3.

Chemical Reactions
& Stoichiometry
3. Chemical Reactions and Stoichiometry
3.1 The Conservation of Mass, Chemical Equations, and
Stoichiometry
- How to Balance Chemical Equations
3.2 Simple Patterns of Chemical Reactivity: Combination,
- Decomposition and Combustion
3.3 Formula Weights and Elemental Compositions of Substances
3.4 Avogadro’s Number and the Mole; Molar Mass
- Converting Between Masses, Moles, and Atoms and Ions
3.5 Formula Weights and Elemental Compositions of Substances
- Formulae and Combustion Analysis
3.6 Reaction Stoichiometry
- Limiting Reactants
3.7 Theoretical and Percent Yields
 3.1 The Conservation of Mass, Chemical Equations,
and Stoichiometry
The total mass of substances does not change during a
chemical reaction.

reactant 1 + reactant 2 product

total mass = total mass

calcium oxide + carbon dioxide calcium carbonate

CaO + CO2 CaCO3

56.08g + 44.00g 100.08g

?

academic.evergreen.edu/curricular/matterandmotion/chem_phys%5Clectures%5Coct5.ppt –
Chemical Equations

A chemical equation is written as an expression

similar to a mathematic equation that can be
compared to a recipe that a chemist follows
in order to produce desired results.
Chemical Equations
 All chemical equations have
reactants and products.
 We express a chemical equation
as follows:

Reactants  Products

The arrow is equivalent to an “=“

math. When we describe the
equation we use the word “yields”
or “produces” instead of equals
Example:

The burning of methane gas in

oxygen is:

CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O

Stoichiometry
 Stoichiometry is concerned with the
relationships between the quantities of
reactants and products in chemical reactions
How to Balance Chemical Equations

A chemical equation is balanced when the ions

or atoms found on the reactant side of the
equation equals that found on the product
side.

The arrow can be considered the balance point.

Steps to balancing equations
1. Write the skeleton equation
2. Assign oxidation numbers to all atoms and identify
the atom/ion whose oxidation numbers change.
3. Using the change in Oxidation numbers, write the
number of electrons transferred per atom.
4. Using the chemical formulas, determine the number
of electrons transferred per reactant.
5. Balance the electron transfer by adding coefficients
to the reactants.
6. Balance the O atoms by adding water molecules,
balance H atoms by adding H+
7. If the solution is basic, add OH- to both sides to
neutralize the H+, combine to for water and reduce.
 Example
1. Balance the following redox reaction:

Cu + NHO3 → Cu(NO3) 2 + NO + H2O

Examples
Write balanced equations to represent the following reactions in
a basic solution
(a) Fe(OH)2 + MnO4-  MnO2 + Fe(OH)3

3Fe(OH)2 + MnO4- + 2H2O  MnO2 + 3Fe(OH)3 + OH-

(b) Bi(OH)3 + SnO22-  SnO32- + Bi

2Bi(OH)3 + 3SnO22-  2Bi + 3H2O + 3SnO32-

Examples
Write balanced equations to represent the following reactions in an
acidic solution:

(a) I- + SO42-  I2 + S
6I- + 8H+ + SO42-  3I2 + S + 4H2O

(b) MnO4- + H2C2O4  Mn2+ + CO2

2MnO4- + 5H2C2O4 + 6H+  2Mn2+ + 10CO2 + 8H2O

(c) ClO3- + Cl-  Cl2 + ClO2

2Cl- + 2ClO3- + 4H+  Cl2 + 2ClO2 + 2H2O

3.2 Simple Patterns of Chemical Reactivity:
Combination, Decomposition and Combustion

- Reactions are classified by their products.

- There are several different types of chemical
reactions.
- The 5 basic types of chemical reactions we will
study are:
Combination, decomposition, Combustion,
single replacement, double replacement and
combustion reactions.
1. Combination or Synthesis
reactions
Synthesis (meaning to make) or combination
reactions are typified by their single product.

If you have a reaction in which at least 2

elements or compounds are reacted and
produce a single product, the reaction is a
synthesis reaction.
Synthesis Reactions

A + B  AB

Note: Single Product! This is your clue that

this is a synthesis or combination reaction.
2. Decomposition Reactions
Decomposition reactions are really just the
opposite of a synthesis reaction. Remember, if
you can make a substance, you should be able
to break it back apart into its components.

