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The document provides a comprehensive overview of matrices, including definitions, types (such as square, diagonal, identity, upper and lower triangular), and operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and transposition). It also discusses properties of matrix multiplication, symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices, and the concept of invertibility. Additionally, it includes multiple-choice questions and assertions related to matrix theory for assessment purposes.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
20 views23 pages3 Matrix
The document provides a comprehensive overview of matrices, including definitions, types (such as square, diagonal, identity, upper and lower triangular), and operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and transposition). It also discusses properties of matrix multiplication, symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices, and the concept of invertibility. Additionally, it includes multiple-choice questions and assertions related to matrix theory for assessment purposes.
Uploaded by
sasivarnanraja111Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 23
poor rrr rnd
Matrices
Fastracl« Revision
> Arectangular array of ma numbers arranged in mrows and
incolumnsis called a matrix of orderm xn, The numbers are
called the elements or entries of the matrix.
> The elementoF throw and jthcolumnis represented by oy
> Two matrices are sald to be equal, if the order of two
matrices is equal and corresponding elements are also
equal.
> Amatrix having the same number of rows and columns Is.
called a square matrix.
> A square matrix in which every non-diagonal element Is
2e70, is called a diagonal matrix
» A square matric In which every non-diagonal element Is 0
and every diagonal element is 1, is called an identity or unit
matrix.
> A square matrix Aw[ay] is said to be upper triangular
matrix, if 0y =O />j.
>A square matrix
matrix, fay =0 ¥ i IFAand B are two matrices of same order, then thelr sum
(448) is @ matrix of same order which is obtained by
adding the corresponding elements of and &.
> IFA and & are two matrices of same order, then their
difference (A~ 8) Is equal to A+ (~8), Le, sum of matrix A
and the matrix(~8)
> The product aBoftwomatrices Aand Bcanbe determined
only when numberof columns in matrix A= number of rows
in column 8,
> IFA and 8 are square matrices of the same order, say '
then both the product 48 and BA are defined and each isa
square matrix of order 7.
>In the matrix product AB, the matrix A is called
pre-multiplier (pre-factor) and 6 Is called post-multiplier
(@ost factor)
» Properties of Matrix Multiplication
() AB #84
iy Aa) =(A8)C
i) A(8+ C) = AB+ AC
[aj] s said to be lower triangular
(iy (A+ 8)C=AC+ BC
() A=Aala
> The matrix obtained by interchanging rows into columns
and columns into rows of matrix Ais called the transpose
matrix of matrix 4, denoted by A ar A
> Ifthe order of matrix Aism xn, then
order of A? =n xm
» Some Results on Transpose of Matrices
aay
(i) (A+ 8)" =A" BP
(id (hay a (where kis a constant)
(iv) (AB) = 8A’
> A square matrix of order n xm Is sald to be orthogonal, IF
Adah =WA
> Asquare matrix Als said to be symmetric matriy if 4’ =A
> IF Aand Bare symmetric matrices of the same order, then
the product ABis symmetr
> A square matrix Ais said to be skevesymmetric matrix, IF
Aran
» All elements of main diagonal of a skew-symmetric matric
arezero.
> Every square matrix can be expressed uniquely asa sum of
a symmetric and a skew-symmetric matrices.
WF Als. square mati, then A=P-+ Q; where, P= (As A”)
Isasymmetricmatrixand@:
a
1(4-A")Isa skew-symmetric
Analy sy
matrix
> Assquare matrix A of order m/s called invertible, If there
exists a square matrix 8 of order m such that
AB = BA= Ip
‘Also, Bls called the inverse matrix of Aand is denoted by
eu
>» The inverse of every invertible matric s unique.
> IF Aand Bare two invertible square matrices of same order
then
2% Prac’ i
-@ Multiple choice Questions
1. The number of all possible matrices of order 2x 3
with each entry 4 oF 2 is: (c8s€ 2021 Tern)
alg bé
64 4.24
(02. IFA=[o, Jis a square matrix of order 2 such that
4, whenia
a He wren? T then A? is:
0, when = j
(case Sop 2023-24, 21 Term-1, CBSE 2023)
hd ob hd sbi)
cm et Nm i a tm iY i ll poor rrr rnd
03. Amatrix A=[a, ],, is defined by:
2143), ij
‘The number of elements in A which are more than
(CSE 2021 Term)
(case2023)
2o+b 0-28) [4 -3
Oi ee acral [an 2a)rtenttevaluear
a+bec+2dis: (c4s¢S97 2021 Term)
a8 bio ce de
6. IFA ae 1d kA eae then the valuc
06. HAz|s 7,|andid|.) 24 then the values
of k, a and b respectively are:
(CBSE SQp 2021 Term)
a-6.-12.-18 b.-6,~4,-8
6-649 4. -6,12.18
@ b)fa -b
97. The proc {| I equal
Peale @ (c8se 2023)
a[7+8 0 pflerer 0
oO atab? (o+b)? 0.
