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Chapter 3 Matrices

Chapter 3 covers the fundamentals of matrices, defining types such as column, row, square, diagonal, scalar, identity, and zero matrices. It also discusses matrix operations, properties, and the concept of matrix inverses. Additionally, it explains symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices, along with elementary operations applicable to matrices.

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19 views4 pages

Chapter 3 Matrices

Chapter 3 covers the fundamentals of matrices, defining types such as column, row, square, diagonal, scalar, identity, and zero matrices. It also discusses matrix operations, properties, and the concept of matrix inverses. Additionally, it explains symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices, along with elementary operations applicable to matrices.

Uploaded by

kishor
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Key Notes

Chapter-3

Matrices

• A matrix is an ordered rectangular array of numbers or functions.

• A matrix having m rows and n columns is called a matrix of order m × n.

• [a ij ]m×1 is a column matrix.

• [a ij ]1×n is a row matrix.

• An m × n matrix is a square matrix if m = n.

• A = A = [aij ]m×n is a diagonal matrix if a ij =0, when i ≠ j

• A =  a ji  is a scalar matrix if a ij = 0 when i ≠ j, a ij = k (k is some constant), when I=j.


n ×n

A =  aij  · aij = 1, when i = j, aij = 0, when i ≠ j.


• n×n is an identity matrix, if

• A zero matrix has all its elements as zero.

A =  aij  = bij  = B
• if (i) A and B are of same order, (ii) for all possible values of i and j.

kA = k  aij  =  k aij 
( )
• m×n   m×n

• – A = (–1)A

• A – B = A + (–1) B

• A+B=B+A

• (A + B) + C = A + (B + C), where A, B and C are of same order.

• k(A + B) = kA + kB, where A and B are of same order, k is constant.

• (k + l ) A = kA + lA, where k and l are constant.

n
• If A = [aij ]m×n and B = [bjk ]n×p , then AB = C = [cik ]m×p , where C tl = ∑ a ijb jk
j=i

(i) A(BC) = (AB)C,

Material Downloaded From SUPERCOP


Key Notes
(ii) A(B + C) = AB + AC,

(iii) (A + B)C = AC + BC

If A =  aij  , then A′ or AT =  a ji 
• m×n n×m

• (i) (A′)′ = A,

• (ii) (kA)′ = kA′,

• (iii) (A + B)′ = A′ + B′,

• (iv) (AB)′ = B′A′

• A is a symmetric matrix if A′ = A.

• A is a skew symmetric matrix if A′ = –A.

• Any square matrix can be represented as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric
matrix.

• Elementary operations of a matrix are as follows:

(i) R1 ↔ R j or Cl ↔ C j
•

(i) R1 → kR i or Cl ↔ kCl

(i) R1 ↔ R j + kR j or Cl + kC j

• If A and B are two square matrices such that AB = BA = I, then B is the inverse matrix of A and
−1
is denoted by A and A is the inverse of B.

• Inverse of a square matrix, if it exists, is unique.

Material Downloaded From SUPERCOP

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