Name :Sara fazal

Section: “A”
Registration No: 24MDBCS0541
Batch: “07”
Date: 15/feb/2025
Department of Computer Science, UETM

Lab manual
Lab report 1 IC:
An IC (integrated Circuit) is a set of electronic circuits that are combined
onto a single piece of semiconductor material, typically a silicon.
Composition:
A combination of components such as resisters, transistors, capacitors &
diodes all embedded into small package.
Experiment#1
ICs IN PARALLEL AND SERIES COMBINATION:
In this experiment we will connect ICs in series and parallel combinations
in lab for this we use a breadboard a tool used for prototyping electronic
circuits without the need for soldering.
The holes in rows are connected horizontally and columns are connected
are connected vertically.

Lab Results:
Lab report 2

“And and Or gates”

AND GATE:
AN AND gate is the basic digital logic gate that perform the logical AND function. It take two
binary inputs and produces a single binary output which is true only when the input or true.
Truth Table:
Input A Input B Output (A ∙ B)

DIAGRAM OF AND GATE:

LAB EXPERIMENT :
OR GATE:
AN OR gate is the basic digital logic gate that perform the logical OR function. It gives a 1
(true) output if at least one input is 1. If all inputs are 0, the output is 0.
Truth Table:
Input A Input B Output (A + B)

DIAGRAM OF OR GATE:
OR GATE HAVING 2 OUTPUTS
Lab report 3

NAND GATE:
A NAND gate (short for “Not AND”) is a digital logic gate that performs the inverse of the AND
operation. It has two or more inputs and one output. The output is LOW (0) only when all inputs
are HIGH (1). In all other cases, the output is HIGH (1).

The truth table for a 2-input NAND gate is as follows:

Input A Input B Output

0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

DIAGRAM OF NAND GATE:

LAB EXPEREMENT:
NOR GATE:
A NOR gate is a digital logic gate that performs the inverse of the OR operation. It has two or
more inputs and one output. The output of a NOR gate is HIGH (1) only when all inputs are
LOW (0). In all other cases, the output is LOW (0).

The truth table for a 2-input NOR gate is as follows:

Input A Input B Output

0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0

DIAGRAM OF NOR GATE:

LAB EXPERIMENT :
Lab report 4:
“Construction of NOR and NAND Gate from AND, OR and NOT
Gates”

Definition of NOR Gate:

 A OR gate (Not OR gate) is a digital logic gate
that produces an output of 1 only when both inputs are 0. It is essentially
the opposite of an OR gate, which produces an output of 1 when either
or both inputs are 1.

NOT and OR into NOR:

To create a NOR gate using an OR gate and a NOT gate IC, you would
connect the outputs of the OR gate directly to the input of the NOT gate;
essentially, the output of the OR gate becomes the input for the NOT
gate, resulting in the inverted output characteristic of a NOR gate.
1. Connect the inputs A and B to an OR gate.

2. Connect the output of the OR gate to a NOT gate (inverter).

3. The output of the NOT gate is the NOR gate output.

Trutth Table:
Input A Input B Output
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0

Pin Diagrams:
A NAND GATE:
A NAND gate (Not AND gate) is a fundamental digital logic gate that performs
the inverse operation of an AND gate. It gives a true (1) output if at least one of
the inputs is false (0). The output is false (0) only if all the inputs are true (1). In
simpler terms, a NAND gate will output a 0 only when all its inputs are 1;
otherwise, it will output a 1.

Lab Experiment:

Definition of NAND Gate:

NOT and AND into NAND:

To create a NAND gate using an AND gate and a
Not gate, simply connect the output of an AND gate directly to the input of a not
gate the output of the NOT gate will then represent the NAND gate functionality -
essentially performing an AND operation and then inverting the result, which is the
definition of a NAND gate.
Truth Table:
Input A Input B Output
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

Lab Experiment:
INTRODUCTION TO PROTEOUS

*Proteus* is a powerful simulation and design software primarily used in electronics and electrical
engineering. It’s especially popular among students, hobbyists, and engineers for designing and testing circuits
virtually before building them in real life.

What Is Proteus?
*Proteus* is a *software suite* developed by *Labcenter Electronics* that includes:
- *ISIS (Intelligent Schematic Input System)* – for circuit design and simulation.
- *ARES (Advanced Routing and Editing Software)* – for PCB (Printed Circuit Board) design.

---

Main Uses of Proteus

1. Circuit Simulation
- Simulate both analog and digital circuits.
- Test your designs without needing physical components.
- See real-time behavior of LEDs, motors, sensors, etc.

