Tiếng Anh Ms. Chi – SĐT: 083.671.

9733
INTRODUCTION OF WRITING TASK 2
A. Assessment criteria
1. Task response

2. Coherence and cohesion

3. Lexical resource

4. Grammatical range and accuracy

NOTE:
- No contractions (he’s, can’t…) - No informal language (idioms) - Do not use “so on/ … / etc.”
- No “YOU/ WE” - Do not raise a question - Always try to paraphrase.
B. Types of writing task 2
Dạng 1: Opinion
“Prevention is better than cure”. Researching and treating diseases is too costly, so it would be better to
invest in preventative measures. To what extent do you agree?
Dạng 2: Discussion/ Discussion and opinion
It is thought by some that it is better to live in a city while others believe that life is better in the countryside.
Discuss both sides and give your opinion.
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Dạng 3: Advantages and disadvantages (+opinion)
It is becoming increasingly popular to have a year off between finishing school and going to university.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of this?
Dạng 4: Problems – Solutions / Causes – effects
An increasing number of professionals, such as doctors and teachers, are leaving their own poorer countries
to work in developed countries. What problems does this cause? What solutions can you suggest to deal with this?
Dạng 5: Two-part questions
The Internet is a great source of information and has opened up opportunities for people to learn all over the
world. Is all information reliable on the Internet? What could be done to control information online?
Practice: Identify the types of these following exercises
1. Scientists and technology experts seem to be more values by modern society than musicians and artists. To
what extent do you agree or disagree?
2. Some people think that environmental problems should be solved on a global scale while others believe it is
better to deal with them nationally. Discuss both sides and give your opinion.
3. Some people think that it would be better for large companies and industry to move to regional areas outside
large urban centres. Do you think the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?
4. In many developing countries, there is a problem with declining quality of air and water from both industry
and construction. What measures could be taken to prevent this?
5. More and more wild animals are on the verge of extinction and others are on the endangered list. What are the
reasons for this? What can be done to solve this problem?
6. Some people believe that men and women are equal, so women should be able to do any job they want. Others
feel that men and women are not equal and therefore, there are certain jobs which are not suitable for women.
What is your opinion?
7. Many small, local shops are closing as they are unable to compete with large supermarkets in the area. How
does this affect local communities? How could this situation be improved?
8. Most people agree that money cannot be happiness. Why is happiness difficult to define? How can people
achieve happiness?
9. In most countries around the world, children begin learning the English language at school from the primary
level. What are the benefits and drawbacks of teaching the English language to children at an early age?
10. Success is often measured by wealth and material belongings. Do you think wealth is the best measure of
success? What makes a successful person?
11. Art and music are considered some of the fundamental elements of all societies. Do you think art and music
still have a place in today’s modern world of technology? Should children spend more time learning art and
music at school?
12. It is often said “When in Rome, do as the Romans do”. Do you think people should adapt & accept the culture
of the country they are visiting? Do you think it is possible to learn a culture without learning the language?
13. Many people in society believe that having fixed punishments for all crimes is a more efficient way of dealing
with criminals in the justice system. What are the advantages and disadvantages of having a fixed punishment?
14. Nowadays, more people are choosing to socialize online rather than face to face. Is this a positive or negative
development?
15. Influence of human beings on the world’s ecosystem is leading to the extinction of species and loss of
biodiversity. What are the primary causes of loss of biodiversity? What solutions can you suggest?
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16. Some employers think that formal academic qualifications are more important than life experience or personal
qualities when they look for new employees. Why is it the case? Is it a positive or negative development?
C. Structure of an essay
Intro (2 sentences)
Câu 1: Paraphrase the topic => Background sentence
Câu 2: Give a clear answer to the question (your opinion HERE if any) => Thesis statement
Body (2 paragraphs – 5 to 7 sentences for each paragraph)
Câu 1: Topic sentence
Câu 2: Supporting idea 1
Câu 3-4: Explanation + Example
Câu 5: Supporting idea 2
Câu 6-7: Explanation + Example
Conclusion (1-2 sentences)
Restate the thesis statement (paraphrase the intro)
Practice: Identify different parts of the structure in this sample
Space exploration is much too expensive and the money should be spent on more important things. To
what extent do you agree or disagree?
There is an argument that exploring space is a waste of money and that there are more urgent needs to be addressed
on earth, such as reducing poverty and preventing environmental destruction. However, I completely disagree with
this opinion for two reasons.
First of all, many of the technologies we take for granted today were originated thanks to space research. Take
satellite technology, for example, which we depend on for broadcasting and weather forecasting. Without satellites,
we would not be able to follow global events as they happen, nor give populations any warning of approaching
storms. Space research has also led to the development of new lightweight materials that offer us heat protection and
enable food preservation. Therefore, the challenge of sending human beings into space has often driven the
development of new technologies that benefit our everyday lives.
Second, we cannot foresee the distant future, so we ought to develop the capability to escape from the earth.
Gradually, we are learning how humans can survive for long periods in space and even travel to other planets in the
future. If space exploration is halted, this valuable knowledge will never be acquired. It is true that environmental
destruction is also a serious issue, but it is also true that we remain dependent on our environment if we never accept
the challenge of exploring other worlds.
In conclusion, while we undoubtedly face serious problems on our own planet, it is imperative that we continue to
explore space. This will promote further technological advances as well as provide a possible means of escape should
earth become uninhabitable in future. Ideally, all nations should cooperate in the advancement of space research.
(278 words, IELTS 8.5)
D. Time allocation
 Identify the type of question + Make an outline – 5 mins
 Intro – 5 mins
 2 bodies – 25 mins
 Conclusion + check – 5 mins
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E. Paraphrase the topic
Background sentence + thesis statement = introduction
Restate the thesis statement = conclusion
1. Sử dụng từ đồng nghĩa:
Những từ có nhiều khả năng thay thế được trong câu gồm có lượng từ, động từ, tính từ hoặc trạng từ
 A lot of people think that educational activities should be added in children’s free time.

