề
kẹt xe vẫn không đổi.

Chi phí xây thêm > Chi phi mở rộng đường

Mở rộng ra thì đồng nghĩa phải lấn đất người ta  chi phí lớn  không đủ chi trả

On the one hand, there are some reasons that explain why train and subway lines receive more
financial attention from governments when it comes to finding a method for reducing traffic
congestion.

[nếu muốn nói là phải đầu tư thêm thì phải tự đặt câu hỏi rằng bây giờ đầu tư đủ chưa  chưa =>
hậu quả là gì? Tại sao không đi buýt (giá rất rẻ) nhưng tại sao lại có những lúc mà ngta không muốn
sài  lý do: nếu không quen tuyến thì rất khó đi, có thể thời gian đi rất lâu vì phải đón quá nhiều
tuyến  nhấn mạnh việc đầu tư chưa đủ, số điểm đến còn ít  người dân không muốn sử dụng 
phải đầu tư để cải thiện].

+It is true that public transport system, including train and subway lines, is generally
underdeveloped in many countries, making it hard for passengers to use them. Not only does it
often take a longer time for arrival, but the lack of coverage (trên hệ thống không đủ điểm đi) also
make it incentivised to use these systems more, helping alleviate the number of vehicles on the
street and directly reduce traffic congestion

+In many nations, railway and train system are often underdeveloped, making it challenging for
passengers to navigate. Specifically, they may have to walk extensively due to the lack of support
from other means of transport while also experiencing delay and undesirable service quality. With
more investment, these issues would not prevent people from using these systems, which may
reduce the number of vehicles on the street and alleviate traffic jams effectively

Tại sao không phân tích cả lợi và hại

Khổ 1 – chung cư rẻ / điểm yếu – dễ xuống giá

Khổ 2 – nhà dưới đất giữ giá tốt / điểm yếu – mắc

 Cái lợi của cái này là cái hại của cái kia  bị kì

On the other hand, opponents of the previous view believe that having roads and more expansion of
them would be a better solution.

[kẹt xe sẽ được giải quyết nếu có thêm đường và đường rộng hơn

Thì là suy diễn: do ít đường và do đường hẹp, nên mới có kẹt xe.

+Due to the excessive volume of traffic during rush hours, cities often face trememdous traffic
congestion as people go to work or study at the same time. As a result, if we have more roads,
people may receive more traveling options, helping them avoid traffic jams. Also, a bigger size of
roads may offer more lanes for vehicles, reducing the density of traffic and helping avoid traffic
congestions.

In conclusion, although there are mixed opinions on determining whether railways or roads should
receive more investment for upgrading from government. While trains and subway lines can
improve the number of routes for travelers, having more roads with increased sizes can offer a
better travel during rush hours.

Nowadays, as the number of cars increases, more money has

to be spent on road system. Some people think the
government should pay for this. Others, however, think that
drivers should cover the cost. Discuss both views and give your
opinion.
Nominalize – giúp nhập thành một câu -> giảm số vế trong câu

As (mất) social media has the ability to improve people’s connectivity to the outside world (cụm
danh), users can witness an increase in the number of their social relationships.

The improved connectivity provided by social media increases the number of social relationships
each person has

Vô bài:

In this day and age, the universal increase in the number of cars on the street has surged the
demand for enhancing and expanding our road system. Some individuals are of the opinion that
covering the cost of this type of infrastructure development should be a responsibility of the
government, which others claim thata drivers must bear such an expenditure

Or: In this day and age, the increase in the number of cars on the street has necessitated the
demand for expanding our roads systems. Thus, some people claim that paying for this expenditure
should be a responsibility of the government, while others suggest that each driver must bear this
cost

In the modern world, due to the increase in the number of cars on our streets, the demand for
constructing new roads has emerged strongly. Some individuals claim that paying for this cost should
be part of the government’s responsibility. Others, nevertheless, think that each driver who uses the
roads must cover this cost

Ngữ pháp:

Sales increased (1)

Cars increased (2)

Sales – number of sold units

Cars – có nhiều mặt khác nhau như the quality of cars, the origin of cars, the percentage of cars, the
number of cars, …  ngta sẽ không biết mình đang nói về khía cạnh nào của cars

modifier  the number of cars increases -> từ đó có thể paraphrase “an increase in the number
of cars is observed”

In this day and age, an increase in the number of cars has force to spend more money on developing
our road system. Some individuals think that paying this amount of money should be the
responsibility of the government. In contrast, others suggest that this cost should be handled by
each driver who uses the roads. Although both schools of thought offer merit, I agree more with the
former/latter perspective, which would be explained further in this essay.

