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Economics Project Work

The document discusses the Green Revolution in India, a significant agricultural transformation in the 1960s and 70s that introduced modern farming techniques to increase food grain production. It highlights key features, achievements, criticisms, and the evolution into Green Revolution 2.0, which focuses on sustainable practices. The case study of Punjab and Haryana illustrates both the successes and challenges faced during this period.

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30 views23 pages

Economics Project Work

The document discusses the Green Revolution in India, a significant agricultural transformation in the 1960s and 70s that introduced modern farming techniques to increase food grain production. It highlights key features, achievements, criticisms, and the evolution into Green Revolution 2.0, which focuses on sustainable practices. The case study of Punjab and Haryana illustrates both the successes and challenges faced during this period.

Uploaded by

swarnalthasiva
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Economics project work

Green revolution

Project work

S.Vaedavyaas
class 12-F
index

 Introduction
 Background of Indian Agriculture
 What is the Green Revolution?
 Key Features of the Green Revolution
 Phases of the Green Revolution
 Important Figures (M.S. Swaminathan, etc.)
 Technologies Introduced
 Role of Government
 Achievements and Positive Impacts
 Criticisms and Negative Effects
 Green Revolution 2.0
 Present Scenario
 Case Study: Punjab and Haryana
 Conclusion

 Bibliography
📘 1. Introduction

The Green Revolution refers to the period in the 1960s


and 70s when India adopted modern farming techniques
to increase food grain production. Before this period,
India often faced food shortages and depended on other
countries for food aid. The introduction of high-yielding
variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilizers, irrigation
facilities, and modern machinery helped boost agricultural
output, especially in crops like wheat and rice.
The Green Revolution was a turning point in Indian
agriculture. It helped achieve food security and made
India self-sufficient in grain production. This revolution
started mainly in the states of Punjab, Haryana, and
western Uttar Pradesh.
📘 2. Background of Indian Agriculture
Before the Green Revolution, Indian
agriculture faced several problems:
 Low productivity due to traditional
farming methods.
 Dependence on monsoon rains.
 Use of poor-quality seeds.
 Limited use of fertilizers and
irrigation.
 Frequent famines and food
shortages.
India's economy was largely agrarian,
and most of the population depended
on farming. However, the sector was
not productive enough to meet the
needs of the growing population. The
government realized the need to
modernize agriculture to avoid hunger
and dependency on imports.
📘 3. What is the Green Revolution?
The Green Revolution refers to a
period of agricultural transformation
that began in the 1960s. It involved:
 Introduction of High-Yielding
Variety (HYV) seeds.
 Use of chemical fertilizers and
pesticides.
 Expansion of irrigation facilities.
 Use of tractors and harvesters.
The term "Green Revolution" was first
used by American scientist William
Gaud in 1968. In India, it aimed to
achieve self-sufficiency in food grains
and improve the income of farmers.
Though it started in wheat production,
it later spread to rice and other crops.
4. Key Features of the Green Revolution
 HYV Seeds: Special seeds that
gave more yield than traditional
ones.
 Chemical Fertilizers: Boosted
plant growth and soil nutrition.
 Pesticides: Helped protect crops
from insects and pests.
 Mechanization: Use of tractors,
harvesters, and threshers.
 Irrigation Projects: Construction
of dams and tube wells for regular
water supply.
 Focus on Wheat and Rice:
Especially in areas with good
irrigation.
These features brought a scientific
and industrial approach to Indian
agriculture and increased productivity.
📘 5. Phases of the Green Revolution
Phase 1 (1966–1975):
 Focused mainly on wheat.
 Implemented in Punjab, Haryana,
and western Uttar Pradesh.
 Introduction of HYV seeds and
fertilizers.
Phase 2 (1975–1985):
 Expanded to rice and other crops.
 Covered more regions like Andhra
Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and
Maharashtra.
 Improvement in irrigation and rural
credit.
Over time, the revolution evolved to
include more crops, areas, and
technologies, forming the base of
modern Indian agriculture.

📘 6. Important Figures
 M.S. Swaminathan: Known as the
Father of the Green Revolution in
India. He promoted the use of HYV
seeds and supported research in
agricultural science.
 Norman Borlaug: An American
scientist whose research on HYV
wheat varieties played a key role
globally. He is considered the
Father of the Green Revolution
worldwide.
 C. Subramaniam: As India's
Minister of Agriculture during the
1960s, he was crucial in policy
support for the revolution.
Their combined efforts brought
modern technology to Indian farms
and helped transform the rural
economy.