2. Thay đổi hình thức từ (word form):
VD 1: Some people think that environmental protection is the responsibility of politicians, not individuals as
individuals can do too little.
Protection (n) →
Environmental (adj) →
Responsibility (n) →
⇒
VD 2: Robots will replace humans in driving cars in the not-faraway future.
⇒
VD 3: Using a computer every day can have negative effects on children.
⇒
3. Thay đổi cấu trúc câu từ bị động sang chủ động:
VD: The government should spend money on saving languages that are used by few speakers.
⇒
4. Sử dụng chủ ngữ giả:
VD 1: Some people think the government should ban dangerous sports.
⇒
VD 2: Many animal species are becoming extinct due to human activities both on land and in the sea.
⇒
5. Kết hợp các cách
VD 1: Some people think that environmental protection is the responsibility of politicians, not individuals as
individuals can do too little.
⇒
VD 2: Many animal species are becoming extinct due to human activities both on land and in the sea.
⇒
VD 3: Some people think that the government should ban dangerous sports.
⇒
⇒
Practice: Violent programs on TV are having a bad effect on society, so they should be restricted. To what extent
do you agree or disagree?
Introduction:

Conclusion:
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Dạng 1: Opinion
A. One-sided approach (completely agree/ disagree)
1. Intro:
- Paraphrase the topic
There is currently a contentious argument over whether …
- Thesis statement:
 In my opinion, I completely agree/ disagree with this idea because of some reasons which will be
discussed in the essay below.
2. Body 1:
The main reason why SV is because… [reason 1]
3. Body 2:
Another reason for N/Ving … is due to + N/ due to the fact that + MĐề [reason 2]
4. Conclusion:
 In conclusion, I believe that + restatement of the thesis statement
 In conclusion, I personally side with the view that
PRACTICE:
Some people believe that the fast pace and stress of modern life is having a negative effect on families. To what
extent do you agree or disagree?

B. Balanced approach (partly agree)

1. Intro:
Thesis statement:
 While I accept that this may suit many people, I believe that...
 While I disagree with the idea of …, I do believe that…
 It is sometimes argued that + the opposite view (chú ý paraphrase đề bài). While this could be true to a
certain extent, I believe (your personal view).
2. Body 1:
On the one hand, topic sentence 1 (weaker argument).
3. Body 2:
On the other hand, topic sentence 2 (stronger argument).
4. Conclusion:
In conclusion, while (restate the statement), I do (not) believe that…

PRACTICE:
When choosing a job, the salary is the most important consideration. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Dạng 2: DISCUSSION
SIGNALS:
1. Discuss both views
2. Discuss both views and give your opinion => tương đồng dạng Opinion – balanced approach
TEMPLATE
1. Intro:
- Paraphrase the topic: Some people hold/ are of + the view/opinion that S+V, while others believe S+V.
- Thesis statement:
 In this essay, I will discuss the rationales behind these two views (before showing why I favor the
former/ the latter)
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2. Body 1:
On the one hand, there are people who argue that…
3. Body 2:
On the other hand, others believe that…..
4. Conclusion: => restate the thesis statement
In conclusion, while SV, I would side with/ I completely agree with those who believe that SV

PRACTICE
Topic: Some people think international car-free days are an effective way of reducing air pollution; however,
others think there are some other ways. Discuss both views and give your opinion.

Dạng 3: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES (KHÔNG có Opinion)

SIGNALS:
1. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this trend.
2. What are the benefits and drawbacks of this?
3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of this?
TEMPLATE
1. Intro:
- Paraphrase the topic
- Thesis statement:
 In this essay, I will discuss the benefits and drawbacks of this trend.
 This trend would create/bring certain benefits but there will also be some drawbacks.
2. Body 1:
On the one hand, there are several reasons why N is beneficial.
3. Body 2:
On the other hand, a number of disadvantages related to N should be taken into consideration.
4. Conclusion: => restate the thesis statement
In conclusion, … could bring about some benefits, but its negative consequences should not be overlooked.