In the modern world, more cars on the street have forced us to pay more money to develop road
systems. Some inviduals claim that paying for this cost should be a responsibility of the
governement. Others, nevertheless, think that this responsibility should be taken on by each driver
who uses the roads. Although both perspectives hold merit, my personal opinion expresses a
stronger alignment with the former/latter view

Khổ 1: chứng minh tại sao the government phải cover cái cost này.

- Vì chính phủ có tiền từ taxation

- Tax money has been collected and should be spent.

On the one hand, there is one major reason that explains why some people believe that investing in
expanding our road systems should be a responsibility of the government. The reason is very simple
as the government collects money from tax payers, which allows them to invest a large sum of
money in many types of infrastructure. As a result, this is why the government should take on the
responsibility of paying for the expansion of road systems.  bị lặp nghĩa

Tại sao chính phủ có tiền lại phải đầu tư? Do chính phủ thu thuế  chưa đủ - những thứ mà chính
phủ phải đầu tư phải có tiêu chuẩn gì?

… Roads are not only ultilized by drivers as they connect multiple economic activities and
streamline the production of goods of many sectors of the economy. As a result, expanding roads
are not only beneficial to small numbers of citizens, but it can have a profound impact on the lives of
the entire population. This is why the government must have the responsibility to cover the
expansion of roads, using the money they collect from taxation.

Or: … Drivers are not the sole party that gains benefits from the expansion of roads, as this type of
infrastructure is ultilized by the entire population. For instance, roads are used to connect remote
areas to more urbanized regions, helping people gain access to important services and enhancing
their qualitu of living. As a result, the government must regconize that expanding roads benefits all
citizens and should use tax money they collect to fund such an activity

Tiếng việt: [Driver ko phải là ng duy nhất benefit từ mở rộng dường xá, mà còn bao gồm cả tất cả
citizens – VD: Hs đi học, đi tới cơ sở y tế, hoặc di chuyển để du lịch] -> [chính vì vậy, đây là 1
obligation cho chính phủ, vì họ phải dùng tiền thuế để cải thiện đời sống của người dân]

Viết dễ thôi: Drivers are not the only ones who benefit from expanding road systems. The reason is
that every citizens use different aspects of roads. For instance, students use roads to travel to their
learning locations, while general citizens use them to get access to healthcare services. As a result,
expanding roads benefits the entire population, which means that it must be funded by the
government using the money collected from tax payers

=>Kết nối 2 câu đầu: Not only do drivers benefit exclusively from the expansion of roads, but also
other segments of society can gain different benefits from such a development. For instance, while
education can be accessed by people living in different parts of a nation, accessibility to healthcare is
also improved thanks to road expansion. Thus, road development can benefit all stakeholders
(những người liên quan, né chữ ‘citizens’) in a society, prompting the government to give enough
funding for such activities to be implemented optimally

Khổ 2: Muốn ngta cover cái đó thì cái benefits, trách nhiệm ngta nhận được là lớn nhất, nghĩa là chia
sẻ gánh nặng đó thông qua phí cầu đường, phí thuế. Khái niệm phí cầu đường, phí thuế đưa vào rất
OK.

