Q.1 What is solid modeling? Explain it with types and advantages. Ans.

: Solid modeling is Most of the

objects we see every day are solids and most of them are geometric objects with interior. Solids can be
very simple like a cube or very complex like a piston engine. Solids must have to be represented by their
geometry and other characteristics and properties in order to model them using computers .Solid
modeling is the most powerful of the 3-D modeling technique. It provides the user with complete
information about the model. Defining an object with a solid model is the easiest of the available three
modelling techniques (curves, surfaces and solids).Solid models can be quickly created without having to
define individual locations as with wire-frames, unlike wire-frame and surface models, which contain only
geometric data. Solid models contain both geometric and topological information of the object.

Geometry and topology --construction of solid models can be categorized into two types----1. Geometry
2. Topology1. Geometry:-Geometry is the actual dimensions that define the entities off the object. 2.
Topology (sometimes called combinatorial structure), on the other hand is the connectivity and
associativity of the object entities.

Advantages of solid modeling----1. Complete modelling2. Unambiguous3. Best suitable for calculating
mass properties4. Very much suitable for automated applications5. Fast creation6. Gives huge
information

Q.2 State applications of solid modeling Ans.: Solid modeling is used not only for creating solid models of
machine parts, but also the buildings, electric circuits and even of the human beings. The solid modeling
software are being used for a large variety of applications, here are some of them:1) Engineering: The
engineering design professionals use solid modeling to see how the designed product will actually look
like. The architects and civil engineers use it to use the layout of the designed building.2) Entertainment
industry: The animation industry has been using solid modeling to create various characters and the
movies out of them.3) Medical industry: Modern imaging scanners are being used to create the solid
models of the internal parts of the body. This helps the doctors to visualize specific tissues of the body,
designing various medical devices etc.

Q.3 What are the different solid entities or primitives in solid modeling ?Ans. The solid model of an
object is made by using the three-dimensional geometric entities, known as primitives.• These functions
retrieve a solid of a simple shape from among the primitive solids stored in the program in advance and
create a solid of the same shape but of the size specified by the user. its coordinate system. For example,
a block with a negative value of W is displayed as if the block shown in Fig. Q.3.1 is mirrored about the yz
plane.2. Cylinder: This primitive is a right circular cylinder whose geometry is defined by its radius (or
diameter) R and length H. The length H is usually taken along the direction of the ZL axis. H can be positive
or negative.3. Cone: This is a right circular cone or a frustum of a right circular cone whose base radius R
top radius (for truncated cone) and height H are user-defined.4. Sphere: This is defined by its radius and
is centered about the origin of its local coordinate system.5. Wedge: This is a right-angled wedge whose
height H width W and base depth D form its geometric data.6. Torus: This primitive is generated by the
revolution of a circle about an axis lying in its plane . The torus geometry can be defined by the radius (or
diameter) of its body R₁ and the radius (or diameter) of the centreline of the torus body R2, or the
geometry can be defined by the inner radius (or diameter) R1 and outer radius (or diameter) Ro.
* A B-Rep model or boundary model is based on the topological notion that a physical object is bounded
by a et of faces. These faces are regions or subsets of closed and orientable surfaces.• These models
comprised of faces, edges and vertices of the object linked together in such a way as to ensure the
topological consistency of the model. The database of model contains both topology and
geometry.**Brep models stores bounding surface of the solid and possible to calculate mass properties
assuming uniform density.*It is very appropriate to construct solid models of unusual shapes that are
dificult to build using primitives. E.g. automobile body.• It is relatively simple to convert a Brep model into
a wireframe model because the models boundary definition similar to wireframe with reliability and
competitively.* It requires large amounts of storage because it stores the explicit def nition of the model
boundaries. It is also more verbose than CSG. It is also not suitable for tool path generation and tend to
slow and inconvenient to use with Euler's operations.Q.5 State advantages and disadvantages of B-rep.
