22.

1
-​ When magnet moves relative to coil, current is generated
-​ Magnet moves closer to coil, B increases, causes current to flow
-​ Magnet moves away fromo coil, B decreases, causes current to flow
-​ Relative to first, it reverses direction
-​ Current in coil is called induced current since brought due to changing magnetic field
-​ EMF always needed to produce current so coil acts as source of EMF→induced EMF
-​ Changing magnetic field induces emf in the coil and this emf leads to induced current

-​ EMF also induced by changing area of coil in constant magnetic field

-​ As long as area is changing, induced emf and current exists
-​ Vanish when area is no longer changing
-​ When distorted coil returned to original shape, increasing area, an oppositely
directed current is generated while the area is changing
-​ If circuit was open, no induced current, though EMF would be induced in coil
-​ Changing magnetic field and changing area are used to create induced emf
-​ Electromagnetic Induction: producing an induced EMF w/ aid of magnetic field
22.2
-​ When conducting rod moves through constand magnetic field, emf is induced in rod
-​ Essentially, when place a conducting rod in magnetic field, the free electrons feel a
magnetic force, this force pushes them down(RHR-1) and creates charge separation.
This charge separation occurs until the electric force created by electric field equals the
magnetic force. Due to this separation of charges, this gives rise to motional EMF
-​ MEMF exists as long as rod is moving through field
-​ If rod stops, magnetic force vanishes, just electric force, causing charges to
reunite and MEMF to go bye-bye
-​ EMF of moving rod is analogous to emf of battery
-​ EMF in battery: created by chemical agents
-​ EMF in moving rod: created by agent moving rod through B

-​ E is expressed in volts
 -​ If placed on a circuit, the conducting rod delivers a current in the direction opposite flow
of electrons
Motional EMF & Electrical Energy
-​ Motional EMF arises due to B Force that acts on charges inside the conductor
-​ When this EMF causes a current, second magnetic force enters picture
-​ Due to how current is perpendicular to the magnetic field
-​ Magnetic field applies a force to the right of the rod but to keep the rod moving at
constant velocity, we need to apply a force that counteracts the force created by
magnetic field
-​ If not for this force, rod would slow down, and be 0 m/s, so no EMF anymore
-​ Hand provides the necessary joules of electrical energy the lightbulb uses in 60s(EPE
given by Hand)
-​ Moving Rod and Magnetic Force convert mechanical energy into electrical energy like
how battery converts chemical energy into electrical energy
-​ If current reverses direction, direction of magnetic force would also change direction and
point in direction of the velocity, causing rod to accelerate
-​ Rod would accelerate without external force(no need of force from hand)
-​ Would create motional EMF that supplies energy to lighbulb
-​ Generator produces energy out of nothing→Device can’t exist since violates law
of coonservation of Energy
-​ In situations where motional EMF induces current, the magnetic force always opposes
direction of motion
-​ Eddy Current-electric currents due to piece of metal moving through region where mag
field is not same everywhere
22.3
-​ Motional EMF and other types of induced EMF can be described in terms of
flux(Magnetic Flux-How much magnetic field passes perpendicualarly through a surface

-​ Flux=BAcos(theta) -Induced EMF is

the rate at which the magnetic flux changes
-​ Normally has a minus sign
-​ Direction of current induced in circuit is such that magnetic force acts to oppose
its motion, tending to slow it down
-​ Minus sign makes sure polarity of induced emf sends induced current in
right direction in order to give rise to opposing magnetic force
-​ Unit for magnetic flux is T*m2(Weber) and max flux occurs when parallel to normal
-​ Magnitude of B is proportional to number of field lines that passes through given area
-​ Magnetic flux is proportional to number of field lines that pass through the surface
22.4
-​ When there is a change in flux through a loop or wire, emf is induced in the loop
-​ Flux constant in time creates no emf

-​ EMF is generated if magnetic flux changes for any reason and since related to B,A,theta,
it depends on these three factors
-​ EMF can be created when coil rotated in Magnetic Field
22.5
-​ Induced emf drives current around a circuit just like the emf of a battery does
-​ In both, current goes from + terminal to - terminal, but for induced, not really obvious the
location of positive and negative terminal
-​ Net magnetic field penetrating coil of wire results from original magnetic field that
produces changing flux that leads to induced emf and other is due to induced current,
which creates own magnetic field
-​ Field is called induced magnetic field

-​
-​ Lenz’s Law ensures that energy is conserved
22.7
-​ Generators produce electrical energy from mechanical work
-​ Motor uses electrical energy to power mechanical work
-​ Input Electric current causes coil to rotate, doing mechanical work on any object
attached to shaft of motor
-​ Shaft rotated by mechanical means like engine or turbine & emf is induced in a coil
-​ IF generator connected to external circuit, electric current is output of generator
-​ AC generator has a coil of wire rotated in uniform mag field
-​ Since each is moving in mag field B, the mag force exered on charges int he wire
causes them to flow, creating a current
 -​ RHR-q shows that the direction of current is from bottom to top on the left side &
from top to bottom on the right side
-​ Charges flow around loop & upper and lower segments also moving but
segments can be ignored b/c mag force on charges w/in them points towards
sides of wire, noot along length

-​ Peak is when sinwt=1→emax

-​ EMF changes polarity as coil rotates—>Exactly same as AC voltage
-​ If external circuit connected to generator is closed, alternating current results that
changes direction at same frequency as emf changes polarity
-​ Both electric motor and generator has coil of wire that rotates in mag field
-​ When AC voltage used to turn 2 things, this causes flux to change,
inducing a emf and current
-​ Makes two sources of emf present
-​ Applied emf that provides current to drive motor
-​ Emf induced by generator like action of rotating coil
-​ Induced EMF acts to oppose applied emf in consistence with
Lenz’s law, and is called back emf
-​ Greater the speed of coil, greater the flux change, greater back

emf
-​ When motor starts no back emf but as motor speeds up, back emf increases until
max value is reached
-​ Back emf almost equal to applied emf
22.9
-​ Transformer-used ot increase or decrease an AC voltage
-​ Primary coil connected to AC generator
-​ Assume switch ons secondary coil is open so no current in circuit
-​ Alternating current establishes changing magnetic field in iron core
-​ Guides field lines to second coil
-​ Nearly all magnetic flux that passes through each turn of primary also
goes through each turn in secondary
-​ Since mag field is chinging, flux through primary & secondary coils is also
changing so emf is changing
-​ Operates with AC, not DC, electricity