Scribd
Upload
27 views41 pages

OFC - PPT - Optical Sources - Neeraj - Singh

The document discusses the principles and applications of LEDs and lasers, highlighting the mechanisms of light emission in LEDs and the stimulated emission process in lasers. It covers the structure of LEDs, types of lasers, and specific applications such as optical communication and medical devices. Key concepts include the P-N junction, direct and indirect bandgap materials, and the unique properties of DFB lasers.

Uploaded by

sudhanshu.pandey22
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
27 views41 pages

OFC - PPT - Optical Sources - Neeraj - Singh

The document discusses the principles and applications of LEDs and lasers, highlighting the mechanisms of light emission in LEDs and the stimulated emission process in lasers. It covers the structure of LEDs, types of lasers, and specific applications such as optical communication and medical devices. Key concepts include the P-N junction, direct and indirect bandgap materials, and the unique properties of DFB lasers.

Uploaded by

sudhanshu.pandey22
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 41

OPTICAL SOURCE

LED & LASER


Leading and Innovating Together

NEERAJ SINGH
AGENDA :-

-Introduction
-LED Principle
-Applications
-LASER Principle
-Grating
-DFB Laser
-Applications
Light Emitting Diode (LED ):
• A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits
light when current flows through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine
with electron holes, releasing energy in the form of photons. The colour of the
light (corresponding to the energy of the photons) is determined by the energy
required for electrons to cross the band gap of the semiconductor.
SPECTRUM :-
Wavelength & Frequency :
Step :
P-N JUNCTION :-
Equation
LED Structure :
Application :-

• Lighting
• Display – Electronic display (Smart Phone ), Dot Matrix Display(Text ,
Message )
• Medical Application – LED Therapy, Medical Device (Endoscope &
Diagnostic tools )
• Other Application- Horticulture , Machine Vision
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Amplification :-
Type of LASER:-

1. Semiconductor Laser : LASER diode (Gain medium- Semiconductor)


DFB Laser(1310 nm,1550nm) , Fabry Perot Laser
2. Fiber Laser : Gain medium (Fiber)
3. Solid state Laser : Gain Medium- Crystal (YAG)
4. Gas Laser : Gain Medium (HeNe, CO2)
5. Liquid Laser: (Gain Medium – Dye)
DFB Laser
Concept :- Grating / Fiber Bragg grating
• A diffraction grating is able to disperse a beam of various wavelengths
into a spectrum of associated lines because of the principle of
diffraction: in any particular direction, only those waves of a given
wavelength will be conserved, all the rest being destroyed because of
interference with one another
Key Feature:
• Single-Frequency Emission
• High Stability
• Distributed Feedback:
Unlike traditional lasers that rely on mirrors at the ends of the cavity, DFB lasers use
a grating within the active region to provide feedback for laser oscillation
• Materials:
DFB lasers can be made from various materials, including indium-phosphide and
gallium-indium-arsenide-antimony

Application
1.Optical Communication
2.Sensing
3. Spectroscopy
Thank you
P-N Junction

Definition:
A P-N junction is an interface or a boundary between two semiconductor
material types, namely the p-type and the n-type, inside a semiconductor. In a
semiconductor, the P-N junction is created by the method of doping.

Semiconductors (Tetravalent)
Materials like silicon (Si) or germanium (Ge) that have electrical conductivity
between that of a conductor and an insulator.

P-type Semiconductor (Trivalent) - Hole


Created by doping a semiconductor (like silicon) with impurities that have
fewer valence electrons than the host atoms (e.g., boron or aluminum). This
creates "holes" (electron vacancies) that act as positive charge carriers.

N-type Semiconductor (Pentavalent) - Electron


Created by doping a semiconductor with impurities that have more valence
electrons than the host atoms (e.g., phosphorus or arsenic). This creates excess
electrons that act as negative charge carriers.

P-n Junction:
The interface between a p-type and an n-type semiconductor material.
The process of adding impurities to a pure tetravalent substance is known as
doping
LED
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits
light when current flows through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine
with electron holes, releasing energy in the form of photons.
The color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photons) is
determined by the energy required for electrons to cross the band gap of the
semiconductor

Physics of Light Production & Emission –


In a light-emitting diode, the recombination of electrons and electron holes in a
semiconductor produces light (be it infrared, visible or UV), a process called
"electroluminescence". The wavelength of the light depends on the energy band
gap of the semiconductors used
Unlike a laser, the light emitted from an LED is neither spectrally coherent nor
even highly monochromatic. Its spectrum is sufficiently narrow that it appears
to the human eye as a pure (saturated) color. Also unlike most lasers, its
radiation is not spatially coherent, so it cannot approach the very
high intensity characteristic of lasers.

Direct Bandgap:
 The top of the valence band and the bottom of the conduction band occur at the
same momentum (k-vector).
 An electron can directly transition from the valence band to the conduction band
by absorbing or emitting a photon, without changing its momentum.
 This makes direct bandgap materials efficient for light emission (e.g., LEDs,
lasers).
 Examples of direct bandgap materials include hydrogenated amorphous silicon
and some III–V materials like InAs and GaAs.

Indirect Bandgap:
 The top of the valence band and the bottom of the conduction band occur at
different momentum (k-vector).
 An electron transitioning between bands requires the absorption or emission of a
phonon (a quantum of lattice vibration) to conserve momentum.
 This indirect transition makes indirect bandgap materials less efficient for light
emission but still useful for electronics and solar cells.
 Examples of indirect bandgap materials include crystalline silicon and
germanium.
LASER

Lasers work by the principle of stimulated emission, where excited atoms


release photons of light, and these photons then stimulate further emission,
resulting in a concentrated, coherent beam.
The basic physical principles underpinning lasers revolve around stimulated
emission and population inversion. The resulting light has the properties of
coherence, collimation, monochromaticity and directionality making it more
powerful than other forms of light
Explanation:

 Atomic Excitation:
Lasers begin with atoms or molecules in a material (like a crystal, gas, or
semiconductor) that are excited to a higher energy level, often by an external
energy source like electricity or light.
 Population Inversion:
To create a laser, a process called "population inversion" is crucial. This
means that more atoms are in the excited state than in the lower energy ground
state.
 Stimulated Emission:
When an excited atom encounters a photon of the correct energy, it can release
another photon of the same energy, wavelength, and phase, effectively
amplifying the light. This process is called stimulated emission.
 Coherent Light:
The resulting photons are all in phase, creating a coherent beam of light.

Optical Resonator:
Lasers typically use an optical resonator, which consists of two mirrors that
reflect the light back and forth, further amplifying the light and creating a
focused beam.

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy