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The document discusses buoyancy and floatation, explaining Archimedes' principle and the conditions for stability of immersed and floating bodies. It also covers the kinematics of fluid flow, differentiating between steady and unsteady flow, as well as uniform and non-uniform flow. Additionally, it describes streamlines, stream tubes, and the characteristics of ideal versus real fluids, along with the classification of fluid flows based on dimensions.

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11 views7 pages

DownloadClassSessionFile_11

The document discusses buoyancy and floatation, explaining Archimedes' principle and the conditions for stability of immersed and floating bodies. It also covers the kinematics of fluid flow, differentiating between steady and unsteady flow, as well as uniform and non-uniform flow. Additionally, it describes streamlines, stream tubes, and the characteristics of ideal versus real fluids, along with the classification of fluid flows based on dimensions.

Uploaded by

sivarsivar556
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Buoyancy and Floatation

Archimedes principle

1. A body immersed in a fluid experiences a vertical buoyant force equal to the


weight of the fluid it displaces.

2. A floating body displaces its own weight of the fluid in which it floats.

𝐹𝐵 = ∫ 𝑝2 𝑑𝐴 − ∫ 𝑝1 𝑑𝐴

𝐹𝐵 = ∫(𝑝2 − 𝑝1 )𝑑𝐴

𝐹𝐵 = 𝜌𝑔 ∫(ℎ2 − ℎ1 )𝑑𝐴

𝐹𝐵 = 𝜌𝑔 ∫ 𝐻𝑑𝐴

𝐹𝐵 = 𝜌𝑔 ∗ 𝑉
Where,
𝐹𝐵 = 𝑏𝑢𝑜𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 [𝑁]
𝑉 = 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 [𝑚3 ]

The point at which buoyant force (FB) acts is called the center of buoyancy (C.B).

1
Floating Bodies
Only a portion of the body is submerged, the remainder pop-up out of the free

surface.

𝐹𝐵 = 𝜌. 𝑔. 𝑉𝑑̶ = 𝑤

Where,

𝑉𝑑 == 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 [𝑚3 ]

𝑤 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 [𝑁]

Stability
For a totally immersed body in a fluid, the weight (W) acts through the center of
gravity (CG) of the body, while the buoyant force FB acts through the center of
buoyancy (CB).

• An immersed object will be stable if the center of gravity (CG) is below


the center of buoyant force (CB).
• A floating object will be stable if the center of buoyant force (CB) was
below the center of gravity (CG).

2
Chapter Four
Kinematics of Fluid Flow
The kinematics of fluid flow describe the motion of fluids in terms of
displacements, velocities, and accelerations with no regard to the forces
which cause the motion.
Steady flow
The conditions in a flowing fluid, at any point, do not change with time.
𝜕𝑁
] =0
𝜕𝑡 𝐴
Where,
𝑁 = 𝑎 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐.

Section A Section B

Unsteady flow
The flow conditions may vary with time.
𝜕𝑁
] ≠0
𝜕𝑡 𝐴

Uniform and Non-Uniform Flow


The flow is said to be uniform when the flow and fluid parameters at a
given instant remain constant with respect to distance. Example (flow
through a straight pipeline).
3
𝜕𝑁
] =0
𝜕𝑠 𝑡
The flow is said to be non-uniform when the flow and fluid parameters
at a given instant change with respect to distance. Example (flow
through a converging or a diverging pipe).

𝜕𝑁
] ≠0
𝜕𝑠 𝑡

Reach S

Uniform Flow Non-Uniform Flow

Streamlines
A streamline is an imaginary continuous line drawn through the fluid
so that it has the direction of velocity vector at every point. There can
be no flow across the streamline.

Streamline

4
Stream tube
A stream tube is a fluid mass bounded by a group of streamlines. The
space between these streamlines behaves as a tube.

Compressible and Incompressible Flow


A fluid is said to be incompressible if it cannot be compressed easily.
The density of an incompressible fluid is almost constant. A fluid is
compressible if it can be easily compressed. Compressible fluids have
a variable density.

• No fluids, in reality, are perfectly incompressible.

• Liquids are considered incompressible at ordinary pressures and


temperatures, but at high pressure variations they behave like
compressible fluids.

• Gases are classified as compressible fluids. At small pressure


variations they behave as incompressible fluids (air flowing in a
ventilation system), but they are treated as compressible fluid at
high speeds and pressure variations.

Ideal and Real Fluids


The ideal fluid is the fluid which has no viscosity; therefore, no shear
stress occurs between the fluid layers, and the layers and adjacent
boundaries, only normal stresses take place.

5
A Real fluid is accompanied, while in motion, by shear stresses and
friction.

One dimensional, Two dimensional and Three-


dimensional Flows

One dimensional flow


There is no change in fluid variables transverse to the main direction of
flow. A fluid flow in a pipe may be assumed as one dimensional by
using mean properties at every section.

Two-dimensional flow
The flow is defined by streamlines drawn in a single plane and there is
no variation in fluid variables normal to this plane.

Flow over a wing Flow over a weir

6
Three-dimensional flow
The flow is defined by streamlines drawn in a three-dimensional space.

Flow about a projectile Flow through an orifice

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