PRACTICE:
Some people think it is better for children to grow up in the city, while others think that life in the countryside is
more suitable for them. What are the advantages and disadvantages of both places?

Dạng 3: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES (CÓ Opinion)

SIGNALS:
1. Do you think the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?
2. Do the benefits outweigh the drawbacks?
3. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages and give your own opinion.
TEMPLATE
1. Intro:
- Paraphrase the topic
- Thesis statement:
 In my opinion, the benefits of ….outweigh its drawbacks.
 From my perspective, the advantages of this trend can overshadow/ surpass its drawbacks.
 While this development may bring about some benefits, I would argue they are overweighed/
overshadowed/ surpassed by the drawbacks.
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2. Body 1: (WEAKER ARGUMENT)
 On the one hand, ….. offers people several benefits. (DIS outweigh)
 On the one hand, when S + V, several problems can arise. (ADS outweigh)
3. Body 2: (STRONGER ARGUMENT)
 On the other hand, I am of the opinion that the aforementioned advantages are at the expense of greater
drawbacks. (DIS outweigh)
 In spite of the drawbacks mentioned above, I believe that ………. is a positive measure/ trend/
development. (ADS outweigh)
4. Conclusion: => restate the thesis statement
 In conclusion, while………may have some positive aspects, I believe they are outweighed by the more
significant negative aspects. (DIS outweigh)
 In conclusion, I hold the view that the advantages of ……… are more considerable than its
disadvantages. (ADS outweigh)
PRACTICE
Topic: More and more students are choosing to study at colleges and universities in a foreign country. Do the
benefits of studying abroad outweigh the drawbacks?

Dạng 4: PROBLEMS - SOLUTIONS

SIGNALS:
1. What problems does it cause? What solutions can you suggest to deal with this situation?
2. What issues does this cause and how can they be addressed?
3. What are the negative impacts of playing computer games and what can be done to minimize the bad effects?
4. What are some resulting social problems and how can we deal with them?
5. What problems arise from this and how can they be tackled?
6. What measures could be taken to prevent this?/ What can be done to solve this problem?
TEMPLATE
1. Intro:
- Paraphrase the topic: => It is true that…
- Thesis statement: => This essay will look at some of the problems caused by/ resulted from this
tendency and suggest some solutions to them.
2. Body 1: (PROBLEMS)
 Topic sentence: Several related problems/ issues can arise from + N/Ving.
 One of the main/ major/ most serious issues is N/Ving OR is that MĐ
 Another problem is N/Ving OR is that MĐ
3. Body 2: (SOLUTIONS)
 Topic sentence: Due to those serious issues/ problems, some steps should be taken immediately to
address/ solve/ deal with/ tackle them.
 The first solution/ step/ measure would be + N…/ is to V - First of all, S should V.
 The second solution/ step/ measure would be + N…/ is to V - Second, S should V.
 …………. , which prevent + Sb/Sth + from N/Ving
 It is N’s responsibility /liability + to V
4. Conclusion: => restate the thesis statement
In conclusion, there are various negative/ adverse + consequences/ repercussions of TOPIC including
PROBLEM 1 and PROBLEM 2. Therefore, appropriate measures (such as SOLUTTION 1+2) need to be
adopted in order to tackle/ address these problems, (not only by the government but also by individuals).
 Tiếng Anh Ms. Chi – SĐT: 083.671.9733
PRACTICE
Topic: Despite a large number of gyms, a sedentary lifestyle is gaining popularity in the contemporary world.
What problems are associated with this? What solutions can you suggest?

Dạng 4: CAUSES - SOLUTIONS

SIGNALS:
1. Why is this? How might it be remedied?/ What might be the causes of this?
2. What are the reasons for this, and how can the situation be improved?
3. Why is this happening, and what measures can be taken to tackle this problem?
TEMPLATE
1. Intro:
- Paraphrase the topic
- Thesis statement:
 This essay will look at a number of reasons/ various causes + behind this phenomenon/ situation/ tendency/
trend/ view + and several solutions which should be adopted in order to + improve/ enhance/ develop the
situation.
2. Body 1: (CAUSES/ REASONS)
 TOPIC SENTENCE:
There are two primary/ principal/ major/ prominent reasons why + S+V
= It is possibly said that this issue may be caused by some main factors.
 SUPPORTING IDEA 1 = REASON 1
One of them is/ could be N.
= S + be + considered as the chief culprit behind +N/ N phrase.
 … , which led to (the fact that + S+ V) + N/ N phrase
 This means + …
 S + has such detrimental impacts upon + N, resulting in + N.
 SUPPORTING IDEA 2 = REASON 2
Another factor leading to this situation is + N.
3. Body 2: (SOLUTIONS)
 TOPIC SENTENCE:
Fortunately, some measures/ solutions/ steps + could be taken to + prevent/ avoid/ deal with/ face
with/ cope with/ reduce/ eliminate + this problem/ issue.
 The first solution/ step/ measure would be + N…/ is to V - First of all, S should V.
 The second solution/ step/ measure would be + N…/ is to V - Second, S should V.
4. Conclusion: => restate the thesis statement
 In conclusion, several factors including REASON 1+2 can lead to/ cause/ result in + N/Ving.
Fortunately, this problem could be tackled/ addressed by adopting appropriate measures such as
SOLUTTION 1+2.