+t? Oo) ‘0 0
c 4
[ace ol [a 5]
1], [x 0]
98. was ef Jota 0% hen reat:
2af [tt (cBse 2023)
asl b-l
a 42
410 oy {tl
oat Aas ob 8Hls a x collie
15+
=|“ /such that 24-36) =, then x =
a3 bt 6-6 46
11 1)fe) [6
gio. [0 1 a|ly|=|3], then the value of
oo 4llz| |2
Ox +y~z)is: (cose 2023)
al b2 ca 45
4 x
nm. tf]2|[2 3-3] y|=0, then x + 3y -32 is:
3 z
a ba 4 do
1-3 :
aii A and A? -44+10/=A, then k is
2k
equal to:
ao bs
4 and not 1 d.lor4
013. If for a square matrix A, A?-A+1'=0, then A*
equals: (case 2023)
aa bast
cla oA-I
014, If the matrix E a is commutative with the
cd
mate oe:
ao-0b
cc=Odeo
15. If a matrix A=[1 2 3), then the matrix AA’
(whereA'isthe transpose of A)is: _(c8Se2023)
loo
o20
oo3
bb-Gced
dd-Qo=b
au b.
aE 3 | os
ors asl lata, 0:
a my (CBSE SQP 2021 Term-1)
alea?4+py bi-a?-py =O
3-0? py =0 6.307 +py 20
(17. If matrices A and B are of order 3x0 and mx5
respectively, then the order of matrix C =5A4+38
is: (CBSE Sop 2021 Term-1)
a.3x5andm=n bans
C38 65x5
(918, Matrix A has m rows and (n + 5)columns, matrix B
‘has m rows and (11~n) columns. If both AB and
BA exists, then:
a. ABand BA are square matrices
b. AB and BA are of orders 8x8 and 3x13
respectively
© AgABA
d. None of the above
919. IF Ais 3x 4matrix and 8 is a matrix such that A’B
‘and BA are both defined, then the order of matrix
(c8se 2023)
a3e4 baxa
cand 4x3
O41
20, For the matrix X=|1 0 1) (X?-X)is
110)
(c8s€ 2021 Term)
a2 bat cl 4.51
cm et Nm i a tm iY i ll gz
23.
926.
925.
26.
27.
928.
Q29.
,
‘
iz
vel cine cel
i
20 b(-20) 20 d[20)
wae[t ‘Joe gate
2m, b.2A
wasae[t Shmessee[ 1] nae
(case2020)
alt wap
22 1 ale
1 ut
el “ah
Sx
it af | and A=AT, where AT is the
a)
transpose of the matrix A, then:
(case 2023)
axeQy=5
cxtysd
bxe-y
Ox=5y=0
Ha matrix Ais both symmetric and skew-symmetric,
then Ais necessarily a/an:
(NCERT EXEMPLAR; CBSE 2021 Terme-1)
a.dlagonal matrix b. zero square matrix
square matrix di identity matrix
Hf A and B are symmetric matrices of the same
order, then:
a. ABisa symmetric matrix
b.A~Bis a skew-symmetric matrix
€ AB + BAls a symmetric matrix
d, AB — BAls a symmetric matrix
Ha square matrix A= [ay ].ay =/? ~ j? is of even
order, then:
a. Als a skew-symmetric matrix
b. Als a symmetric matrix
Both a, and b,
d. Ais nelther symmetric nar skew-symmetric
3 ox-4]
tae isa symmetric matrix, then
fied ie! symmetai mate, the
xe
a4 ba
cH4 63
If A and B are symmetric matrices and AB= BA,
then A~#Bis a:
a. symmetric matrix
b, skew-symmetric matrix
unit matrix
d. None of the above
(case sop 202223)
boy 20vi)
qj =O, where! =
931. If A is square matrix such that A? =A, then
(4A)? -7Ais equal to:
d.oj #0, where =
(CBSE SQp 2021 Term)
aa bisa cI-A dt
932. If A is a square matrix and A?=A, then
(+4)? ~3Ais equal to: (case2023)
al bA 2A a3
933, IFA? =A, then (1 + A)* is equal to:
alta bie 4a
C1e15A 4.None of these
994, IFA =0, then A? +A+/=
al-A bear
clea di+a
935. If AB =Aand BA~=B, then:
aB=l bAsl CAPRA dBPa
9.36. IfAB-=Aand BA=B, then A” + 8” is equal to:
aA+B b.A-B
c2AsB 4. None of these
37. If A and B are square matrices of size nx n such
that A? -B7 = (A~B)(A+6), then which of the
following will be always true?
a. Either Aor Bis a zero matrix
b. Either A or Bis an identity matrix
CAsB
AB =BA
0.38. If A,B are non-singular square matrices of the
same order, then (AB™!)"' = (cese sop 2022.23)
aap batt
BA AB
tag) fra
Qs5.tAel2 3 élande|—« 2-4, then
o12 2-15
(197 21 Toe
asles batece colee doteta
20 0)
40, Teinverse ofthe mati =|0. 3. os:
o04
(cUSe 2021 Term-1)
oO {frog
o} vylo 10
o V4 oo}
W200 0
a)o vaio
ooo V4 poor rrr rnd
0172 ‘4/2 -1/2 1/2)
Peal “la aan
eee
all ba,
12 au
9.42. If A and B are square matrices of the same order
car! ais
(943. If A and B are square matrices of the same order
such that (A +B) (A-8)=A? ~B?, then (ABA~*)?
is equal to:
ae bt
Ate? aa
944. If? ~A + =0, then the inverse of Ais:
al-A DA-I GA aAsl
-@ Assertion & Reason type Questions
Directions (Q. Nos. 45-56): In the following questions, each
‘question contains Assertion (A) and Reason (R) Each question
thas 4 choices (0), b), () and (4) out of which only one is
correct. The choices are
2. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and
Reason (R) Is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A)
». Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but
Reason (R) Is nat the correct explanation of
Assertion (A)
Assertion (A) Is true but Reason (R) Is false
4. Assertion (A) is false and Reason (R) Is true
948. cannot be
73]
expressed as a sum of symmetric and
skew-symmetric matrices.