📘 7. Technologies Introduced
1. HYV Seeds: Gave better yields,
especially for wheat and rice.
2. Chemical Fertilizers: Supplied
nitrogen, phosphorus, and
potassium for healthy plant growth.
3. Pesticides: Protected crops
from pests and diseases.
4. Irrigation Systems: Use of
canals, tube wells, and pump sets.
5. Farm Machinery: Tractors,
threshers, and harvesters helped
speed up farming processes.
These technologies made farming
more scientific and less dependent on
traditional methods or rainfall.

📘 8. Role of Government
The Indian government played a
major role in the success of the Green
Revolution:
 Subsidies on fertilizers and
seeds to make them affordable.
 Training programs for farmers on
how to use new technology.
 Irrigation projects to ensure a
steady water supply.
 Institutional credit: Providing
low-interest loans to farmers.
 Minimum Support Price (MSP):
Guaranteed price to help farmers
avoid losses.
The government also encouraged
research and development in
agriculture and worked with
international organizations to improve
the sector.
📘 9. Achievements and Positive Impacts
✅ Increased Food Production: India
became self-sufficient in food grains,
especially wheat and rice.
✅ No More Famines: Food shortages
reduced significantly.
✅ Economic Growth: Agriculture
contributed more to GDP during this
period.
✅ Job Creation: In rural areas,
farming and related activities grew.
✅ Export Opportunities: Surplus
food grains were exported.
✅ Modernization of Agriculture:
Farmers started using modern tools
and technology.
The revolution helped transform India
from a food-deficient country to a
food-surplus one.
📘 10. Criticisms and Negative Effects
❌ Unequal Growth: Benefits were
limited to certain regions like Punjab
and Haryana.
❌ Environmental Damage:
Excessive use of fertilizers and
pesticides polluted soil and water.
❌ Water Depletion: Overuse of
groundwater for irrigation led to
falling water tables.
❌ Soil Degradation: Continuous use
of chemicals harmed soil fertility.
❌ Neglect of Other Crops: Focus
was mostly on wheat and rice,
reducing crop diversity.
❌ Rich-Poor Divide: Small farmers
could not afford new technology,
widening the economic gap.
While the Green Revolution had many
benefits, it also created long-term
challenges that are still being
addressed today.
📘 11. Green Revolution 2.0

Green Revolution 2.0 refers to the


second phase of agricultural reform in
India, started around 2010, with a
focus on sustainable and inclusive
growth. Unlike the first Green
Revolution, which emphasized
production, the second focuses on:
 Diversifying crops (not just
wheat and rice)
 Sustainable use of water and
soil
 Organic farming and bio-
fertilizers
 Use of modern biotechnology
and ICT (Information and
Communication Technology)
 Support to eastern and
northeastern states
It aims to balance productivity with
environmental protection and support
small and marginal farmers more
effectively.
📘 12. Present Scenario

Today, the impact of the Green


Revolution is still visible in India's food
production. India is one of the largest
producers of wheat, rice, and
pulses globally. However, some
challenges remain:
 Overexploitation of natural
resources (especially groundwater
in Punjab and Haryana).
 Pollution from excessive use of
fertilizers and pesticides.
 Uneven agricultural
development between states.
 Low income for farmers, leading
to distress in some areas.
The government is now promoting
natural farming, climate-smart
agriculture, and digital tools like
soil health cards and crop insurance to
improve farming outcomes.
📘 13. Case Study: Punjab and Haryana

Punjab and Haryana were the leading


states during the first Green
Revolution. Key reasons for their
success include:
✅ Fertile land
✅ Good irrigation systems (canals and
tube wells)
✅ Strong support from the government
✅ Access to HYV seeds and fertilizers
✅ Mechanized farming
Positive Impacts:
 These states became known as the
"food bowl" of India.
 Farmers in these regions became
wealthier.
 Infrastructure such as roads and
storage facilities improved.
Negative Impacts:
 Overuse of chemical fertilizers
damaged soil health.
 Groundwater levels dropped
drastically.
 Stubble burning led to severe air
pollution in North India.This shows
both the power and the problems
of the Green Revolution model

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