A good way to remember decomposition reactions

to to remember what happens when something
decomposes. It falls apart!
Decomposition Reactions
AB  A + B

Note: Single Reactant! The single reactant is

your clue that this is a decomposition
reaction.
3. Combustion Reactions
Combustion reactions are the ones that
burn (or explode!).
Most involve O2 as a reactant
These reactions are identified by their
products. They either produce carbon
dioxide and water.
Hydrocarbons compounds are very
combustible.
Combustion Reactions
CH4 + O2  CO2 + H2O

They may also be written:

CH4  CO2 + H2O
(O2 is usually written above the arrow.)

Clue: CO2 (carbon dioxide) in the product

along with water
4. Single Replacement Reactions
Single replacement reactions occur when one
chemical takes the place of another in a
reaction.

In the typical single replacement reaction, an

element trades places with one of the ions in
a compound.
Single Replacement Reactions
A + CD  AD + C

Note: Element A replaces ion C in the reaction.

The clue in this reaction is:
Element+Compound  Element + Compound
 5. Double Replacement Reactions

Double replacement reactions are identified

by two ions trading places and forming
new compounds.
 Double Replacement Reactions

AB + CD  AD + CB

Note: Notice that one ion from compound AB

replaces one ion from compound CD.
Clue:
Compound+CompoundCompound+Compound
3.3 Formula Weights and Elemental
Compositions of Substances

 The molecular weight of a substance is the

sum of the atomic weights of all the atoms in
a molecule of the substance.
 For, example, a molecule of H2O contains 2
hydrogen atoms (at 1.0 amu each) and 1 oxygen
atom (16.0 amu), giving a molecular weight of
18.0 amu
Formula Weight
 The formula weight of a substance is the
sum of the atomic weights of all the atoms in
one formula unit of the compound, whether
molecular or not.
 For example, one formula unit of NaCl contains 1
sodium atom (23.0 amu) and one chlorine atom
(35.5 amu), giving a formula weight of 58.5 amu.
Chemical composition
 Chemical composition can be defined as the
ratio and type of atoms in molecules of
chemical substances.
 specifies the identity and ratio of the chemical
elements making up a compound
3.4 Avogadro’s Number and the Mole; Molar Mass
Converting Between Masses, Moles, and
Atoms/Molecules/Ions

 The mole (symbol mol) is a unit of

measurement, the base unit in the
International System of Units (SI) for amount
of substance.
 Measures the
number
6.02 of particles in a
x1023 specific

particles substance
Avogadro's No =
6.02 x 1023
 A Mole of Particles
Contains 6.02 x 1023 particles
1 mole C = 6.02 x 1023 C atoms
1 mole H2O = 6.02 x 1023 H2O molecules
1 mole NaCl = 6.02 x 1023 NaCl “formula units”
(technically, ionic compounds are not
molecules so they are called formula units)

6.02 x 1023 Na+ ions and

6.02 x 1023 Cl– ions
Molar Mass or Gram-Formula Mass
 The Mass of 1 mole (in grams)
 Equal to the numerical value of the average
atomic mass (get from periodic table)
1 mole of C atoms = 12.0 g
1 mole of Mg atoms = 24.3 g
1 mole of Cu atoms = 63.5 g
 Class Exercise

1. Number of atoms in 0.500 mole of Al

a) 500 Al atoms
b) 6.02 x 1023 Al atoms
c) 3.01 x 1023 Al atoms

2.Number of moles of S in 1.8 x 1024 S atoms

a) 1.0 mole S atoms
b) 3.0 mole S atoms
c) 1.1 x 1048 mole S atoms

3. How many hydrogen atoms are in 2.5 moles of water?

 3.5 Formula Weights and Elemental Compositions
of Substances Molecular Formulas from Empirical
Formulas, Combustion Analysis

 Molecular Mass/Molecular Weight: If you have a single

molecule, mass is measured in amu’s instead of grams. But,
the molecular mass/weight is the same numerical value as 1
mole of molecules. Only the units are different. (This is the
beauty of Avogadro’s Number!)
 Formula Mass/Formula Weight: Same goes for
compounds. But again, the numerical value is the same.
Only the units are different
 Chemical Formulas of Compounds
 Formulas give the relative numbers of atoms or moles
of each element in a formula unit - always a whole
number ratio (the law of definite proportions).