Reason (R): Matrix 3x 3,0, =—/ is neither
743]
symmetric nor skew-symmetric
046. Aseon A Sar mic AntD=f E17)
ir aa, a ent ati when
rn
Reston (@: very ety mati ota lar
matrix.
3 0 0}
ger tein |0 4 oedema
oo
Reason (R): A=[ay is a square matrix such that
VF j,then Ais called diagonal matrix.
oa, Assertion (W): B [2 82 3 isarow
matrix.
Reason (R):I18= [by Jn.» isa row matrix, then ts
orders 1x.
949. Assertion (aj: | 7% —* Jel* ™] then
z+5 xeyl"|o 4
wa2,ye2jreSandwod
Reason (R): Two matrices are equal, iftheir orders
are same and thelr corresponding elements are
equal.
QED. Assertion (A): The product of two diagonal
matrices of order 3x 3is also a diagonal matr
Reason (R): Matrix multiplication is always
non-commutative.
51. Let A be a square matrix of order 3 satisfying
AA =I,
Assertion (A): A'=A~
Reason (R): (AB) = 8 A.
52. Assertion (A): Let A = a, ]be an mx n matrix and
be an mx n zero matrix, then A+0=0+A=A.
In other words, 0 is the additive identity for
matrix addition,
Reason (R): Let A=[0, ]n,. be any matrix, then
we have another matrix as “A= [-@y Jn, such
that A+(-A)=(-A)+A=0. Then, -A is the
additive inverse of A or negative of A.
(953. Assertion (A): For multiplication of two matrices A
and 8, the number of columns in A should be less.
than the number of rows in B.
Reason (R): For getting the elements of the
product matrix, we take rows of A and columns of
B, multiply them elementwise and take the sum.
ese aneon We taal? Sf al 9) en
(A+B)? =A? +B? +248,
Reason (R): For the matrices A and B given in
Assertion (A), AB =BA.
1-2 7
ars. asenion (yw And|-2 4 2{ then
ahd
AAT) =I.
Reason (R): For any square matrix A, (A")" =A.
(086. For any square matrix A with real number entries,
consider the following statements:
Assertion (A):A.+4’is a symmetric matrix
Reason (R): A ~ A’ is a skew-symmetric matrix.
cm et Nm i a tm iY i ll poor rrr rnd
1@ 20 30 40
16 20 BO 40
21.) 220) BO) AO
31.) 32. (a) 33. (©) 34. ©)
41. (0) 42. (b) 43. (a) 44. (a)
51. (b) 52. (0) 53. (@) 54. (a)
) Case Study Based Questions
Case Study 1
‘A manufacturer produces three stationery products
pencil, eraser and sharpener which he sells in two
‘markets. Annual sale is mentioned below:
Answers
S@ 66) 7@ B86 9 10.
15.) 16.6) 17.) 18 19.2) 2D.)
25.00) 26.() 27.2) 28.) 2. (—) 90.)
95.() 96.) 97.6) 98. 9.) 40.)
45.() 46. (2) 47. (2) 48.) 4) —80. (0)
55.(0) 56. (0)
- Solutions =<
Products (in numbers)
Pencit_| Eraser | Sharpener
x 15000 | 6000 ‘@.000
v ssoo_| 000 | 12,000
If the unit sale price of pencil, eraser and sharpener
are 3.50, 1.75 and ® 2.00 respectively, and unit
cost ofthe above three commodities are® 3.25, 1.50
and 2 0.75 respectively.
Based on the above information, solve the following
questions.
1. Total revenue of market X is:
92
93.
qa.
5.
a.€64,000
< €79.000
Total revenue of market is:
a. 35000
< €53,000
Cost incurred in market X is:
a. 13000
847400
Profit in markets X and ¥ respectively are:
.€ 15,250 and ¢ 2625. b.€ 17,000 and ¢ 15,000
£10,000 and ¢ 20.000 d. 51,000 and ¢ 7,000
Gross profit in both market is:
a.€23000
.€36875
|
|
) ake
| Market
|
bt 60,000
81,000
b.¢87,000
81,000
b.ea0100
0. 63,750
b.¢32.000
d.40,200
1. Given data can be written in matrix form as below
Pencil Eraser Sharpener Sale Price Cost Price
Market —
xpis000 S000 for
y[ 9500 17000 12,000,
Now. Al
= ABs
350) [325
175] | 152
231200), 41075 )o
_soo0 ooo ooo
3500 17000 12000
v7 |e) 50
“| 200} "are
[som se som [i
[Ss00 12000 2000
20
15000360 5000 «175 B00 »2
3500» 380 1700 75. 12000<2
sz som) a0
-[se2s0% 20750" 24000] "|sro00
15000 6000 raver] = a2]
and AC
_J 15000 «3.25 + 6000 x150+8000%x075
=| 500 3.25 + 17,001.50 + 12000 x075,
| 4750+ 9.000 +6000
*|30875 + 25500 +9000,
TiP
ji
Total revenue is the sum ofthe product ofeach commodity
with corresponding unit sale price and total cost incurred |
is the sum of the product of each commodity with
corresponding unit cost price.