Gợi ý hướng đi: On the other hand, opponents of the previous view still believe that putting the
entire financial burden associated with road development on the shoulder of the government is
highly irrational and problematic. When there are more roads to be developed, the government
must use their existing resources to invest. Afterwards, it must wait for a very long time before the
expansion gives benefits to all citizens, which allows them to collect the tax money back. At this rate
of road expansion, such a plan would not be sustainable, and sooner or later, the government must
run out of resources. This is why each driver must contribute to the process either by submitting a
fee for using new roads and paying more tax money (cứ viết đại, viết thử)

In conclusion, (tóm tắt toàn bộ nội dung) although there are controversial opinions on determining
whether or not the government or each driver must be responsible for the cost of building new
roads, I believe that striking a balance between both parties is the optimal solution. While the
government bears the responsibility of covering projects that give universal benefits for all citizens,
the contribution of each other could accelerate expansion of roads and sustan the resources of the
nation better

Responsibility là take on không phải take responsibility

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Double/Two-Part Questions (Direct Questions)

-In this era, many companies have abandoned the normal
hiearchical structure (cấu trúc truyền thống có giám đốc phó
giám đốc rồi trưởng phòng...) and started using a more
dynamic one. Why? What is the impact?
TCA – Temporal contrast analysis – sử dụng các yếu tố thời gian để giải thích một hiện tượng đề cho.

Why people live longer -> due to many medical breakthroughs, severe illnesses can be treated
effectively, which prolonges people’s lifespan
In the past, due to the lack of understanding of humans’ biological nature and the causes of health
disorders, even a simple infection could effectively be fatal to people, shortening their lives
significantly. Fortunately, multiple medical breakthroughs have helped provide treatment options
for most health problems, helping people live longer and enhance their quality of living (đưa thông
tin trong quá khứ rồi đến hiện tại  giải thích).

Bất cứ dạng bài nào khi đề cập đến một cái gì đó mới xảy ra, một hiện tượng đang được nhìn thấy 
TCA

Introduction:

In this day and age, the conventional model of work that emphasizes specific roles and the
establishment of structure has become less popular, and many firms start using a more disorder
structure. In this essay, I would explain the underlying reasons leading to this development before
assessing its overall implications on workers, the companies, and society as a whole

Why -> There are some reasons that explain the warning popularity of the hierarchical structure
among modern companies…

…If workers are not managed specifically by another person, they would have more freedom to
work. This freedom allows them to be more creative, which can contribute to an increase in their
productivity (rất kì viết lên sẹ bị phản biện rất dễ - vì tại sao trước giờ không làm như vậy)

TCA – focus vào những sự thay đổi hiển nhiên trong XH để giải thích 1 hiện tượng nào đó

Cấu trúc hierarchy có đặc điểm gì (sếp rõ ra nhân viên và sấp) – vai trò rõ ràng, phân công trách
nhiệm là phải làm theo.

Cấu trúc flexible -> ai cũng đóng góp ý kiến được, ai cũng mạnh dạn đưa ra quan điểm, mọi người
làm tùy theo sức lực để cống hiến. (Tôn vinh sáng tạo, cung cấp dịch vụ tốt nhất cho khách hàng)
(technology-driven work environment)

XH chúng ta (về mặt sản xuất) đã chuyển từ giai đoạn gì sang giai đoạn gì? -> phụ thuộc vào sản xuất
(industrial era)

…In the past, having a solid work structure provided clear lines of authority and control, which were
essential in mananing large organizations effectively, especially in the industrial era. Nowadays, as
the largest sector that contributes to many nations’ economics has been service-oriented,
innovation and creativity are highly valued. By establishing a more flexible structure, companies
hope that their employees can be empowered to contribute their ieas, voice their novel suggestions,
and give the firms (công ty) an advantage against other competitors.

…In the past, our economy revolved around industrial production, which requires a strict adherence
to standards and rules. This is why many companies chose to establish a rigid work structure, which
helped them avoid unexpected errors or problems. However, as our world becomes more servicing-
oriented, creative ideas are highly valued than ever before. With a flexible structure, employees are
encouraged to be more vocal about their ideas, which can help their firms create innovative
solutions and enhance the quality of service

Handmade product – products that are made by hands

Disease-causing bacteria – bacteria that cause disease

TCA – people nowadays retire much earlier than in the past. Why? Is this a positive or negative
development?

-TCA  ngta thường nghỉ hưu khi nào, đạt được điều kiện gì?