Ans. : Advantages of the boundary representation i) This format gives efficient picture generation and
easy access to other geometric information. ii) The changes produced by most editing operations cause
local effects not global ones. iii) It is comparatively easy to define a face lying on a surface defined
parametrically. iv) It is easy to create objects by "sweeping", i.e. a complex two-dimensional profile may
be translated or rotated about an axis to give a shape in three-dimensions. Disadvantages with the
boundary representation i) It requires more storage than the corresponding half-space method. ii) There
is no guarantee that the object created is valid (i.e. complete, unambiguous, uniquely defined). iii) It is
usually less robust than the half-space method.v) Its main disadvantage is that it requires large amount of
storage. CSG*It based on topological notion that a physical object can be divided into a set of primitives
(basic elements or shapes) that can be combined in a certain order following a set of rules (Boolean
operations) to form the objects using primitives.*Compared to B rep it does not stores explicitly the faces,
edges and vertices, instead it evaluates them whenever they are needed by application algorithms by
generation of line drawings.*It has two types, bounded solid primitives (r sets) and other unbounded half
spaces (non rsets). The database of CSG also stores the topology and geometrical information.* It is easy
to construct using primitives and Boolean operations.* It is concise and require minimum storage to store
CSG graph i.e. solid definitions..*Comparatively it is slow in generating wireframe data.*It is unable to
represent sculptured surfaces and half spaces. Q.7 What is parametric modeling? Explain it in brief? Ans.
Parametric modeling is a modeling process with the ability to change the shape of model geometry as
soon as the dimension value is modified.*.Parametric modelling uses the computer to design objects or
systems that model component attributes with real world behavior.*.Parametric models use feature-
based, solid and surface modelling design tools to manipulate the system attributes.*One of the most
important features of parametric modelling is that attributes that are interlinked automatically change
their features.*In other words, parametric modelling allows the designer to define entire classes of
shapes, not just specific instances.*Before the advent of parametric, editing the shape was not an easy
task for designers.*For example, to modify a 3D solid, the designer had to change the length, the breadth
and the height*However, with parametric modelling, the designer need only alter one parameter; the
other two parameters get adjusted automatically.*So, parametric models focus on the steps in creating a
shape and parameterize them.*This benefits product design engineering services providers a lot. Q.8
What is feature based modeling? Explain in brief? Ans.: Feature-based modeling refers to the
construction of geometries as a combination of form features.*The designer specifies features in
engineering terms such as holes, slots, or bosses rather than geometric terms such as circles or
boxes,*Features can also store nongraphic information as well.*This information can be used in activities
such as drafting, NC, finite-clement analysis, and kinematic analysis.*Furthermore, feature-based
packages frequently record the geometric construction and modification sequences used in building the
model. Principles of feature-based modeling1. The physical world consists of things that are considered
to be objects regardless of their contents. Objects can be characterized by their features, known or to be
detected by scientific instruments. Features are quality and quantity characteristics, together with the
correlations between them.2. In terms of design, products and their various parts can be interpreted as
objects, while features are characteristics associated with them. Relations between characteristics are
described and regulated by correlations and restrictions.3. As regards mechanical products, the geometric
form is of primary importance in respect of material realization; therefore, it seems to be natural that the
geometry of objects is derived from given features and their relations.*Features in an object can be
defined by three aspects: (i) The characteristics of geometric shape, (ii) The characteristics of processes,
(iii) The ontological interpretation for the meanings of features. Q.9 State advantages of parametric
modeling. Ans. 1. Capability to produce flexible designs2. 3D solid models offer a vast range of ways to
view the model3. Better product visualization, as you can begin with simple objects with minimal details4.
Better integration with downstream applications and reduced engineering cycle time5. Existing design
data can be reused to create new designs6. Quick design turnaround, increasing efficiency. Q.11 Explain
assembly modeling in brief. Ans. In the physical assembly of rigid parts, they are positioned (including
location and orientation) relative to one another.*The positioning of parts causes some of the low-level
geometric entities, such as faces, edges and vertices of the parts, to be in contact.* The entities in contact
between parts constrain the relative motion between them because a rigid part cannot deform or
penetrate through other parts in the assembly. The position of a part in space is uniquely defined by
specifying its*location and orientation with respect to some reference system.*Three parameters are
required to specify the location and another three parameters are required to specify the orientation.*A
rigid body in space has six Degrees Of Freedom (DOFS) representing the allowable motions of the
part.*Assembly models are created by fixing the location and orientation of individual parts relative to
one another through mating constraints, whereas kinematic models are created by specifying the allowed
motions between the parts by defining kinematic joints.*CAD assembly has been commonly employed for
product design. It is well known that the assembly design has a significant impact on many downstream
activities, such as production process planning and control, tolerance analysis and packaging.*Assembly
design involves the creation of assembly models that specify the relative location and orientation of
components.*In the design activity, component geometry is assembled together to create an assembly
model. Q.12 Write short note an: i) DFM ) DFA. Ans.:) DFM*Design For Manufacturing (DFM) is the
process of designing parts, components or products for ease of manufacturing with an end goal of making
better product at a competitive lower cost.*This is done by simplifying, optimizing and refining the
product design.*Five principles are examined during the DFM, they are,*a) Process b) Design c) Material
d) Environment e) Compliance/Testing*Ideally, DFM is carried out early in the design process. In addition,
properly-executed DFM needs to include all the stakeholders-engineers, designers, contract
manufacturer, mould builder and material suppliers. ii) DFA Assembly is very important part of product
design and development phase. This cost one third of company labour cost. By reducing the number of
parts and making the assembly easier and faster can simplify a product. In addition to cost of assembly
operation, designing for assembly has many benefits, such as,*When product is simplified, it becomes
easier to assemble in the factory and to dissemble during maintenance and repair or when recycling is
required.*Simple assemblies often can be brought to market, sooner because of few parts to design,
procure and inspect and stock with less probability that delay will occur.
