Salahaddin University – College of

Engineering
Mechanical & Mechatronic
engineering
5th Semester

Vibration Laboratory
Experiment no.6
Forced vibration
Stu : Siver TajAldin
Purpose:
● To determine natural frequency(wn).
● Studying the response of structury under excitation force.

Introduction
In the dynamic world of structural dynamics and mechanical systems, forced vibration emerges as a
compelling and intricate phenomenon, shaping the response of structures and machinery when subjected
to external forces. Unlike the spontaneous oscillations of free vibration, forced vibration introduces an
external excitation that compels a system to move in a manner dictated by the applied dynamic forces.
This introduction seeks to unravel the fundamental principles, characteristics, and significance of forced
vibration, shedding light on its pervasive role in understanding and managing dynamic behaviors across a
spectrum of engineering disciplines.

Principles of Forced Vibration:

At its core, forced vibration revolves around the imposition of external forces on a system. This external
excitation can be periodic or non-periodic, introducing a dynamic interplay between the inherent
characteristics of the system and the applied forces. Unlike free vibration, where the system oscillates at
its natural frequencies, forced vibration introduces a compelling external influence that demands a
specific response from the system.

Characteristics of Forced Vibration:

Forced vibration manifests unique characteristics, including variations in amplitude, phase lag, and the
potential for resonance. The amplitude of vibration may vary with the frequency of the external force,
reaching its peak during resonance when the excitation frequency aligns with the system's natural
frequency. Additionally, forced vibration introduces a phase lag between the applied force and the
resulting displacement, influencing the dynamic response of the system.
Applications Across Engineering Disciplines:
Forced vibration finds applications across a spectrum of engineering disciplines:
1. Structural Engineering:
 In structural engineering, understanding forced vibration is crucial for assessing how
structures respond to external forces such as wind, seismic activity, or machinery-induced
vibrations. This knowledge is instrumental in designing structures to withstand dynamic
loads and ensuring their safety and longevity.
2. Aerospace Engineering:
 Aerospace systems, including aircraft and spacecraft, grapple with forced vibrations
during flight. Analyzing and mitigating the impact of external forces, such as
aerodynamic loads or engine-induced vibrations, are essential for the structural integrity
and performance of these systems.
3. Mechanical Systems:
 Machinery and mechanical systems often experience forced vibrations due to factors like
imbalances, misalignments, or external loads. Managing forced vibrations is crucial for
optimizing the reliability and efficiency of these systems.
4. Electronics and Microelectronics:
 In the realm of electronics and microelectronics, forced vibrations can affect the
performance of components. Ensuring resilience to external vibrations is pivotal for the
functionality and durability of electronic systems.

Significance and Challenges:

The significance of forced vibration lies in its ability to influence the dynamic behavior of structures and
systems, offering engineers valuable insights into how these entities respond to external forces. However,
the phenomenon also presents challenges, particularly in avoiding resonance-related issues and managing
energy dissipation within the system.
In the following discussions, we will delve deeper into the principles, characteristics, applications, and
challenges associated with forced vibration, unraveling the intricacies of this phenomenon that plays a
pivotal role in the dynamic orchestration of engineering systems.
Specification
1. Force Transducer(8230)

B&K Type 8230-003 DeltaTron Force Transducer

type 8230-003 is a force transducer with integral electronics designed for dynamic, short-duration static
and impact force measurements. It is typically used for measuring applied forces in modal applications,
for example, inserted directly between an exciter and the test structure or for general-purpose force
measurements within process applications.

USES
 Measurements of tensile and compressive forces
 For modal or process applications

Description
Types 8230, 8230-001, 8230-002 and 8230-003 are force
transducers with integral electronics designed for dynamic, short-duration static and impact force
measurements.
The transducers are typically used for measuring applied
forces in modal applications, for example, inserted directly between an exciter and the test structure or for
generalpurpose force measurements within process applications.
The transducers are mounted using the º″ñ28 UNF
tapped holes on the top and bottom of the body. The
transducers feature a 10ñ32 UNF side connector.
Characteristics
The transducers work on the piezoelectric effect of quartz, which when stressed, in this case compressed,
gives an electrical charge proportional to the compressing force. This charge is converted to a low-
impedance voltage output and the sensitivity is therefore expressed in terms of voltage per unit force
(mV/N). The housing material is stainless steel giving a very stiff and rigid construction.

Calibration
The transducers are supplied with an individual calibration
of the sensitivity.

Features
Frequency range: 0 – 7500 Hz
Temperature: -73 – 121 C
Weight: 30 gram
Sensitivity: mV/g
Residual Noise Level in Spec Freq Range (rms): ±mg
Maximum Operational Level (peak): g
Electrical connector: 10-32 UNF
Mounting: 10-32 UNF
Output: Piezoresistive
Unigain: No
Triaxial: No
TEDS: No
Applications: Reference
Unit: pC
Resonance frequency: 75 kHz
Maximum Shock Level (± peak): 98000 g
Force Transducer(8230) Specifications
Experiment Setup
Result signals
Response 1:

Response 2;
Response 3:
Discussion
In the dynamic symphony of structural dynamics and mechanical systems, forced vibration emerges as a
pivotal player, influencing the response of structures to external forces. Expanding our understanding of
forced vibration is not only crucial for comprehending the dynamic behaviors of various systems but is
also instrumental in shaping engineering designs, optimizing performance, and ensuring the longevity of
structures and machinery.

Forced vibration introduces a nuanced layer to the vibrational landscape, characterized by amplitude
variations, phase lags, and the potential for resonance phenomena. The dynamic interplay between
external forces and the inherent characteristics of a system necessitates a careful examination of its
response, particularly in the context of applications across diverse engineering disciplines.

The applications of forced vibration span a spectrum of fields, from structural engineering, where its
influence on structures exposed to seismic activity is profound, to aerospace engineering, where aircraft
and spacecraft navigate through a dynamic interplay of external forces. In the realm of machinery and
mechanical systems, forced vibration analysis becomes instrumental for fine-tuning designs, mitigating
potential issues arising from imbalances, and optimizing performance. Even in the intricate world of
electronics and microelectronics, understanding and managing forced vibrations are essential for ensuring
the reliability and durability of components.

As we conclude our exploration of forced vibration, it is pertinent to highlight the challenges that
accompany this phenomenon. Resonance, with its potential to amplify amplitudes to critical levels,
demands careful consideration in engineering design to avoid detrimental consequences. Managing
energy dissipation within systems under forced vibration is equally critical, influencing the overall
efficiency and reliability of the dynamic processes at play.

In the specialized realm of forced vibration analysis, force transducers take center stage. These precision
instruments serve as the eyes and ears of engineers, capturing the nuanced responses of structures to
external forces. The evolution of force transducer technology, marked by advancements in sensitivity,
accuracy, and versatility, empowers engineers to delve deeper into the intricacies of forced vibration.
Specialized force transducers play a vital role in deciphering the dynamic signatures that characterize
forced vibration, enabling engineers to make informed decisions, refine designs, and implement effective
mitigation strategies.

In conclusion, forced vibration, with its intricate dance of external forces and system responses, is a
captivating element in the realm of engineering dynamics. Specialized force transducers, as technological
enablers, contribute to our ability to decode and harness the complexities of forced vibration. As
technology advances and our understanding deepens, forced vibration analysis, coupled with specialized
force transducers, will continue to be instrumental in the pursuit of safer, more efficient, and resilient
engineering solutions.