PRACTICE
Topic: There is growing evidence that man-made activities are making global temperatures higher. What
might be the man-made causes of temperatures rising? How should we deal with this problem?
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Dạng 4: CAUSES - EFFECTS

SIGNALS:
1. What are causes & effects?
2. What in your opinion are the primary causes of this? What are the main effects of this?
3. To what extent do you think consumers are influenced by advertisements?
TEMPLATE
1. Intro:
- Paraphrase the topic
- Thesis statement:
 This essay will look at a number of reasons/ various causes + behind this phenomenon/ situation/
tendency/ trend/ view and then describe the possible effects of the problem.
2. Body 1: (CAUSES/ REASONS)
 TOPIC SENTENCE:
There are two primary/ principal/ major reasons why + S+V
= It is possibly said that this issue may be caused by some main factors.
 SUPPORTING IDEA 1 = REASON 1
One of the prominent reasons concerning this problem is N.
= S + be + considered as the chief culprit behind +N/ N phrase.
 SUPPORTING IDEA 2 = REASON 2
Another factor leading to this situation is + N.
3. Body 2: (EFFECTS)
 Several related problems/ issues can arise from + N/Ving.
 One of the main/ major/ most important issues is N/Ving OR is that MĐ - First of all, SV
 Another problem is N/Ving OR is that MĐ - Secondly, SV
4. Conclusion: => restate the thesis statement
 In conclusion, some factors including REASON 1+2 can lead to/ cause/ result in + N/Ving. As a result,
this tendency will be likely to have a variety of negative effects on ...
PRACTICE
Topic: Today more people are overweight than ever before. What in your opinion are the primary causes of
this? What are the main effects of this epidemic?

Dạng 5 - TWO-PART QUESTIONS

PRACTICE:
Topic: In some countries, people spend long hours at work. Why does this happen? Is it positive or negative
development? (Đề thi thật ngày 11/07/2020)
IELTS Pre-Senior Tiếng Anh Ms. Chi – SĐT: 083.671.9733
WRITING TASK 1 - INTRODUCTION
A. WRITING: BAND DESCRIPTOR
1. TASK
ACHIEVEMENT

2. COHERENCE AND
COHESION

3. LEXICAL RESOURCE

4. GRAMMATICAL
RANGE AND
ACCURACY

B. TYPES OF GRAPHS
1. LINE GRAPH 2. BAR CHART

3. PIE CHART 4. TABLE

IELTS Pre-Senior Tiếng Anh Ms. Chi – SĐT: 083.671.9733
5. MIXED CHARTS

6. PROCESS 7. MAP

C. MAIN TYPES OF TASK

1. Có sự thay đổi theo thời gian (graphs with a trend) => cấu trúc về xu hướng tăng giảm
2. Không có sự thay đổi theo thời gian (comparative graphs) => cấu trúc về so sánh
3. Processes and maps
D. STRUCTURE OF WRITING TASK 1
1. Introduction => 1 câu
2. Overview => 2 câu
3. Body 1 => 3-4 câu
4. Body 2 => 3-4 câu
E. REWORD/ PARAPHRASE THE INTRO
The pie charts show the main reasons for migration to and from the UK in 2007.

1. Tên biểu đồ
 Graph = line graph  The map = the diagram
 Chart = bar chart/ pie chart/ table/ flow chart
2. Illustrate/ show data about/ give information about/ describe/ present/ demonstrate/ indicate/ highlight…
Compare + countries/… + in terms of +…
3. Đv danh từ đếm được
 The number/ quantity of = The figure for = How many + SV
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4. Đv danh từ không đếm được
 The amount/ volume/ quantity of = The figure for = How much + SV
Figure for
 Figure for + danh từ số nhiều. Ví dụ: the figure for visitors to the UK
 Figure for + các danh từ không đếm được. Ví dụ: the figure for unemployment
 Figure for + đất nước (countries). Ví dụ: the figure for the UK
5. Đv tỉ lệ, phần trăm
- percentage: tỷ lệ phần trăm
- proportion: tỷ phần => 2/3, ¾ => Only use this to describe % (not numbers) => ~ percentage
- rate: tỷ lệ/ tốc độ (fast/ slow) => heart rate/ unemployment rate
 ko thay thế cho “percentage/ proportion” VD: GDP growth rates - The percentage of GDP growth
- ratio: tỷ lệ => one in five (tương quan)
6. Đv đối tượng
 In the three countries = In the A, B, and C (name all the countries) = In three different countries = In three
countries namely A, B, and C
7. Đv thời gian
 1 năm => in 1999 => in the year 1999 Khoảng thời gian
 2 năm => in 1980 and 2000  From 1999 to 2009 / Between 1999 and 2009
 Over two separate years  Over a period of ten years
 In two different years  Over a ten-year period
 Figures are given for 1980 and 2000  During ten years from 1999
 over the next three days/ three days later/ in the following three days
 the first/ last/ final year
 at the beginning/ end of the period

