GENERAL CHEMISTRY

Lecturer

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Dinh Thang

(Food and Health Technology, Faculty of Advanced Technology
and Engineering – FATE, VJU)

Specialty: Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Research Interests
 Cancer research
 Natural compounds
 Biomaterials
  Cancer research

a b

Number of colonies in lung

100

80

60
sh-Control clone
40
**
20

0
sh-Control sh-DTX3L
HE HE DTX3L-IHC
sh-DTX3L clone staining staining

Knockdown DTX3L suppressed metastasis of cancer cells

to lungs of nude mice
  Natural compounds
A B

Malformations (%)

Lethality (%)
C
D F
Hatching (%)

t
e
n

E G
n

e t
Concentration (µg/mL)

Toxic Effects of Croton kongensis extract on Zebrafish embryos

  Biomaterials and their applications

180
Properties 160
140
120

Intensity (cps)
100
80
Ni-M/A beads 60
40
20
0
5
11.84
18.68
25.52
32.36
39.2
46.04
52.88
59.72
66.56
73.4
2-theta (deg)

Target band of
Protein
Purified the His-tagged
pool
His- protein
+ His-tagged SDS
Elution tagged
Ni-M/A Protein PAGE
beads
M protein

N O O N
M/A beads
 COURSE OUTLINE
Chapter 1: CHEMICAL FORMULAS AND COMPOSITION STOICHIOMETRY
Chapter 2: MATTER AND ENERGY
Chapter 3: CHEMICAL EQUATIONS AND REACTION STOICHIOMETRY
Chapter 4: SOME TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Chapter 5: THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS
Chapter 6: CHEMICAL BONDING
Chapter 7: MOLECULAR STRUCTURE AND COVALENT BONDING THEORIES
Chapter 8-9: AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS, REACTIONS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
Chapter 10: CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS
Chapter 11: METHODS FOR QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
 TÀI LIỆU THAM KHẢO

• Lâm Ngọc Thiềm. Cấu tạo chất đại cương. NXB ĐHQG.
• Vũ Đăng Độ. Cơ sở lý thuyết các quá trình hóa học.
NXB Giáo dục Hà Nội.
• Steven S. Zumdall. Chemical Principles (5 th edition).
Houghton Mifflin.
 HÌNH THỨC KIỂM TRA

• Thường xuyên: 20%

• Giữa kì: 20%
• Cuối kì: 60%
 Chapter 1
CHEMICAL FORMULAS AND
COMPOSITION STOICHIOMETRY
• Stoichiometry describes the quantitative
relationships among elements in compounds
(composition stoichiometry) and among
substances as they undergo chemical
changes (reaction stoichiometry).
OUTLINE
1 Atoms and Molecules
2 Chemical Formulas
3 Ions and Ionic Compounds
4 Atomic Weights
5 The Mole
6 Formula Weights, Molecular Weights, and Moles
7 Percent Composition and Formulas of Compounds
8 Derivation of Formulas from Elemental Composition
9 Determination of Molecular Formulas
10 Purity of Samples
OBJECTIVES
After you have studied this chapter, you should be able to
• Understand some early concepts of atoms
• Combine simple ions to write formulas and names of some
ionic compounds
• Recognize and use weights and mole relationships
• Interconvert masses, moles, and formulas
• Determine percent compositions in compounds
• Determine formulas from composition
• Perform calculations of purity of substances
 ATOMS AND MOLECULES

• The term “atom” comes from the Greek language and means
“not divided” or “indivisible.”
• An atom is the smallest particle of an element that maintains its
chemical identity through all chemical and physical changes.
• Atoms consist principally of three fundamental particles:
electrons, protons, and neutrons.
• The atomic number (symbol is Z) of an element is defined as the
number of protons in the nucleus
• An atom contains equal numbers of electrons and protons
 ATOMS AND MOLECULES
• A molecule is the smallest particle of an element or compound
that can have a stable independent existence.
• In nearly all molecules, two or more atoms are bonded together
in very small, discrete units (particles) that are electrically neutral.
• Molecules that contain two or more atoms are called polyatomic
molecules.
 CHEMICAL
FORMULAS
• The chemical formula for
a substance shows its
chemical composition.
• Some elements exist in
more than one form.
• Compounds contain two
or more elements in
chemical combination in
fixed proportions.
• The structural formula
shows the order in which
atoms are connected.
IONS AND IONIC COMPOUNDS
NAMES AND FORMULAS OF
SOME IONIC COMPOUNDS