Total revenue of market Xs 7.000
So, option (c) is carect,
2. From the above data total revenue of market ¥ Is
87,000.
So, option (b) Is correct.
3. From the above data, cost Incurred in market X Is
©63,750,
So, option (d) Is correct.
cm et Nm i a tm iY i ll po arr arnraraaaaa
Solutions °
“
TiP
Tho matrices cn be subtracted, they are ofthe some
ander
From the above data, profit = AB — AC
peed tel | roan fe
7000 |” [65375 |“| 87000-65375 |"| 21625,
+» Total revenue of market X is € 79.000 and cost
incurred in market X is € 63750,
Profit in market X = € (79,000 -63,750) =€ 15.250
+ Total revenue of market Y is ¢ 67,000 and cost
Incurred in market Vis € 65375;
Profit in market ¥ = (87,000 ~ 65.375) =€ 21625,
‘So, option (a) is correct.
5, Gross profit in both markets
=Profit in market x + Profit in market ¥
(15250 + 21625) = 36.875
So, option (c)s correct.
Case Study 2
Three schools 4, B and C organised a mela for
collecting funds for helping the rehabilitation of
flood victims. They sold handmade fans, mats and
plates from recycled material at a cost of & 25, 100
and 50 each. The number of articles sold are given:
|
SchooW/Articie | A 8 c
Hand-fans 40 25 35
Mats 50 40. 50
Plates 20 30 40.
Based on the above information, solve the following
questions:
Q1. The fund collected by school A if they sold 45
hand-fans, 40 mats and 25 plates, is:
a€6375 b.t14000 c.€21000 dt 18000
92, The fund collected by school B and C is:
a.t14000 b.€18000 c.t21000 de 6375
‘The total fund collected by all the schools is:
at6375 6.14000 cr1B00 de 21000
04.1 the number of hand-fans and mats are
interchanged forall the schools, what is the total
fund collected by all schools?
af21000 b.€18000 c¢%000 d¢6375
‘The total number ofall articles sold is:
2730 6280 330d. 350
93
96
1. As we have tofind the funds collected by each school
We waite table as
Hand-fan Mats Plates
A), 40 50 20 1/25
al-| 25 40 30 |fi00
cl} | 35 50 40 Jlso
000 +5000 +1000] 77000
625+ 4000+ 1.500 |=| 6125
875+5000+2000| | 7875
Funds collected by schools A @ and C are & 7,000,
£6,125 and & 7,875 respectively.
Fund collected by school A if they sold 45 hand-fans,
‘40 matsand25 plates
= 45 x25 + 40 x100+25 x60
=1125 + 4000 +1250.=% 6375
So, option (a) ls correct.
2. Fund collected by schools Band C
=6125 +7875 =€ 14000
So, option (a) Is correct.
3. Total fund collected by al the schools
= 7000 + 6125 + 7875 =€ 21000
So, option (d) fs correct.
4. Accarding to the given condition,
50 40 20][ 25
40 25 30||100
50 35 40]| 50
1250+ 400041000) [62507
=| 1000+ 2500 +1600] =| so00
ws0+3500+2000) | 6759)
Total fund collected by all schools
=6250 + 5000 +6750 = 18,000
So, option (b) is correct
5. Total number of all articles sold
= (40425435), (50+ 40+ 50)+(20+304 40)
2330
So, option (c)is correct.
Case Study 3
Two farmers Ramakishan and Gurucharan Sis
cultivate only three varieties of rice namely Basmati,
Permal and Naura. The sale (in rupees) of these
varieties of rice by both the farmers in the month of
September and October are given by the following
matrices 4 and B.
—
cm et Nm i a tm iY i ll poor rrr rnd
September sales (in @)
10,000 20,000 30,000) Ramakishan
50,000 30,000 10,000
October sales (in ®)
5,000 10,000 6,000] Ramakishan
-[ ovo 10,000 Poles
Based on the above information, solve the following
questions:
(1. The total salesin September and October for each
farmer in each variety can be represented as:
aAsB bA-B cADB dAcB
92. Whats the value of A;,?
atoooo 6.20000 «30000 40900
19. The decrease in sales from September to October
Gurucharan
is given by:
aAsB8 bA-B CA>B dAcB
04. If Ramakishan receives 2% profit on gross sales,
compute his profit for each variety sold in
October.
a.€100,2200 and £120 b.?100,2200 and 2130
#100, 220 and #120 dz M10, 200 and #120
96. if Gurucharan receives 2% profit on gross sales,
compute his profit for each variety sold in
September.
a.€ 100, € 200, 120
£400, % 200, 2120
b.€ 1.000, 600, ¢ 200
4.81200, % 200,120
Solutions *
1. Total. sles In September and October for’ each
farmer neach variety can be represented as A + 8.
50, option (a) Is correct.
2. The value of Ay nA = 10.000
TiP
‘yy means, the element in matric A represented by
intersection ofsecandrwand third column,
So, option (a) is correct.
3. The decrease in sales from September to Octaber Is.
given by A~B.