PRACTICE
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OVERVIEW - GRAPHS WITH A TREND
Sentence 1:
Overall, … = Looking at this chart, it is evident that... = As can be inferred from the chart, …
 There + be + an (adj) upward/ downward trend + in + đối tượng
= The trend in + đối tượng + was (adv) upward/ downward.
Sentence 2: Miêu tả đặc điểm nổi bật nhất về order => Lớn nhất hoặc nhỏ nhất
Chú ý: Overview KHÔNG được cho số liệu
PRACTICE
The graph shows data about the annual earnings of three bakeries in London, 2000-2010.

 Overview:

STRUCTURES FOR GRAPHS WITH A TREND

1. Verb + adverb
2. Adjective + noun
It is shown on the graph that +…
 There was + cụm danh từ => there was a significant increase in
 Đối tượng/ period + witnessed/ saw/ experienced + cụm danh từ + (thời gian/ in đối tượng)
 The car sales in the UK saw a significant increase from 2000 to 2010.
The period from…to … witnessed a significant increase in the car sales in the UK.
 Cụm danh từ + (in + đối tượng) + was + witnessed/ seen/ experienced + thời gian
A significant increase in the car sales in the UK was seen from … to…
3. Danh từ và động từ dạng mạnh
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A. CẤU TRÚC TĂNG
1. Verb + adverb
Verb Adverb
Increase Strongly (ko đi với increase) Significantly continually
Go up Sharply Slowly Substantially moderately
Rise Suddenly Slightly Considerably steadily/ stably
Jump Rapidly Minimally Remarkably consistently
Grow Quickly Marginally progressively
Develop Steeply Fractionally smoothly
Climb Dramatically Negligibly gradually
Strikingly

2. Adjective + noun
Adjective Noun
a/an Strong (ko đi với increase) Slow continual Increase
Sharp Significant Slight stable Rise
Sudden Substantial Minimal moderate Growth
Rapid Considerable Marginal steady Development
Quick Remarkable Fractional consistent Climb
Steep Negligible progressive Jump
Dramatic /ˈneɡlɪdʒəbl/ smooth
Striking gradual

3. Danh từ và động từ dạng mạnh

Noun Verb
Upsurge in/of Sth Rocket Surge (d) C1 /sɜːdʒ/ Soar (ed) C1
Surge of Sth Leap Rocket (ed) Shoot up (shot)
Skyrocket (ed)

B. CẤU TRÚC GIẢM

1. Verb + adverb
Verb Adverb
Decrease Strongly (ko đi với decrease) Significantly continually
Go down Sharply Slowly Substantially moderately
Drop Suddenly Slightly Considerably steadily/ stably
Fall Rapidly Minimally Remarkably consistently
Decline Quickly Marginally progressively
Dip Steeply Fractionally smoothly
Reduce Dramatically Negligibly gradually
Strikingly
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2. Adjective + noun
Adjective Noun
a/an Strong (ko đi với decrease) Slow continual Decrease
Sharp Significant Slight stable Drop
Sudden Substantial Minimal moderate Fall
Rapid Considerable Marginal steady Decline
Quick Remarkable Fractional consistent Reduction
Steep Negligible progressive Dip
Dramatic /ˈneɡlɪdʒəbl/ smooth
Striking gradual
3. Danh từ và động từ dạng mạnh
Noun Verb
A free fall Collapse Plunge(d) Collapse
Plunge C1 /plʌndʒ/ Nosedive Plummet(ed) Nosedive(d)
Plummet /ˈplʌmɪt/ Slide Slide (slid)

C. CẤU TRÚC DAO ĐỘNG

1. Verb + adverb
Verb Adverb
Fluctuate Wildly (biên độ mạnh)
Vary Mildly (biên độ nhẹ)
Move up and down
Rise and fall
Be + (adv) + erratic (biến động)
2. Adjective + noun
A mild/ wild + fluctuation/ variation + between…and/ from…to
An (mildly/ wildly) erratic + behaviour
A period of + mild/ wild + volatility
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D. CẤU TRÚC ỔN ĐỊNH