->Khi đã ổn định tài chính rồi

-Trong quá khứ, tại sao điều kiện đó khó đạt hơn

->Tích lũy tài chính khó, vì thu nhập thấp hơn (giải thích cụ thể)

-nhưng bây giờ lại dễ đạt hơn. (income tăng, tích lũy tốt hơn, đạt điều kiện nghỉ hưu sớm hơn).

In the past, our excessive reliance on agriculture that drains people’s physical power would not help
them yeild a high level of income. This is process of wealth accumulation led to a very delayed point
of time when they could retire and stop working. Fortunately, as our economy has progressed
expotentially, people can save enough financial resources for earlier retirement. Once they reach the
point of financial stability, they would stop working and focusing more on enjoying their lives

Kỹ thuật TCA – Temporal Contrast Analysis – giúp giải thích hiện tượng

Nowadays, going internationally to learn has become a choice

that a lot of students prefer. Why? What is its impact
VD: Nowadays, people are living longer than in the past. Why? What is the impact?

Vì medical breakthroughs.

->There are some reasons that explain why the life expactancy of people has been prolonged
significantly. Due to multiple medical breakthroughs, many illnesses have been treated effectively.
This is why our lifespan has been extended

-Nêu ra hoàn cảnh trong quá khứ trước sau đó mới nêu ra bối cảnh của mình ở thời điểm hiện tại 
so sánh  giải thích, sự khác biệt

Khổ cải thiện: Topic sentence: There are some reasons that explain why our life expectancy has
improved drastically in the modern era. In the past, due to the lack of understanding regarding the
biological nature of our bodies and many illnesses, even a simple infection from a superficial wound
could prove to be detrimental to people, effectively shortening their lifespan. Fortunately, with
multiple medical breakthroughs and the transofrmation of the pharmaceutical industry, most health
issues can be addressed effectively, including the most severe ones. This drastic improvement in
healthcare has not only extended people’s lives but also has a boosting effect on the quality of living

Temporal contrast analysis – tại sao giờ ngta đi du học nhiều hơn  tập trung vào những sự thay đổi
hiển nhiển nhất về công nghệ về cấu trúc xã hội, về cách con người tương tác – để giải thích một
hiện tượng khác

Điều kiện học tập tốt hơn  trớt quớt

There are some reasons that explain why many students want to go abroad to learn in this day and
age. Due to the superior teaching conditions in different nations, students want to go there to learn

Cụ thể hóa hoàn thành

Cụ thể hóa cái ưu việc

There are some reasons that explain why many students want to go abroad to learn in this day
and age…

…Most students who travel to another nations to learns often resside in developing countries, which
are generally known to have inferior teaching conditions due to limited budgets. By going to these
destinations, they can have superior quality of training, resulting in better levels of competency. This
would give them an edge once they become an employee, giving more financial benefits and social
status. (Rất khó viết)

Tưởng tượng 1950 – đi du học có dễ không, và tại sao?

Không có tài chính  thì khiến không làm được gì mà không đi du học được

Trở ngại trực tiếp: di chuyển, income

…In the past, due to limited globalization and restricted transportation between different countries,
moving to another nation was highly expensive, meaning that people with normal socio-economic
backgrounds would not be able to afford such a venture. Fortunately, as airfares have never been
more affordable, going to another nation in order to pursue better educational conditions has
become realistic to most students. Along with the prospect of being more culturally immersive,
better transportation has explained the trend of going abroad to learn.

Or: …In the past, traveling to another countries often entailed to enormous amount of cost, ranging
from transportation to accomodation given the large difference between currency value between
nations. Howeverm as the word becomes globalized, air travel has become widely accessible, while
the cost of living becomes more universal across nations. These conditionns have favored
international travel, and students have ultilized this to pursue education at a place with superior
educational conditions.
In this day and age, many older individuals tend to live alone. Why? What are
the impacts?
Họ không muốn phụ thuộc người khác – tại sao xưa muốn, giờ lại không?

Họ muốn thoải mái hơn, tại sao giờ muốn?

Generation gap -> tại sao bây giowg có, xưa không có

Khác thói quen sinh hoạt -> tại sao giờ mới khác?