Q.13 Explain design for safety in brief. Ans. Organization that eliminate or reduce hazards by making
design or engineering changes generally improve their workplace. Safety and health and save money in
the long run.*Design for safety is a planned, disciplined and systematic approach for preventing or
reducing accidents through out the life cycle of a system.*Primary concern in the management of
risks.*Risk identification, evaluation, elimination and control.*Through analysis, design and
management.* Methods*There are four main methods of design for safety. a) Minimize: Reducing the
amount of hazardous material present at any one time. b) Substitute: Replacing one material with less
hazardous one. c.g. Cleaning with water and detergent rather than a flammable solvent c) Moderate:
Reducing the strength of an effect. e.g. Using material in dilute form rather than concentrated form. d)
Simplify Designing out problems rather than adding additional equipment or features to dealt with them.
Q.14 Explain bottom-up approach and top down approach in assembly design .Ans. :A) Bottom-up
approach*The bottom-up design approach to creating an assembly means that the parts are made
independently and assembled together in the assembly using mates.*Changes made to the individual
parts will not affect other parts in the assembly.*The advantage to the bottom-up approach is that
changes to one part will not cause errors in other parts, except for the occasional mate error in the
assembly. •The drawback to the bottom-up approach is that each individual part will need to revised
independently as the design progresses, and this leaves open the chance of missing an important change
in another component of the assembly.*The bottom-up assembly is the most preferred approach for
creating assembly models.*In this approach, the components are created in the part design workbench
as part file. Then the product/assembly file is started and all the previously created components are
inserted and placed in it using the tools provided in the assembly design workbench. ) Top-down
approach*In the top-down assembly design approach, components are created inside the assembly
design workbench.*Therefore, there is no need to create separate part files of the components. This
design approach is completely different from the bottom-up design approach.*Here you have to start the
product file first and then, one by one, create all the components.*Note that even though the components
are created inside the product file, they are saved as individual part files, which can be opened later
separately.*Adopting the top-down design approach gives the user the distinctive advantage of using the
geometry of one component to define the geometry of the other component. •Here, their construction
and assembly take place simultaneously. As a result, the user can view the development of the product in
real time.**This design approach is highly preferred while working on a conceptual design or a tool design
where a reference of the previously created parts is required to develop a new part.*The top-down
approach, while good for any size assembly, is ideal for large assemblies consisting of 10.000 of
components.*It provides an effective tool and a well-organized approach to manage the design of large
complex assemblies.*It allows a project leader to break-up product specifications, assign work teams and
enforce downstream design changes at a high level. Product Manufacturing Information (PMI) is essential
engineering or manufacturing information embedded within a 3D CAD file. *It is governed by ASME and
ISO industry standards.*PMI can include following information: • GD&T (Geometric dimensions &
tolerances).*Bill of materials (BOM).*Surface finish.* Weld symbols.• Material specifications.*Metadata
& notes.• History of engineering change orders.*Legal/proprietary/export control notices.*• Other
definitive digital data.*3D PMI is a significant step to digital transformation and quality control for any
company or department.*Once design engineers complete their 3D CAD, they spend additional time to
create 2D drawings from their 3D design to convey product & process information such as GD&T.
Reasons why PMI (Product Manufacturing Information) is important.*1. People: Man hours saved:
up to 80% time saved compared to drawing-centric approach.*It frees up engineering time for improving
design and products.*. It communicates the designer's intent. Next generation of engineers will see
and design in 3D.*It improves the engineer skill set to learn and apply new insights.*2. Process:*It is the
single source of truth and data authority.*It reduces human error through typing or interpretation.*. It
eliminates redundant annotations. *Up-to-up information embedded & easily revisable. • Machine-
readable 3D CAD & PMI for automation. .* It removes the "middle man" or engineering drawings*3.