1. Verb + adjective
Verb Adjective
Remain / Stay Unchanged/ Stable/ Constant/ steady + at + (số liệu)
Level off (cuối GĐ) / level out (giữa GĐ) + at + số liệu
Stabilise
plateau (out) to stay at a steady level after a period of growth or progress

2. Noun phrase
There + be + no change + in + đối tượng + time
no significant fluctuation
a period of stability
a plateau /ˈplætəʊ/

E. CẤU TRÚC PHỤC HỒI

Verb Noun phrase
Recover to
Bounce back to + (số liệu) + time There + be + a period of recovery + in + đối tượng + time
Make a recovery to

F. CẤU TRÚC KHÁC

Lên điểm cao nhất Xuống điểm thấp nhất
Peak (at) Hit the bottom (of)
Hit/ reach a peak (of) + số liệu Reach the lowest point/ a trough (of) + số liệu
Reach a record high (of) Fall/ drop + to + the lowest point/ a trough (of)
Reach the highest point (of) /trɒf/
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PRACTICE

CẤU TRÚC DỰ ĐOÁN TƯƠNG LAI:

1. Sth + is/ are + expected/ predicted + to V …
2. It is + expected/ predicted/ estimated + that + Sth will V…
3. Sth + be likely to V
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LINE GRAPH
Practice 1: (<=3) The graph below shows consumers’ average annual expenditure on cell phone, national and
international fixed-line services in America between 2001 and 2010.

Practice 2: (>3) The chart graph shows the percentage of tourists to Scotland who visited four different types of
attractions from 1980 to 2010.

BAR CHARTS
A. Bar charts with a trend
The chart shows the proportion of renewable energy in total energy supply in 4 countries from 1997 to 2010.
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B. Comparative bar charts
Exercise 2: Ranking information

Exercise 3: Improving your writing

PRACETICE 1:
The chart below shows annual pay (in thousands of dollars) of doctors and other workers in 7 countries in 2004.
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PIE CHART
I. Dạng 1: thay đổi theo thời gian (trend)
Overall: C1. Xu hướng C2. Hạng mục có số liệu ấn tượng nhất
The pie charts below show the comparison of different kinds of energy production in France in two years.

II. Dạng 2: không thay đổi theo thời gian (comparative)

Overall: C1. Hạng mục lớn nhất và nhỏ nhất. C2. Các hạng mục bằng nhau/ tương tự
Useful languages:
1. A is… + compared to/ with/ in comparison with + B.
2. The remaining categories
3. The same = identical (adj) = equal (adj) => số liệu y như nhau
4. Similar (adj) – similarity (n) => tương tự nhau
5. % cụ thể/ A small proportion/ fraction/ portion/ the percentage + of + đối tượng + V
A small number of + N đếm được, số nhiều…
An insignificant amount of + N ko đếm được…
VD: A small portion of money was spent on books.
6. Đối tượng + accounted for / constituted/ took up/ made up +%
occupied a (good) proportion of
VD: The number of women accounted for (a significant majority of) 70%.
VD2: American spent a significantly higher proportion on food and books, which accounted for 25% and 15% of their
weekly expenses, respectively. (SS + số liệu)
7. Số liệu => 50% of the … = 50 of the total 100 units = 50 out of 100 units

Practice 1: The pie charts show the average household expenditures in Japan and Malaysia in the year 2010.
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Practice 2: The graphs below show a comparison of the expenses in the UK and the US.

TABLE
Dạng 1: Có sự thay đổi theo thời gian (TREND)
- Sử dụng các cấu trúc miêu tả xu hướng
- Chú ý đến những sự thay đổi lớn nhất trong khoảng thời gian đó
Dạng 2: Không có sự thay đổi theo thời gian (COMPARATIVE)
- Sử dụng các cấu trúc so sánh
1. So sánh tất cả hạng mục (ở các cột và dòng) với nhau thay vì từng ô riêng lẻ ở bảng thông tin.
2. Nếu không thể so sánh tất cả hạng mục, hãy so sánh các yếu tố chiếm tỷ lệ lớn nhất và nhỏ nhất.
3. Body 1: các số liệu lớn nhất
Body 2: các số liệu nhỏ nhất hoặc các số liệu bằng nhau

NOTES:
1. The proportion of people using the Internet in the USA was about 20%. The figures for Canada and Mexico
were lower, at about 10% and 5% respectively. => Số liệu ở cuối
2. Around 9% of Americans were ages 65 or over, compared to about 7% of Swedish people and 5% of Japanese
people. => Số liệu ở đầu
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3. Electronic or computer games are much more preferred by boys than by girls. The figures are slightly over 80%
and 60% respectively. Likewise, bike riding also attracts boys more than girls in their spare time. Boy’s
involvement in this activity is nearly 80%, whereas the figure for girls is a little under 60%.

Bài 1:

Bài 2: The table below shows key data on the demographics of four different countries.