NO2 2 atoms of O for every 1 atom of N

1 mole of NO2 2 mol of O atoms to every 1 mol of N atoms

 If we know, or can determine, the relative number of

moles of each element in a compound, we can
determine a formula for the compound.
Types of Formulas
 Empirical Formula
The formula of a compound that
expresses the smallest whole number
ratio of the atoms present.

Ionic formula are always empirical formula

 Molecular Formula
The formula that states the actual
number of each kind of atom found in one
molecule of the compound.
To obtain an Empirical Formula
1. Determine the mass in grams of each
element present, if necessary.
2. Calculate the number of moles of each
element.
3. Divide each by the smallest number of moles
to obtain the simplest whole number ratio.
4. If whole numbers are not obtained* in step 3),
multiply through by the smallest number that
will give all whole numbers
* Be careful! Do not round off numbers prematurely
A sample of a brown gas, a major air pollutant, is
found to contain 2.34 g N and 5.34g O. Determine a
formula for this substance.

require mole ratios so convert grams to moles

moles of N = 2.34g of N = 0.167 moles of N

14.01 g/mole

moles of O = 5.34 g = 0.334 moles of O

16.00 g/mole
Empirical Formula:

N0.167 O0.334 N 0.167 O 0.334  NO2

0.167 0.167
Calculation of the Molecular Formula

Question
A compound has an empirical formula
of NO2. The colorless liquid, used in
rocket engines has a molar mass of
92.0 g/mole. What is the molecular
formula of this substance?

Answer
N2O4
3.6 Reaction Stoichiometry

 Stoichiometry is the quantitative study of

reactants and products in a chemical
reaction.
 The part of chemistry that studies amounts
of substances that are involved in
reactions
 A mole ratio converts moles of one
compound in a balanced chemical
equation into moles of another compound.
1. Mole-Mass Problems

1.50 mol of KClO3 decomposes. How many

grams of KCl will be produced?
[K = 39, Cl = 35.5, O = 16]

2 KClO3 2 KCl + 3O2

Solution

 We want to produce 2.75 mol of KCl. How many

grams of KClO3 would be required?
Soln
KClO3 : KCl
2 : 2
X : 2.75
X = 2.75mol
In mass: 2.75mol X 122.55 g/mol
= 337 grams !
2. Mass-Mass Problems
- There are four steps involved in solving these
problems:
- Make sure you are working with a properly
balanced equation.
- Convert grams of the substance given in the
problem to moles.
- Construct two ratios - one from the
problem and one from the equation and set
them equal. Solve for "x," which is usually
found in the ratio from the problem.
- Convert moles of the substance just solved
for into grams.
Example
 Ammonium nitrate decomposes to dinitrogen
monoxide and water, according to the
following equation.

NH4NO3(s)→N2O(g)+2H2O(l)

 In a certain experiment, 45.7g of ammonium

nitrate is decomposed. Find the mass of each
of the products formed.
 Ans: 25.1 g N2O and 20.6 g H2O
 3. Mass-Volume Problems

- Just follow all the steps in mass-mass

problems

- The molar volume is the volume occupied by

one mole of ideal gas at STP: 22.4 L
- Molar volume is the volume of one mole of a
substance at a specified pressure & temperature.
Example

 Aluminum metal reacts rapidly with aqueous

sulfuric acid to produce aqueous aluminum
sulfate and hydrogen gas:

2Al(s)+3H2SO4(aq)→Al2(SO4)3(aq)+3H2(g)

 Determine the volume of hydrogen gas

produced at STP when a 2.00g piece of
aluminum completely reacts.
 Ans. 2.49LH2
3.7 Limiting Reactants Theoretical and Percent
Yields

 Limiting Reactant
 Completely consumed in a chemical
reaction
 Determines the amount of product formed
 The reactant that produces the least
amount of product
Definitions

 THEORETICAL YIELD
The amount of product that can be made based on
the amount of the limiting reactant
 ACTUAL YIELD
The amount of product actually or experimentally
produced
 THE PERCENT YIELD
%yield = (actual/theoretical) x 100
 Limiting Reactant Determination

I. Calculate the moles needed of each reactant

and compare with the moles given
II. Divide the moles of each reactant by its
stoichiometric coefficient and then compare
them
III. Calculate the moles of product produced by
each reactant and compare them
 Exercise:
Zn metal (2.00 g) plus solution of AgNO3 (2.50
g) reacts according to:

Zn(s) + 2 AgNO3(aq)  Zn(NO3)2+ 2 Ag(s)

1 mol 2 mol

Which is the limiting reagent?