Product:*Part of MBD process is to give better products, better pricing, and better margins.*It has shorter
product development cycles, and faster time to market.• Global interoperability standard at the software
level.• It enables MBE (model-based enterprise): Staying competitive, first-mover advantage. What are
the Challenges to Adopting PMI?*. First is the cultural challenge. Traditional practices and processes are
about repeatability & stability.*"If it isn't broke, don't fix it."*. However, with the dynamic changes in
today's business climate, time-to-market along with innovation & cost- cutting is the three-headed
monster companies must face in staying relevant as competition advances.*. The horse was just fine until
Henry Ford produced a "faster horse."*. Second is a lack of CAD software support for 3D GD&T and file
compatibility from vendors such as NX, CATIA, Creo, Solid Works, and others. *With different companies,
departments, and suppliers using different CAD/CAM software, file translation, validation, and
compatibility become a major roadblock. Benefits of PMI by Department 1. Man hours saved: up to 80%
time saved compared to drawing-centric approach.2. Frees up engineering time for improving design and
products.3. Communicates designer's intent.4. Next generation of engineers see and design in 3D.5.
Improves engineer skill set to learn and apply new insights.6. Single source of truth & data authority.7.
Reduces human error through typing or interpretation.8. Eliminates redundant annotations.9. Up-to-up
information embedded & easily revisable. 10. Machine-readable 3D CAD & PMI for automation. What is
CAD customization? Explain it with advantages and disadvantages. *Ans. : CAD customization: CAD
customization is the development Of support tools and technology which drives CAD automation of
repetitive tasks in the design process. Design automation is knowledge based engineering approach
which logically combines various engineering concepts with real time application study during product
development. •The use of CAD software allows designers to introduce more details and save a
considerable amount of time *When CAD customization and design automation are integrated in
engineering application, a number of advantages are obtained. • With CAD customization, the production
of a drawing and design of a Mechanical component can be generated with great precision. •This allows
engineers to make quick modifications to any problems observed in the design. Advantages • Access to a
functionality that does not exist in the OOTB package.*Improving the efficiency of the team by providing
tools for faster development. •Reducing the manual error in performing many tasks.*Reducing the skill
requirement of the operator (A wizard for a process can allow a user with relatively less experience to
complete the tasks).• Capture and protect the proprietary domain knowledge in a
custom*Command/wizard. By applying time saving automation, it increases productivity. • Reduces
workload by huge proportions eliminating tedious tasks, data Entries, and numerous repetitive steps.
Disadvantages*. The user must have complete idea about the System Functionality, structure, hierarchy,
terminology and philosophy of CAD Software.. • The programing behind any CAD software customization
is complex and difficult. very long. • Time required to develop logic to program will be more.
What is an API ? (Application Programming Interface) API is the acronym for Application Programming
Interface, which is a software intermediary that allows two applications to talk to each other. *Each time
you use an app like Facebook, send an instant message, or check the weather on your phone, you're using
an API. What is an Example of an API ? When you use an application on your mobile phone, the
application connects to the Internet and sends data to a server. *The server then retrieves that data,
interprets it, performs the necessary actions and sends it back to your phone. *The application then
interprets that data and presents you with the information you wanted in a readable way. *This is what
an API is - all of this happens via API. Ans. : Advantages of APIs •Efficiency: API produces efficient, quicker
and more reliable results than the outputs produced by human beings in an organization.• Flexible
delivery of services: API provides fast and flexible delivery of services according to developers
requirements. Integration: The best feature of API is that it allows movement of data between various
sites and thus enhances integrated user experience.*Automation: As API makes use of robotic computers
rather than humans, it produces better and automated results. New functionality: While using API the
developers find new tools and functionality for API exchanges. Disadvantages of APIs*Cost: Developing
and implementing API is costly at times and requires high maintenance and support from
developers.*Security issues: Using API adds another layer of surface which is then prone to attacks, and
hence the security risk problem is common in API's. DESIGN FOR SAFETY(DFS)*Safety is the most
important aspect in the product design.*The safety must be in-built in the product.*For the safety of the
product, the design engineer should foresee the hazards, risks and dangers associated with the all phases
of the product life cycle.”In a design stage, it should be ensured to eliminate or minimize: 1)Hazards;
and/or 2)Risks; and/or 3)Unacceptable combinations of hazards and risks i.e. dangers, associated with the
all phases of product life cycle. *There use of standards and codes in design helps in achieving the safety
of product.• The product must be safe: 1)To manufacture; it)2) to use. iii) to maintain; and iv) to dispose
off after use.*The product must not cause injury or damage: 1)To life: 2) To environment; and 3) to
property. There are three alternative aspects in design for safety: 1) Design safe: In design of product,
eliminate all hazards, risks and dangers. Thus, make the product totally safe. 2) Design with protective
devices :If it is not possible to eliminate all hazards, risks and dangers so as to make the product totally
safe, design the protective devices like: guards, pressure relief valves, cut off switches, etc. Such protective
devices reduce the danger. 3) Design with warnings *If it is neither possible to eliminate the dangers nor
possible to provide the protective devices, provide the user of the product with warnings like: flash lights,
sounds, warning labels etc. DIFF Geometric Transformation Geometric transformation changes the
position, orientation, size, and/or shape of the graphics element within the same coordinate
system.*Geometric transformation involves changes in graphics element in same coordinate
system.*Geometric transformation involves one graphics element and one coordinate system. Geometric
Mapping*Geometric mapping changes the graphical description of the graphics element from one
coordinate system to another without changing its position, orientation, size and shape.*Geometric
mapping involves change in coordinate system of same graphics element.*Geometric mapping involves
one graphics element and two coordinate systems. What is Kernel?*All over the world many CAD
software developers have developed Kernel to perform CAD modelling easy and fast. *Initially, Kernel was
introduced by parasolid and ACIS in the late 1980s.*The latest Kernel which has come in the market is C3D
which was developed in 1996.