Bài 4: The table gives information about five types of vehicles registered in Australia in 2010, 2012, and 2014.

MULTIPLE CHARTS (MIXED CHARTS)

I. Chú ý
- Phân tích riêng lẻ từng dạng biểu đồ đề đã cho và đặt mỗi biểu đồ vào 1 đoạn body riêng biệt => khác nhau về
thành phần và đơn vị => kết hợp hay so sánh thông tin trong cùng 1 đoạn body là không thể.
- Tìm các điểm chính, hay điểm nổi bật
 Số liệu/ Điểm cao nhất/thấp nhất.
 Điểm bắt đầu/kết thúc
 Xu hướng chính/ Thay đổi đáng kể của nhóm dữ liệu
- Nếu biểu đồ không thể hiện thời gian, dữ liệu nên được tường thuật ở thì hiện tại đơn.
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II. Cấu trúc
1. Introduction:
The bar chart + illustrates/ gives information about/ shows + (đối tượng đề 1) + while/and + the
table/picture provides information/ about/ describes/ compares + (đối tượng đề 2).
2. Overview
- Số liệu cao nhất/ thấp nhất
- Sự chênh lệch giữa các số liệu
- Sự thay đổi theo thời gian hay xu hướng tổng quát (áp dụng khi dạng biểu đồ có sự thay đổi về mặt thời gian)
3. Body
With regard to / Concerning / Regarding / As can be seen from + tên của biểu đồ.

PRACTICE 1:
The line graph shows visits to and from the UK from 1979 to 1999, and the bar graph shows the most popular
countries visited by UK residents in 1999.

PRACTICE 2:
The graph and bar chart below show the average monthly rainfall and temperature for one region of East Africa.
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PROCESS/ DIAGRAM
DẠNG 1: Manufacturing/ man-made process (MP)
- Clear order => always follow the order
- Passive voice

DẠNG 2: Natural process (NP)

- Not clear order => have your own order
- Active voice + passive voice

STRUCTURE:
1. Opening
The diagram + shows/ illustrates/ demonstrates/ describes + the + process/ various steps/ various
stages/ various phases + …
C1. of how + Sth is produced/ manufactured.
C2. of how to produce/ manufacture + Sth
C3. of + danh từ
 C1 và C2 thường dùng cho MP; C3 cho NP.
 Example:
- The diagram shows the various stages of how fresh apples are canned.
- The diagram illustrates the various steps of how to can fresh apples.
- The diagram demonstrates the involved stages in the lives of silkworms and the process of silk cloth production.
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2. Overview
- How many steps?
- What are the first and the last step?
As can be seen, …
C1. There are … main stages (steps) in the process (of Sth/ producing Sth), beginning with …
and ending with…
C2. The process (of Sth/ producing Sth) includes … main stages (steps), beginning with … and
ending with…
 Example:
- There are five stages in the process, beginning with the collection of information about the weather and ending
with broadcasting to the public.
- The process includes seven main stages, beginning with digging clay and ends with delivering./
The process includes seven main stages, beginning with the clay digging and ends with delivery.
3. Body => describe all steps
- Paraphrase các keywords => chuyển đổi linh hoạt giữa danh từ - động từ, bị động - chủ động.
- Có thể bắt đầu body 2 từ step giữa của process.
- Đánh số các steps để không sót steps.
- Nếu process có ít hơn 9 steps => viết mỗi step = 1 câu => đảm bảo 150 words.
Nếu process > 9 steps => gộp steps => đảm bảo đủ thời gian.
NOTES:
- Dùng Present simple tense
- Dùng “Sequencing language”
 The first step:  Subsequent steps:
The first step/ stage in the process is Secondly,
The process begins/ commences with Before/ After/ Once
Firstly, The process continues with
 The final steps: The next step is
The process finishes/ concludes with In the next/ following stage,
The last step is Following this,
Finally, / In the final step, After that, / Afterwards, / Next, / Then, / Subsequently,
At the + STT stage of the process,
- Tham khảo 1 số từ vựng để diễn tả process
Useful vocabulary

Dạng
1: MP
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Dạng
2: NP

Vocab
về
cycle
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Bài 1: The diagram illustrates the process that is used to manufacture bricks for the building industry.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.

Bài 2: The diagram below shows the life cycle of a frog.

MAP
DẠNG 1: KO CÓ THAY ĐỔI THEO THỜI GIAN => SINGLE MAP
- Ít xuất hiện
- Dùng Hiện tại đơn
- Cần so sánh 2 địa điểm + đặc điểm xung quanh chúng

DẠNG 2: CÓ THAY ĐỔI THEO THỜI GIAN => DOUBLE MAP

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 So sánh sự thay đổi giữa 2 map

 SD cấu trúc bị động
 SD giới từ chỉ nơi chốn + từ vựng chỉ phương hướng (la bàn)
 SD các liên từ so sánh (Although, By contrast, On the other hand,…)
 Dùng các từ đồng nghĩa để tránh lặp

STRUCTURE:
1. Opening
paraphrase lại câu ở đề bài bằng các từ đồng nghĩa hoặc thay đổi cấu trúc câu.
Example:
Below is a map of the city of Brandfield. City planners have decided to build a new shopping mall for the area, and
two sites, S1 and S2 have been proposed.
 The map shows two potential locations (S1 and S2) for a new shopping mall in Brandfield/ in a city called
Brandfield.