Ageing population -> hướng này viết dược, chỉ là khó viết

Con cái đi làm xa – tại sao giờ đi làm xa, mà xưa không đi làm xa

Topic sentence: …

In the past, many families tend to have a lot of children, meaing that they often chose to live
together to share the cost of living. This had gradually become habitualized, and some of the
children would still live with family units become drastically smaller, the ratio between young and
old people become less skewed. As a result, there is an increased possibility that many older people
must live by themselves without the support fom anyone.

Or: In the past, the traditional society highly emphasized the role of being communal and sticking up
together. From a survival perspective, this idea makes a lot of sense as being together could reduce
the cost of living and improve communal support. Nevertheless, the modern world has highlighted
the role of individualism, elevating the ability to be independent. This is why many senior people
choose to reside along without any support as they believe that would reduce distractions and
enhance their ability to be socially aligned

In the modern world, storing information on computers has

become popular, while using document have not been used as
much. Why? What are the impacts?
There are some major reasons that explain why virtually storing information on computers has
several advantages over some conventional methods, such as using documents. (Why?) …

…In the past, information must be stored physically on papers, meaning that it would take up a lot of
spaces and cause problems when browsing. Fortunately, as the ability to retain information of
computers is virtually unlimited, such requirements for physical spaces could be eliminated, while
browsing is swifter than ever. Thus, this is the new method has reigned supreme, while documents
as information containers have become outdated

Or: …In the past, when information could only be stored on papers, a lot of physical spaces were
required. Also, the tracking of information was very challenging and prone to errors. Thanks to the
ability of computers to store information unlimitedly, the demand for physical spaces is not longer
needed, while people can search information very fast. This is why the use of computers as
information storage has become popular.
Viết dễ: …The use of physical containers to retain information was highly inefficient due to the
demand for physical spaces and human labors. Also, the susceptibility to errors was exceptionally
heightened during the process of tracking and browsing data. Thanks to the limitless nature of
cirtually storing information on computers, such obstacles can be removed, opening the new era for
information management that transcends technological challenges

Nowadays, marketing has become more effective? Why? What

is the impact of investing in marketing more than the actual
products or services?
Targeting marketing -> quảng cáo nhắm trúng đích – nghĩa là lấy data của customer để nhắm trực
tiếp sản phẩm họ cần

In this day and age, the effectiveness of marketing has become improved drastically, completely
altering how a seller would approach their potential customers. In this essay, I would evaluate the
reasons behind this advent before discussing the implications (tác động) of the disproportionate
(không đều) distribution of resources between marketing and the products themselves

Cách đây 20-30 năm trước – marketing qua truyền miệng, báo chí. Nhưng đối tượng đọc báo quá
rộng, chi phí lên cao, lại không chắc có thể reach tới hết audiences không. VD: reach tuổi teen không
nhẽ đi quảng cáo trên báo thanh niên  hiệu quả thấp và không personalize được, nghĩa là một cái
quảng cáo, message sẽ cho mọi người cùng đọc.

 Specialize cho những đối tượng khác nhau  hiệu quả

There are some reasons that explain the increased effectiveness of marketing in this modern world.
In the past, marketing mostly relies on the ability to reach the largest audience through traditional
media means, such as newspaper, billboard, or TV ads. This form of advertisement was highly costly
and could not be customized to each sub-group of audience, carrying a lot of risks for advertisers.
Nevertheless, as the use of the Internet becomes an inseparable part of our lives, our preference
and personal data are easily collected. This collection would build a massive dataset that helps
marketers specifically target a group of audience, enhancing the overall effectiveness

There are several detriments associated with favoring marketing rather than the reseach and
development of the actual products and services. Due to the increased effectiveness of marketing,
most sellers believed that more investment in this field would create more profit. However, each
producer only has a fixed amount of budget, meaning that more for marketing would eventually
compromise the quality of their products. Eventually, although there sales can be boosted instantly,
the overall experience of customers could be negative, blocking further sales and damaging the
reputation of the brand
In conclusion, although marketing has become more effective, it may lead to the development that
brands undermine the quality of their products in favor of investing in marketing. I believe that
brands must be concious about the ultimate requirement of producing the best products for their
clients, and only by this thinking could their brands blossom in the future.

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Problem and Solution Essays