Important functions of kernels *Some important functions of kernels are as follows:*3D Modeling*
Kernels can be used to revolve, sweep, and extrude 2D curves into complete surface or solid.*They can
also be employed to create patterns of repetitive shapes, move, offset and taper surfaces in a
model.*Kernels can bend, stretch, twist and wrap a combination of curved surfaces and solids* They can
fit surfaces to a closed network of curves. 2. 3D Model Management*.Kernels can be used to calculate
mass and volume.. They provide unlimited undo and redo.*Kernels can also attach user defined data at
any level.”They can track geometry and topology changes.*3D Model Visualization*Kernels can morph
missing surface geometry into a polygonal representation.*Kernels can help develop graphical
applications. Kernels can generate 2D projections with hidden lines.* DATA INTEROPERABILITY*Due
to a large number of developers and software, CAD data interoperability is still an issue, but it’s getting
better day by day.*CAD software stores the information internally in a format that is best suited for that
particular software package.• This proprietary format can be only read by the specific programs and are
extremely difficult to open or used in other programs.*From a modern engineering point of view it is
necessary to transfer one program CAD file into another.*Hence it is necessary to store CAD files in a
standard format so it becomes easy to transfer them from one program to another. The program or
software which helps to import or export data from one CAD format to another is called data
interoperability or data translator DIRECT DATA TRANSLATORS* Direct data translators provide a simple
solution in which data stored in a product database is converted directly from one CAD system format to
another, typically in one phase.*A neutral database typically resides in a direct translator of data.*Transfer
of data is necessary so that, for example, one organization can be developing a CAD model, while another
performs analysis work on the same model*. Major CAD systems, such as SolidWorks, PTC Creo, Siemens
NX and CATIA, can read and/or write other CAD formats directly, simply using Open File and Save As
options.*. This choice is restricted by the fact that most CAD formats are proprietary, so the direct
translators are usually unidirectional, partially functional and not standardized Q.15 Explain CAD files and
application handling with its benefits. Ans. : CAD files and application handling Managing all your CAD
data and the complex file relationships, versioning requirements, change processes and redlining is a huge
challenge.*It gets even more complex because if it is required to manage AutoCAD, xrefs, image and
overlay file relationships, Autodesk Inventor and SolidWorks, parts, assemblies, drawings, and
configurations.*If it is required to reuse design documents for new projects, keeping relationships and
revisions intact manually is time consuming and difficult.*. When there design changes in one design,
there may be a ripple effect on other designs.*There's no easy way to control whether a parent file is fixed
on a specific version of a child or whether it floats to the latest version when the child is modified. Benefits
1. One system for all engineering data: Multiple CAD systems are hard to administer and often present
time-sapping problems whenever designs need to be corroborated. With CAD data management,
disparate systems can work as one effortlessly. 2. Full change control: A systematic approach to managing
all changes within the development lifecycle of a product is vital if the cost of manufacturing is to be
reduced and products are to get to the marketplace on time. CAD data management ensures that every
tiny tweak or significant revision is accounted for and immediately accountable. 3. More accurate design
information: CAD data management isn't just convenient;. Model Based Definitions (MBD):*Model-
Based Definition (MBD) is an industry term that refers to the process of creating all design information
required to fully and accurately describe a 3D model within its design file.*The annotations added to the
3D model supplement the parametric modeling data to fully define how the model is to be manufactured.
By including all manufacturing information in the design file, the need for a 2D drawing is eliminated.