‘So, option (b) is correct.
2
4 DofBe Zo x8 002 x8
5000 10000 6000
20000 10000 19000
100 200 120) Ramakishan
“[4o0 200 200) Gurucharan
s, Required profit of Ramakishan for each variety
sold in October are ¢ 100, ¢ 200 and € 120.
So, option (a) is correct.
«00a,
5. 2% of A=—2 kad a)
Also, WY ls defined when,
Number of columns of matrix =Number of rows of
matrix Y
= 3-3 (True)
Now, PY + WY Is defined when both PY and WY have
same order,
Order of matrix PY = p x3
and order of matric WY =n xk
Here, restriction for PY + WY are p=n and k=3,
2. Matrix X's of the arder 2«n.
‘Therefore, matrix 7X is also of the samme order.
Matrix 2 ls of the order 2 x pi.e..2 xn [Since.n= p]
‘Therefore, matrix 52 Is also of the same order.
Now. both the matrices 7X and 5Z are of the order
2«n.
Thus, matrix 7X ~52 Is welldefined and Is of order
2xn.
Case Study 6
Sanjeev, Amit and Nitika were given the task of
creating a square matrix of order3. X, Y and Z are the
matrices created by Sanjeev, Amit and Nitika
respectively, which is given below:
fi 2-1) f2 1-1) [3 1 0]
X=}0 3 fyel1o 3 ame
-10 2 21 = 12
Based on the above information, solve the following
questions
Q1. If a=5 and b=~3, then find the value of
(ox)! +(0z)".
(92, Find the value of XY -¥2),
02. If a=-4 and b=-2, then find the value of
(o-b) 2)".
Solutions *
10-7 a0
L Here, xT=|2 3 Olandz7=|1 21
it 2 o12
1o-7 (3-0
=(3)]2 3 af+s[1 27
ar2) [or2
2
1
3] 7 -5 07 pz 5
6-9 ofs|5 w 5/-fa 1 5
-3-6) [0 5 wl [3 2 4
Now, (bx)! +(az)F =x +027
cme Ss MS ks GY ee all poor rrr rnd
102
242-2 140-1 14641] [2
=| 04342 o+0+1 o+9-1]-[5
24044 -140+2 140-2
1-73 10 Given,
and vZe[1 0 aff-12 1
21 -Ilo 12
6-140 242-1 O+1-2 4
-|3+0+0 14043 o+046|-
6-140 242-1 O+1-2
20 67) /5 3-1 [-
wyoae|s 1 alla & 6)-]2
4 -} [+
5
3
5
12 -f2 1 -1 3 (ASAT =(ay s (A aaa a f(a =a)
aimee fas AeA
and (A-ATYT =(a)T (ATT = aT =
(a-al)
50. (A+ AT) is symmetric matrix and (A~AT) is a
‘skew-symmetric matric.
a
a were : | (rano2) = Ata
3
“|
5a 1 Case Study 8
Now. (0-6) (V2) =( Ha Fe : ‘Three car dealers, say A, Band C, deals in three types
53 of cars, namely Hatchback cars, Sedan cars, SUV
JA alle, oe dealer 4 sold 120 Hatchback, 50 Sedan, 10 SUV cars
I
l
(
(
(
(
| I
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
Baan (ie cs fa cars. The sales figure of 2019 and 2020 showed that I
| 18 al la -w 2 in 2020; dealer B sold 100 Hatchback, 30 Sedan, —[
Case Study 7 5 SUV cars in 2019 and 200 Hatchback, 50 Sedan,
| 6 SUV cars in 2020; dealer C sold 90 Hatchback, |
Go Sedan $SUV nin 2020.
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L
If A =[ay ]is mxn matrix, then the matrix obtained
by interchanging the rows and columns of 4 is called
the transpose of 4
A square matrix A =[ay is said to be symmetic, if
” A forall possible values of i and j.
a square matrix A=[ay] is said to be skews
symmetric, if A”
andj
Based on the above information, solve the following
questions:
1. Evaluate (ABC)", by using transpose properties.
2 What is the relation between symmetric and
skew-symmetric matrices? Based on the above information, solve the following
=A for all possible values of i
9.3. For any square matrix Awith real number entries, ies eb Ranney war ema ora0i8
show that (A+A)" is symmetric matrix and ee
(92. Find the matrix form of the total number of cars
6 oe det
.
TiP
Two matrices can be added, if they are ofthe same order.
dng gen maticequatons
veenwoxnel? t[! 3]
- of 0]
23
TRICK
Product of two matrices is possible when number of|
columns of frst matrix is equal ta the number of rows of|
2s Stal-fh 3]
sh een Gat)
{3 Sed
(COMMONJERROR
Most students commit error wile mltlying matrices.
27
32 1
ov ewe
TiP
Product of two matrices is possible when number of
columns of fist matrix is equal to the number of rows of
second matrix.
1. 48:
2
Bxl42x(-I) 3x04242 3x142x1
(Cadet) 1x41 -1x1+ 1
2-1 O42 241) [1 2 9
3-2 044 342[-[1 45
1042 41) |-2 2 0.
00 -3
12. Given that, matric A=|2 0 —1/ Is skewesymmetric
bio
matrb
Oo
= [20
bt
TRICK
| 2d Tx(-})
2x041n2 sae
Ina
Two matrices A and B are said to be equal, if:
+ order of A and 8 is same.