2. Overview
 Overall, the + [danh từ] + [witness] radical changes with the most noticeable being + [cụm danh từ].
 Đặc điểm chung của 2 maps
 Các cụm danh từ để nêu điểm khác biệt giữa 2 bản đồ thường dùng:
 The relocation and expansion of + ABC: sự di dời và mở rộng của + ABC
 The replacement of ABC for XYZ: sự thay thế của cái cũ (ABC) cho cái mới (XYZ) => replace Sth with Sth
 The addition of ABC: sự thêm vào của ABC
 The erection of ABC: sự xây dựng thêm ABC
 The disappearance of ABC: sự biến mất của ABC
3. 2 Bodies => Mô tả những thay đổi lớn

NOTES: NGÔN NGỮ SỬ DỤNG MIÊU TẢ MAPS

Location  A is located/ is situated in…
 A lies in…
Phương  To the North/ South = vế phía
hướng From West to East
 Có la bàn
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Phương
hướng
(Ko có la
bàn)

VD
Phương
hướng

The difference between ‘to’ and ‘in/on/at’:

 “B is to the west/left of A”: B is not a part of A. (Vietnam is to the east of Laos)
 “B is in the south-west/on the bottom right-hand corner of A”: B is a part of A. (Vietnam is in the
south-east of Asia)
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Giới từ tả
vị trí

/əˈdʒeɪsnt/
- Run along/ alongside = chạy dọc theo, song song với
- At the top/ at the bottom = in the North/ in the South
- On the left/ right
- On the left hand side
- Opposite to/ in front of/ behind
- Clockwise/ anticlockwise = theo/ ngược chiều kim đồng hồ
- Just beyond/ a little beyond/ just pass = đi qua, quá 1 chút
- In the middle = in the centre
- Above/ below
- Inside/ outside
- Adjoining (adj) liền kề, sát nhau = be joined with
- On the bank of the river = bên bờ sông
- On the coast of the sea = đường bờ biển
Shapes - Circle/ round (n) => circular (adj) = round
- Square/ triangle/ rectangle (n) => square/ triangular/ rectangular (adj)
- Dome (n) (adj) hình vòm
 Dome-shaped (adj)
Item: Buildings
 Built, constructed, erected, added, introduced: Được xây lên
Ví dụ: A power plant was constructed to the east of the mine.
 Renovated, reconstructed, modernized: Được xây lại
Ví dụ: The university library was completely renovated.
 Converted, transformed, turned, changed (into something): Được biến đổi thành …
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Ví dụ: The playground was converted into a large car park.
 Replaced (by/ with something): Được thế chỗ bởi …
Ví dụ: The garden was replaced by a large car park.
 Moved/ Relocated (to somewhere): Được di dời tới …
Ví dụ: The student hall was relocated to the east of the university.
 Extended, expanded, widened, become bigger/smaller (chủ động): Được mở rộng
Ví dụ: The hotel was greatly extended to a total of 70 rooms.
 Stay the same, still exist, remain unchanged => ALL (chủ động)
 Demolished, knocked down, flattened, removed/ disappear (chủ động): Bị dỡ bỏ
Ví dụ: The warehouse was demolished and replaced by a garage.

Item: Trees/Forest
 Cut-down, chopped down: Bị chặt hạ
 Cleared (to make way for): Bị xóa sổ để dành chỗ cho
Ví dụ: The forests on the western end of the island were chopped down to make way for a hotel.
 Planted: Được trồng
Ví dụ: Many palms were planted around the villa.
Item: Bridge, port, road, railway, etc.
 Constructed, built, erected: Được xây lên
Ví dụ: A bridge across the river was erected.
 Lengthened: được kéo dài
 Narrowed/ shortened/ become smaller (chủ động): được thu hẹp, rút ngắn
 Extended, expanded, widened: Được mở rộng
Ví dụ: The main road was widen to meet the increasing demand.
 Reopened: Được khôi phục
Ví dụ: The old railway alongside the river has been reopened.
Item: Amenities
 Opened up, set up, established: Được xây dựng
Ví dụ: A new theme park was opened just opposite the shopping mall.
 Developed, expanded: Được mở rộng
Ví dụ: The cinema was rapidly expanded.
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Bài 1: The two maps below show road access to a city hospital in 2007 and in 2010.

Bài 2: The maps below show how the town of Harborne changes from 1936 to 2007.