Ionic compounds (clockwise, from

top): salt (sodium chloride, NaCl),
calcite (calcium carbonate, CaCO3),
cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate,
(CoCl2 6H2O), fluorite (calcium
fluoride, CaF2).
 ATOMIC WEIGHTS & THE MOLE
 Atomic mass unit (amu or Da) = 1/12 of the mass of a carbon-12.
 The mole (mol) is defined as the amount of substance that
contains N particles (N = Avogadro's number = 6.022 x 1023)
 Molar mass is the mass of one mole of atoms of a pure
element in grams is numerically equal to the atomic weight
of that element. Its unit is grams/mole (or g/mol).

Ex1. How many moles of atoms does 136.9 g of iron metal contain?
Ex2. How many atoms are contained in 2.451 mol of iron?
 FORMULA WEIGHTS, MOLECULAR WEIGHTS,
AND MOLES

The formula weight (FW) of a substance is the sum of the atomic

weights (AW) of the elements in the formula.
Ex1. How many (a) moles of O2, (b) O2 molecules, and (c) O
atoms are contained in 40.0 g of oxygen gas at 25°C?
Ex2. Calculate the number of hydrogen atoms in 39.6 g of
ammonium sulfate, (NH4)2SO4?
PERCENT COMPOSITION AND FORMULAS
OF COMPOUNDS
DERIVATION OF FORMULAS FROM ELEMENTAL
COMPOSITION

The simplest (or empirical) formula for a compound is the

smallest whole-number ratio of atoms present.

For molecular compounds the molecular formula indicates the

actual numbers of atoms present in a molecule of the compound.
It may be the same as the simplest formula or else some whole-
number multiple of it.
 DETERMINATION OF MOLECULAR FORMULAS

Percent composition data yield only simplest formulas. To

determine the molecular formula for a molecular compound, both
its simplest formula and its molecular weight must be known.

Glucose: C6H12O6 = (CH2O)6

Ex1. A 20.882-gram sample of an ionic compound is
found to contain 6.072 grams of Na, 8.474 grams of S,
and 6.336 grams of O. What is its simplest formula?
Ex2. A 0.1014-g sample of a purified organic compound
was burned to produce 0.1486 g of CO2 and 0.0609 g of
H2O. Other experiments show that its molecular weight
is approximately 180 amu. Determine:
(a) the masses of C, H, and O in the sample;
(b) the percentages of these elements in glucose;
(c) the simplest formula the molecular formula of the
compound.
 Chapter 2
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS AND REACTION
STOICHIOMETRY
 OUTLINE
1 Chemical Equations
2 Calculations Based on Chemical Equations
3 The Limiting Reactant Concept
4 Percent Yields from Chemical Reactions
5 Sequential Reactions
6 Concentrations of Solutions
7 Dilution of Solutions
8 Using Solutions in Chemical Reactions
 OBJECTIVES
After you have studied this chapter, you should be able to

• Write balanced chemical equations

• Interpret balanced chemical equations to calculate the moles of
reactants and products involved in each of the reactions
• Determine which reactant is the limiting reactant in reactions
• Compare the amount of substance actually formed in a
reaction, and determine the percent yield
• Calculate concentrations of solutions when they are diluted
 CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
Chemical equations are used to describe chemical reactions,
and they show (1) the substances that react, called reactants;
(2) the substances formed, called products; and (3) the relative
amounts of the substances involved.
Balancing Chemical Equations
 Balancing Chemical Equations

Ex1. What mass of oxygen is required to react

completely with 1.20 mol of CH4?