+ corresponding elements of A and B are some
die, ay by ¥ Lond.
cm et Nm i a tm iY i ll poor rrr rnd
fo 26) fo «3
= ao ie-l2o01
aol |+a0
On comparing corresponding elements, we get
-an2 > a=-2
and -3=-b > b=3
tavn.| OES Bt (a ee
sin? x cos? x]* | cos? x sin? x
__ [sin x-+cos? x. sin? x+-c0s? x]
sin? x-+.0s? x sin? x-+c0s? x
(sin? 04c0s? 0= 9)
seek HO IE
and A-B G 4) Al
26
“l
3. Adding the given matrix equations, we have
(oyeor-nye[® sla 5]
0 3\*|0 -1
TiP
Twwo matrices can be added/subtracte, if they are of the
sameorder.
> om fpele
noon xevelE Zhevell Zhen
“lo 9}lo 4,
- ove!
207
4 Wehave,A=|2 1 3
lad
oO
1
20 [201
Now, A?#A-A=|2 1 3]x]2 1 3
1-0} [1 20
[3 o+0-1 wl
44243 O+1-3 24340
2-240 O-1-0 1-340
5-12
-|9 -2 5
on -2
5-12) [207
Asa-|9 -2 5|-5]2 1 3
a3 2) liao
5 1 2) [-0 0 -5
-|9 -2 5|.{-0 -5 5
oa -2)|5 5 0
aa
-|a 7 =0)
“5 4 2
ao
cxentncanl? 2 9]
mw fh 2 2]
TRICK
Here,A must be taken of the order 2 x 3, becouse B and C|
tre of the some order 2 x 3 and the sum of two or more
‘matrices is possible onlywhen they are of the some order.
wae
deft
We have,2A-38+5C=0
3[@ ® <]_5[2 2 9],.[2 9 2
= 4lae Ala 1 af ?lz 1 6
[oo o
“loo 0
TRICK
Here, 0 ie, zero matrix must be taken ofthe order 2 x 3,
because twa matrices are said to be equal, iftheyare of he|
same order.
he Ss atl
2d 2e 2F|*|-9 -3 -2]*|35 5 30
{oo ol
2osi6 29-6 2-10) [0 0.0
> [alae 2212 arl-[o 0 ol
On comparing the corresponding elements, we get
2041-0 =
2b-6=0 >
2c-10-0 >
2d+26=0 =
2242-0 >
ad 28a = Fo
bofa as
e f}"[-3 «1-9
0-1/3 5] [+0 oo) 7
6 aot alle al-[eco oval-Le
25)f0 -1) ovo 2610
wees allo z)[or0 oso |
somaticae[t
a
“[
o7
oo poor rrr rnd
7. Let A-={a,) bea given matrix
Since tis skew-symmetric matrix.
Mah
= 04=-1, for ali j
= 0}=-04 forall values of
when | =i
= 2o,=Dforallvalues ofl =>
042028033 0.0--8 0p 0
Hence, ll the dlagonal elements of a skew-symmetric
imatricare 2er0 (as diagonal elementsare:y.0.035
qn) Hence proved.
8. Given, A
sepa
TiP
Practice similar type of questions based on multiplication
oftwo matrices.
[2 sift ;
for all values off
21
2-86 3-143 ]_ fo 4
“[-ases0 -2s1045]/"[10 3
TiP
[fA [oy] is mx n matrix, then the matrix obtained by
interchanging the rows and columns of Ais the transpose
Hence proved.
45
27
Lo.
6-4-2 848-1 10+28-0
34044 44042 -5+040
ial
01
* ws |
30-5
" 91-A-5[) Ha 7]
fo shl2 aH 2]
2a eSI-A (Given)
atelaa)
7 a _f7s2 3/2
24 2\",2 1
Short Answer Type-II Questions
1. We have,
x+y 2]_[6 2
5+z y|"[5 @.
Corresponding elements of equal matrices are equal.
‘So put corresponding elements of two matrices equal.
xy «)
ay=8
and sez
= 20
Now, (x+y)? =(x-y)? = 4xy
= (6Pa(x-yP a4 8
=~ (xy? =36-32=4
= xoy=42 2)
Adding eqs. (I) and (2), we get
(x+y)+(x-y)=622
s 2x 2642
= 2xe6+2 or
= x24 or
Subtracting eq, (2) from eq. (I). we get
(x+y)-(x-y)=6#2
ss Bya6-2 or 2ya642
5 4 oF 208
a yer or yes
SoxeAye2z-0 or xa2ye42=0
{EoMMON] ERROR
Some students commit error while finding the values
ofxandy.
sine cose |*5”
2 ames ee
cos nul i [a a
cos?0 -cosdsind] ,[ sin?0sindcose
sinocoss cos?@_|"|-sinecose sin?'o
cos? @+sin?a cos @sin@ + sin@cos@)
1 oF
ae i
The multiplication of two matrices A and 8 is defined, if
the number ofcolumns ofAis equal to the number of rows
of8.
weve Lh 3]
[0 HE 7] poor rrr rnd
[R2zahe a] -o
wet ane’ HLS] @
From eqs. (I) and (2), we get
Ae4A Hence proved.
4, We know that.