How much Zn will be left over?
 Limiting reactant?
Zn(s) + 2 AgNO3(aq)  Zn(NO3)2+ 2 Ag(s)
1 mol 2 mol
0.0308 0.0147

In this case it seems clear that AgNO3 must be

the limiting reagent, because the equation says
we must have 2 mols of AgNO3 for each mol of
Zn(s), but in fact we have more moles of Zn(s).
 How much Zn is left over?
 Use the limiting reactant to determine this:

0.0147 mol AgNO3 x 1 mol Zn x 65 g Zn

2 mol AgNO3 1 mol Zn

= 0.47775 g Zn
 Subtract this from the amount of Zn available:
2.00 g Zn - 0.4775g Zn = 1.52 g Zn in excess
 Percent Yield:
Theoretical yield:
The quantity of product that forms if all of
the limiting reagent reacts is called the
theoretical yield.

Percent yield = actual yield x 100

Theoretical yield
 Problem:
10.4 g of Ba(OH)2 was reacted with an excess of Na2SO4 to
give a precipitate of BaSO4. If the reaction actually yielded
11.2 g of BaSO4, what is a) the theoretical yield of BaSO4
and b) what is the percentage yield of BaSO4?

Ba(OH)2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq)  BaSO4(s) + 2 NaOH(aq)

 Step 1. Convert to moles:
Ba(OH)2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq)  BaSO4(s) + 2 NaOH(aq)
1 mole 1 mole 1 mole 2 moles

Moles Ba(OH)2:

Mol. Mass Ba(OH)2 = 137.3 + 2 x (16.0 + 1.0)

= 171.3 g/mol
Moles = 10.4 g x 1 mol = 0.0607 moles
171.3 g
 Step 2. How much BaSO4 will be formed?
Ba(OH)2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq)  BaSO4(s) + 2 NaOH(aq)
1 mole 1 mole 1 mole 2 moles
0.0607 moles 0.0607 moles

When it says that one reagent is in excess, that means we

do not have to worry about that reagent, and the other one
is the limiting reagent, in this case the BaSO4.
We see that 1 mole of Ba(OH)2 will produce 1 mole of
BaSO4. Our factor is thus 0.0607, and we will get 0.0607
moles of BaSO4.
 Percentage yield

Percent yield = actual yield x 100 %

Theoretical yield

= 11.2 g x 100 %
14.17 g

= 79.o4 % yield
Review Problems 1

1A. What is the percent yield of CO when 30.0 g O2 are

used? The actual yield is 40.0 g CO.
2C(g) + O2(g) → 2CO(g)

76.2 % yield
1B. Balance the equation showing the oxidation of Fe2+
ions to Fe3+ ions by dichromate ions (Cr2O72-) in an
acidic medium

 Fe2+ + Cr2O72-  Fe3+ + Cr3+

Review Problems 2

 Write a balanced equation to represent the

oxidation of iodide ion (I-) by permanganate ion
(MnO4-) in basic solution to yield molecular
iodine (I2) and manganese (IV) oxide (MnO2)

I- + MnO4- → I2 + MnO2
Review Problems 3

Balance the following redox equation which

occurs in basic solution

Mn2+ + H2O2  MnO2 + H2O

Review Problems 4

 How many liters of hydrogen can be

produced from the reaction of 80.0 g of CH4
and 16.3 g of water? What is the limiting
reactant?
CH4 + 2H2O → 4H2(g) + CO2(g)

 Water is limiting
 40.5 L Hydrogen is Produced
 Review Problems 5

 2.50 g of hydrogen is reacted with 30.0 L of

carbon monoxide at STP. What is the limiting
reactant? What mass of CH3OH is produced?
How much excess is left over?
CO(g) + 2H2 → CH3O

Hydrogen is limiting reactant

19.9 𝑔 𝐶𝐻3OH is produced
16.1 L of CO in excess
JiSaL Gen. Chem. Chap. 3