2. Microcontroller Simulation
- Simulate microcontrollers like *Arduino, **8051, **AVR, **PIC, **ARM*, etc.
- Upload hex or compiled code to the virtual microcontroller and test how it works in the circuit.
- Debug your embedded systems before burning code to real devices.

3. PCB Design
- Design multilayer PCBs.
- Route traces automatically or manually.
- Export Gerber files for actual PCB manufacturing.

4. Education and Learning

- Widely used in electronics labs and courses to teach circuit design.
- Safe and cheap way to experiment without risking components.

5. Embedded Systems Projects

- Can integrate sensors, actuators, and communication modules (like GSM, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi) virtually.
- Perfect for simulating real-world embedded applications.

Typical Users
- Electronics and computer engineering students.
- DIY electronics hobbyists.
- Hardware developers and embedded systems engineers.
- Teachers for virtual electronics labs.
Lab report 5

“Half Adder circuit”

What is a Half-Adder?

A combinational logic circuit which is designed to add two binary digits is

called as a half adder. The half adder provides the output along with a
carry value (if any). The half adder circuit is designed by connecting an
EX-OR gate and one AND gate. It has two input terminals and two output
terminals for sum and carry.

Circuit Diagram:

From the logic circuit diagram of half adder, it is clear that A and B are the
two input bits, S is the output sum, and C is the output carry bit.

In the case of a half adder, the output of the EX-OR gate is the sum of two
bits and the output of the AND gate is the carry. Although, the carry
obtained in one addition will not be forwarded in the next addition because
of this it is known as half adder.

Truth Table:

Lab report
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
MARDAN

DIGITAL LOGIC DESIGN (DLD)

PROJECT PPROPOSOL:

WATER TANK CONTROL SYSTEM

SUBMITTED TO :
SIR ARIF

PREPARED BY :

SARA FAZAL(24MDBCS0541)

ALINA GUL(24MDBCS0583)

MAHNOOR SALEEM (24MDBCS0627)

Water Tank Level Indicator and Control System

using LEDs and Buzzer
1) Introduction

This project aims to design a low-cost water tank level indicator using
LED lights and a buzzer alarm system. The system shows different water
levels (Very Low, Low, Medium, High, and Overflow) using color-coded
LEDs and activates a buzzer alarm when the water level reaches the
overflow point. This circuit eliminates water wastage and provides a
real-time visual indication of water availability in the tank.

2) Objectives:
1)indicate five distinct water levels: Very Low, Low, Medium, High, and
Overflow.

2) Alert the user with a buzzer when the tank is about to overflow.

3) Improve water management and reduce human effort.

4) Provide an easy-to-understand visual status using color-coded LEDs.

5) Overview of the System (based on your Proteus diagram)

3) The system is implemented using the following major

components:

1) Transistors (BC547): Used as electronic switches to drive the LEDs and

buzzer
2) LEDs (Yellow & Red): Used to indicate each water level.
3) Buzzer: Provides audio alert when the tank reaches the “Overflow”
level.
4) Resistors: Used to limit current and set base biasing for transistors.
5) Battery: A 12V DC supply powers the whole circuit.

4) Component-wise Explanation

Level LED Color Indicator Label Buzzer Triggered By Transistor

Very Low Yellow LED-BIY No Bottom Probe Q1 (BC547)
Low Yellow LED-BIY No 2nd Probe Q2 (BC547)
Medium Yellow LED-BIY No 3rd Probe Q3 (BC547)
High Red LED-BIRG No 4th Probe Q4 (BC547)
Overflow Red LED-BIRG Yes Top Probe Q5 (BC547)

5) Working Principle

1) Each water level probe in the tank is connected to a

transistor base through a 10k resistor.
 2) When the water touches a probe, it completes the circuit
with the 12V battery's negative side through water's
conductivity. 3) The respective transistor is triggered, turning on
the corresponding LED.
4) When the topmost probe (Overflow level) is activated:
5) A red LED turns ON.
6) A buzzer connected through transistor Q6 is also triggered,
alerting the user.
7) The system continuously monitors levels and updates the
display in real time.

6) Components Required

Component Quantity
BC547 Transistor 6
LEDs (Yellow/Red) 5
Buzzer 1
220Ω Resistors 5
10kΩ Resistors 6
12V DC Battery 1
Jumper Wires As needed
Component Quantity
Probes (wires) 5
Very low

Low
Medium

High

Overflow
7) Conclusion
This Water Tank Level Indicator using LEDs and a Buzzer is a
practical and budget-friendly project that enhances water
resource management at homes and institutions. It ensures
awareness of tank status and prevents overflow, thus saving both
water and energy.