12a 24
BaAAala 2 1f]3 21
42 ile 21
Ws6412 2-446 34245
-[a-6e4 Geas2 9-241
44646 8-42 a241
19 4 B)
4 6 15
12 3)99 4 8
MeAAel3 -2 1/1 2 8
4 2 1Jl4 6 15.
{ea wave ae
ae 8
2 a6
Now, A?-234-401
fea 46 69) [1 2 3) flog
=|69 -6 23|-23[3 -2 1|-40]o 1 0
oo1
92 46 63] [4 2 1
63 46 69] [-23 -46 -69
=|69 -6 2a|+|-69 46 -23
92 46 63) |-92 -46 -23
40 o 0
-40 0
o 40,
69-6940 -6+46-40 23-2340
92-9240 46-4640 63-23-40.
cog
-|0 0 ol-o
cog
ERROR
‘Some students make square and cube the elements in and
obtain the answer.
(ease 46-46 +0 233)
Hence proved.
TiP
Give ample practice on problems based on multiplication
oftwo matrices.
40
ofl? gf
“l2+8+6 O+4+30)"|26 34
a “i
Lf 2 |
34 d
440 840 =
243 444 1046
W415 2420 5430
4 8 20
-|5 8 16
16 22 35
Here, AB*5A
{EOMMON] ERROR
sme stadt cont evar wie colting
osx -sinx
6 Given.F(x)=|sinx cosx 0
oo 1
)
cosy -siny 0
Fy)=|sIny cosy 0 [Replace x by y}
o 0 1
cosx -sinx O]fcosy -siny 0
F(x)F(y)=| sinx cosx |] siny cosy |
o o ilo o 4
=|sinxcosy +cos xsiny +0
0+0+0
cos xsiny-sinxcosy +0 ce
[enc
-sinxsiny +cosxcosy+0 04040
O+0+0
[ren cosxsiny sin xcasy
0+0+1
sinxcosy+cosxsiny -sinxsiny+cosxcosy O|
a a 1
TRICKS
in (A+ B)= Sin A-cos B + cos A-sin B
cos (A+ 8) = cos A-cos B= sin A-sin B
cos(x+y) -sin(x+y) 0
s|sin(x+y) cos(x+y) O
o o 4
Replace x by (x+y) in.eq (I), we get
cos(x+y) ~sin(x+y) 0
Fone cos(x+y) |
0 o 1
F(X)F (=F (x+y) Hence proved.
cm et Nm i a tm iY i ll 7. swen.a-[$ t From e. (5).
foe a
TRICK a
If 9 matric oe eauolen then Re coresponding
elementsare equal. nal? “lae[5 2
a cwnadl? Jefe 2
@ B)e r] 2 Ss
flee ow co 5]
fo? +By op -a9 TRICK
ay-ay py+a? z
: The order of matrix D must be 2x 2, as product of two
[3 2a) Peet cis tor cas ean ai
Oo prse! ‘matrix is equal to the number of rows of second matrix.
Given: Rel After thatthe addition or subtraction of two matrices is
= [ye o | i ) possible only when the order of both matrices is same.
0 fy+a?\"[0 1
00
eet We have, CO-A8=0
= Vay Hence proved, 2 5]fo b] [2-5 2] jo 0
8. Given, =I alle alla ofl7 4]*[o o
V23) [7-3-9
x { | ( (Here, Os zero matrix)
456212 4 Ghia ee zee a el : z|
let xf 4 3o+8e 3b+8d)"[15428 6+16]"|0 0.
2o+5¢ 2b+5d) [3 O]_[o o
*[ao+8¢ 3b+8d\"[43 22)" 0.
The product of two matrices are possible when number of aS 2b+5d [3 A
columns of fist matrix is equal to the number of rows of| 30+8c-43 3+8d-22\"|0 0
second matrix. On comparing both sides, we get
‘As RHS havea matrix oforder2 x: 2045¢-3=0 > 2a+5c=3 0
So, LHS must contain the matrix of order 2x 3.For this X 2b+5d=0 > -2b=-5d 2)
should bea matrix oforder2x:2. 3o48c-43=0 > 30+8c=43 @)
x3=2x3 and 30+8d-22=0 => 3b+8d=22 44)
Fram eqs. (2) and (4), we get
From eq (),. we get ae) and Oe
[ aT 2 4 G - 4 3(-%)a1=22
cdjl456)"|2 4 6
0446 2045b 30466) [-7 -8 -9 a een
cod 2c45d acv6d)"|2 4 6 ee
(n comparing bath sides, we get ereairer’
O+4b=-7 > a=-7-4b 2) 2
3046b=-9 > 042b=-3 @ =
Crdde2 = cod-Ad (4) From eqs.) and (3), we get
and X46d=6 > c+ 2d02 (5) a
From eqs. (2) and (3). we get af z ) +8 = 43
-T=4b42b=-3
7 ae = 9-15c+ 16 =86
z ae = ce7
Fromeq,(2) Put the value of cn eg (1), we get
a= 7-82) 20+5x77 =3
74801 = 20 =3-385 --382
= o= = a=-191
From eqs. (4) and (5), we get =181 -10
2-Ad+2d=2 => ded Sa matt aa TRICK
Here, wewill toke matrixA ofthe order? x 2.
» RHShas a matrix oforder 3 x 2.