Ex2. What mass of oxygen is required to react

completely with 24.0 g of CH4?
 THE LIMITING REACTANT CONCEPT

• The calculations were based on the substance that was

used up first, called the limiting reactant.
 THE LIMITING REACTANT CONCEPT

Ex1. What is the maximum mass of Ni(OH)2 that

could be prepared by mixing two solutions that
contain 25.9 g of NiCl2 and 10.0 g of NaOH?
 PERCENT YIELDS FROM CHEMICAL REACTIONS

The theoretical yield from a chemical reaction is the yield

calculated by assuming that the reaction goes to completion.
In practice we often do not obtain as much product from a
reaction mixture as is theoretically possible.
Ex1. Consider the preparation of nitrobenzene, C6H5NO2,
by the reaction of a limited amount of benzene, C6H6, with
excess nitric acid, HNO3. The balanced equation for the
reaction may be written as

A 15.6-gram sample of C6H6 is mixed with excess HNO3. We

isolate 18.0 grams of C6H5NO2. What is the percent yield of
C6H5NO2 in this reaction?
 SEQUENTIAL REACTIONS

Often more than one reaction is required to change starting

materials into the desired product. This is true for many
reactions that we carry out in the laboratory and for many
industrial processes. These are called sequential reactions.

The amount of desired product from each reaction is taken as

the starting material for the next reaction.
 SEQUENTIAL REACTIONS

Glycolysis
2
G’° = -146 kJ/mol

GLUCOSE
 Glycolysis

GLUCOSE
Insulin
Signaling
Cascade
CONCENTRATIONS OF SOLUTIONS
 CONCENTRATIONS OF SOLUTIONS

Ex1. Calculate the mass of nickel(II) sulfate, NiSO4, contained

in 200 g of a 6% solution of NiSO4.

Ex2. A 6% NiSO4 solution contains 40.0 g of NiSO4. Calculate

the mass of the solution.
 DENSITY, VOLUME & MASS

• Volume – How much space an object or substance

takes up.
• Mass – Measurement of the amount of matter in
an object or substance.
• Density – How much space an object or substance
takes up (its volume) in relation to the amount of
matter in that object or substance (its mass).

Density = (Mass/Volume)
 DENSITY, VOLUME & MASS

Ex1. Calculate the mass of NiSO4 present in 200 mL of

a 6% solution of NiSO4. The density of the solution is
1.06 g/mL at 25°C.

Ex2. What volume of a solution that is 15.0% iron(III)

nitrate contains 30.0 g of Fe(NO3)3? The density of the
solution is 1.16 g/mL at 25°C.
 VOLUME,
DENSITY AND
SPECIFIC GRAVITY

• Specific Gravity (SG) is

the ratio of the density
of a substance to the
density of water
• SG = (mass of a volume
V of a material)/(mass
of a volume V of water)
 MOLARITY

Molarity (M), or molar concentration, is a common unit for

expressing the concentrations of solutions.
Molarity is defined as the number of moles of solute per liter of
solution. Molarity therefore depends on temperature and pressure.
• Ex1. Calculate the molarity (M) of a solution that
contains 3.65 grams of HCl in 2.00 liters of solution.

• Ex2. Calculate the mass of Ba(OH)2 required to

prepare 2.50 L of a 0.0600 M solution of barium
hydroxide.

• Ex3. A sample of commercial sulfuric acid is 96.4%

H2SO4 by mass, and its specific gravity is 1.84.
Calculate the molarity of this sulfuric acid solution.
DILUTION OF SOLUTIONS

Multiplication of the volume

of a solution, in liters, by its
molar concentration gives
the amount of solute in the
solution.
• Ex1. How many milliliters of 18.0 M H2SO4
are required to prepare 1.00 L of a 0.900 M
solution of H2SO4?
• Ex2. Calculate (a) the number of moles of
H2SO4 and (b) the number of grams of H2SO4
in 500. mL of 0.324 M H2SO4 solution.
• Ex3. Find the volume in liters and in
milliliters of a 0.505 M NaOH solution
required to react with 40.0 mL of 0.505 M
H2SO4 solution according to the reaction
Ex4. Calculate the volume in liters
and in milliliters of a 0.324 M
solution of sulfuric acid required to
react completely with 2.792 grams
of Na2CO3 according to the equation