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Control Exp 3

The document outlines an experiment conducted at Salaheddin University focusing on measuring the cycle of a motor using various sensors, including inductive, capacitive, and optical sensors. It details the specifications and operational principles of these sensors, their applications in detecting environmental variables, and how they can be integrated into an automatic control system. The experiment aims to evaluate the performance of these sensors under different conditions and their ability to convert mechanical data into usable signals for actuators.

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14 views8 pages

Control Exp 3

The document outlines an experiment conducted at Salaheddin University focusing on measuring the cycle of a motor using various sensors, including inductive, capacitive, and optical sensors. It details the specifications and operational principles of these sensors, their applications in detecting environmental variables, and how they can be integrated into an automatic control system. The experiment aims to evaluate the performance of these sensors under different conditions and their ability to convert mechanical data into usable signals for actuators.

Uploaded by

sivarsivar556
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Salaheddin University – College of

Engineering
Mechanical & Mechatronic engineering
6th Semester
control lab
Experiment No.3
Measuring cycle of a motor by using sensor
Stu : Siver Taj-Aldin
INTRODUCTION
Sensors are advanced devices that detect changes in environmental variables and convert these changes into electrical or
optical signals. These signals can be interpreted and measured. Sensors are typically classified based on the type of variable
they measure.
For detecting and measuring position, sensors such as potentiometers, optical rotary encoders, and linear variable differential
transformers are used. Velocity is monitored using devices like optical and direct current tachometers.
For proximity detection, technologies such as limit switches, optical proximity switches, and Hall-effect switches are
employed. Load measurement is carried out using bonded-wire strain gauges, semiconductor force strain gauges, and low-
force sensors.
Pressure sensors include Bourdon tubes, bellows, and semiconductor pressure sensors. Temperature changes are monitored
by sensors like bimetallic strips, thermocouples, resistance temperature detectors, thermistors, and IC temperature sensors.
Flow rate is gauged using instruments such as orifice plates, venturis, pitot tubes, turbines, and magnetic flowmeters.
Additionally, liquid levels can be measured by either discrete or continuous level sensors.
The provided block diagram outlines how an automatic control system utilizes these sensors to monitor and control various
parameters effectively:

2|P age
Making an application with the most generally used sensors in the industry, such as capacitive, inductive, and optic sensors
that are reflected from a reflector; utilizing a PLC if necessary. Sensor connections and certain distinguishing aspects will be
investigated with the help of the Y-0030- A03 module. Real applications can be simulated and created with the help of the DC
motor in the module. The purpose of this project is to use a sensor and a PLC to measure the cycle of a motor. By
experimenting with different sensors, you can learn about the switching frequencies of the sensors.
As stated before: -
• Potentiometers
• Speed sensors
• Proximity sensor
• Flow or discharge sensor
These sensors come in different forms and are designed to transform mechanical data into signals that actuators can use after
being processed. In this particular study, the module is equipped with proximity sensors that detect objects using
electromagnetic fields, light, and sound. Each variant of these sensors is specialized for certain uses and conditions. As
shown in Figure 3.2, the sensor application module features three unique types of sensors. The optical sensor is connected to
the SENSOR-1 socket, and both the inductive and capacitive sensors are attached to the SENSOR-2 socket.

3|P age
There are two locations on the Motor Power Supply switch. When the switch is set to Ext, the DC Motor ends are emptied,
allowing external connections. The motor speed may be controlled using the speed potentiometer when the switch is in the
INT position.

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Device specifications:
• Detection range: 0...8mm (for mild steel)
• 1000 Hz switching frequency
• PNP N.O. switching output
• DC 10V... 30V Operating Voltage

The detection range of an inductive sensor is determined by multiplying it with a material-specific reduction factor. For
instance, the detection range for steel is 8 mm, while for brass it is 8 mm x 0.25 = 2 mm.
Regarding the technical specifications of capacitive sensors, they need to be kept clear of unintended materials to reduce
false triggering since they can detect a broad range of materials. Therefore, an inductive sensor is a more reliable option if
the target includes ferrous material post-impact, under sudden load, or in a scenario where damage is suspected.

5|P age
Device specifications:
• 0...12 mm Detecting Distance (for the material with the lowest density)
• 20 Hz Switching Frequency
• Operating Voltage DC 10V...30V
• Switching Output PNP N.O

Figure 3.9: Dielectric coefficients and frequency of various materials

6|P age
Technical Features of Optic Sensor Reflective from Reflector:

Device specifications:
• 80mm. 3.5m Detecting Distance (with reflector)
• 400 Hz Switching Frequency
• Operating Voltage DC 10V
• Switching Output PNP. N.C Light Switching

7|P age
DISCUSSION
In brief, the experiment involved testing and evaluating three distinct sensor types : -
1. Inductive sensor
2. Capacitive sensor
3. Optical sensor

Each sensor operates uniquely and comes with specific module requirements. The experiment used a motor with two
different wings, one that reflects light and another that doesn’t. Also, one wing was magnetically conductive, whereas the
other was not. Under different conditions, some sensors detected signals while others did not. Moreover, to differentiate
between the sensors, both the capacitive and inductive sensors are similar in appearance; however, the capacitive sensor is
distinguished by a potentiometer on its back that allows for adjustment of its value.

It is to be noted that the optical sensor had three types: -


1. Through beam
2. Diffuser
3. Reflector

Depending on the conditions and type of sensor, the range and accuracy were variable.

Question: - how does a capacitive sensor differentiate between the + and – in the Rh of blood?

Answer:
The Rh factor is a protein found on the surface of red blood cells. Blood with this protein is classified as Rh-positive, while
blood without it is Rh-negative. The differences in dielectric coefficients among various materials mean that capacitive
measurements may vary when a layer of Rh-positive protein is present in human blood

8|P age

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