LHS should also be a matrixoforder’ x2.
2o-c 2b-d ] [-1 -8
=| ao bso |-|1 2
3044¢ -3b+4d) [9 22
Comparing on both sides,
2a-c
and 2b~d.
Also.0#1 and b:
Put the value of
2()-c
= cn24193
Put the value of ine, (2), we get
2(-2)-de-8
(1)
2)
TL From the given matrix equation,
(x-2 10 2x-5-3)] 4
1
TiP
Give ample practic n problem based on multiplication of
two matrices.
= on 2a]-0
1
> (x(x=2)=404(2x-8)] 20
= 27-24 -4042x-8 0
=» 7-48.50
» 1 2 AB
> x7 5163
= xa i
23
let — Awlo 1] and
4
TiP
Stadets murtrememberthsexpresion At 8}
san identtyora property of Tanspose of nti
> a)
Now.
and
(2)
From eqs. (1) and (2). we get
(A+ By = A+B Hence proved.
a hen =| wre] aa [ se)
Given. As A=!
cosa =sha] [cosa sina] [1 o
sina cosa |*|-sina cosa|"[o 1
where =|!
ct
an frond anes] ia
sina-sina cosa+cosa] |O 1.
bead ayy
- oO 2cosa}"|O 1
TRICK
ifs gent ae alice Ben ante
demctsore oo
a mn
+ mend.
7
= once
a
won fE owe? 3
afta efts
ve-lS if 4]
(BS cle 3]
vom satan 2] ft 3p 3
a Pll 7
263 Beam fe
“Lass 6+35]"|9 41
Hence, UNS =f Hence proved.
coMMON] ERROR
Suderts commit eror wen mutipying the maces
together.
a 242
W. AB=| 4 |[1 3 -6)=| 4 12 -24
5 5 15 30
TiP
Give ample practice in problem based on mutpieation
of two matrices.
2s By
> (ABy=| 4 12-24
5 15 30
24°58
4526
D2 -30
1
Now af a fandaral-2 4 5)
-
1 24 5
alt2 4 5j-[-6 2 5 2
6 12-24 -30,
From eqs. (1) and (2), we get (AB)'= 64"
Hence proved.
16. Given, Aand B are symmetric matrices.
A'= lard B= 8
Now, (AB~BA)'=(A8)-(GAY fs (X-¥)'=X'-¥4
=BA~AB & Oyyevxd
=BA-AB & B'=B Ae A)
=-(AB-BA)
AB-BAIs.a skew-symmetric matrix. Hence proved.
7. Since, A and 8 are both symmetric matrices,
therefore a’= Aanda'=B.
Let AB be symmetric then
(A8)'= AB
= BA’ = AB
BA=AB (Ate Aandé =)
Conversely. if AB = A, then we shall show that ABs
symmetric
Now, (A8)'=6/A'= A= AB
Hence, ABls symmetric.
1B. (i) Let Abbe a symmetric matrix then
Mea
(BAB) =(B' (AB)
=(A8)(6")=(@4") 8= 848
fe (ABy= 8/4’ and A'= A)
Hence.g'Agisasymmetricmatrix. Hence proved.
[:Aand@are symmetric)
Hence proved.
=-B'AB = (8°48)
Hence, B*AB!s a skew-symmetric matrb.
Hence proved.
1B Let Abe a square mats then
Nea ithe 3
AaslAtA')+s(A-A')=P- Q
1
1
where, P =2(4+A')and
{pasa}
dew. a
atesay)
(A-a’)
Now,
(Asay (s (ka) aka]
((A+6)=As8)
Lars "Y=
a5(4’ A) E(a'y= A)
a das A’) [From the commutative law
of addition of matrices}
-
So, sa symmetric mat
1 1 1
ageind={Ha-a)} =3(a-ayadta (ay)
Vaca ta at
aa-ae-Ha-a) 2-9
S0,Qts a skew-symmetric matrix
Hence, the square matrix A can be expressed as the
sum of a symmetric matrix (As A") and a
skew-symmetriematrx}(A~A’) Hence proved,
‘Long Answer Type Questions
|!!!
TiP
Adequate prace 5 required In pralems based on
multiplication of two matrices.
aad? 23
weal ali al
aa 6s] 1 2
23 SAL]
2s]
70
o]
HS S04
B47 12 va)
and
4440 1-847
|
als
mf
eoanstel
a
fa
glee Hone proves Now. Aa AAPA (4A-T)= 48? TAL
= 4(4A-1)-7A Alea)
|A-281-7A=9A-281
Again, AP AAP
|A-2al)-(4A-7)
=364? 634-1124 196)
#36 (44-7) 1754+ 1961
118-83
la -ne
tnt 0
Weloon ht
2tanS
5
= sina 2t
oF
wd
a
vow
ee =
it -7
1 Olive
ie ie
0) 2 Bd
fee ge eee
Le 1x ~2t Le
ete te
lee 2 oat thee’)
Bene Bee
eQee) ate ne
ee he Bee
P42 -2tet-0
HF Be
athe 2estoe
he Te
we 10
=| Ge, ve
dee) he
ee Ge
ake
Hence An(t-A)[ ee zai
Bn A) in
3. We shall prove it by using principle of mathematicat
induction.
cos0 sine
Here, (n):if A [Se a
cosnd_sinn0
[