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Current

The document covers fundamental concepts of electric current, Ohm's Law, and the behavior of conductors under electric fields. It explains the definitions of electric current, conductance, resistivity, and the limitations of Ohm's Law, distinguishing between Ohmic and Non-Ohmic conductors. Additionally, it introduces concepts like drift velocity, relaxation time, and the relationship between current and drift velocity, along with tasks for further understanding.

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kaur-saini 48
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4 views62 pages

Current

The document covers fundamental concepts of electric current, Ohm's Law, and the behavior of conductors under electric fields. It explains the definitions of electric current, conductance, resistivity, and the limitations of Ohm's Law, distinguishing between Ohmic and Non-Ohmic conductors. Additionally, it introduces concepts like drift velocity, relaxation time, and the relationship between current and drift velocity, along with tasks for further understanding.

Uploaded by

kaur-saini 48
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CURRENT ELECTRICITY

Learning objectives
Enables students
• To understand electric current and electricity
in a conductor
• To understand Ohm's Law and Its limitations.
Electric current
• Charges in motion constitute an electric
current
• When current steady
• The rate of flow of charge through any cross-
section of a conductor is called electric current
flowing through it.
• 𝐈 = 𝐪/ 𝐭
• Unit of electric current = coulomb /second
=C/s =ampere (A)
• When current is not steady
• The current at time t across the cross-section
of the conductor is defined as the ratio of ∆Q
to ∆t in the limit of ∆t tending to zero,
Electric Currents in Conductors
• When no electric field is present:-
• The electrons will be moving due to thermal
motion .
• During motion electrons collide with the fixed
ions.
• The direction of its velocity after the collision
is completely random.
• The average velocity of electrons will be zero.
So, there will be no net electric current.
• When an electric field is present:-

• The electrons will be


accelerated due to this field towards +Q.
• They will thus move to neutralise the charges
and constitute an electric current.
• Hence there will be a current for a very short
while and no current thereafter.
• To maintain a steady electric field in the body
of the conductor we use cells or batteries.
Ohm’s Law
Ohm’s Law : Experimental verification
Conductance
• The reciprocal of resistance is called
Conductance
• C = 1/R
•
Resistivity of a Conductor
• The resistance of a conductor is directly proportional
to length 𝑙 of the conductor and inversely
proportional to the cross-sectional area, A.

• where the constant of proportⅈonalⅈty ρ ⅈs called


resistivity. Resistivity depends on the material of the
conductor but not on its dimensions.
Ohm’s Law in Vector Form
Limitations of Ohm’s Law
• Ohmic Conductors
Conductors which obey
Ohm’s law are called Ohmic
conductors.
• The Voltage – Current graph of
such conductors will be linear
Eg:- metals ,Nichrome
• Non - Ohmic Conductors
The materials and devices used in electric
circuits which do not obey Ohm’s law are called
Non – Ohmic conductors.
So V-I graphs not linear.
Eg:- Semiconductors, Diodes , Transistors.
• The deviations broadly are one or more of the
following types:
a) The value of V stops to be proportional to I
b) The value of current changes when we
reverse the direction of V.
c) The relation between V and I ⅈs not unique,
i.e., there is more than one value of V for the
same current I.
AFL
• Task 1
What are the factors affecting Ohm’s law
• Task 2
Derive the vector formula of Ohm’s law
• Task 3
The storage battery of a car has an emf of 12 V. If
the internal resistance of the battery is 0.4 Ω, what
is the maximum current that can be drawn from the
battery?
Success Criteria
• I can understand electric current and
electricity in a conductor
• I can understand Ohm's Law and Its
limitations.
Drift Velocity
Relaxation Time
• The average time interval between two
successive collisions is called relaxation time(τ)
𝑣𝑑 ∝ 𝛕
Relation connecting Drift Velocity and
Current
Consider a metallic wire
area of cross section A , and
current I is flowing through it.
Let n be the number of electrons per unit
volume
Distance travelled by an electron in time ∆𝑡 = ∆𝑥
∆𝑥= 𝑣𝑑 ∆𝑡 ………….(1)
Volume of the conductor = A∆𝑥
=A 𝑣𝑑 ∆𝑡 ……..(2)
Number of electrons in the conductor = n x volume
= n A 𝑣𝑑 ∆𝑡 ………..(3)
Total charge of electrons in the conductor ,
q= Number of electrons x e
q = n e A 𝑣𝑑 ∆𝑡 ……………………(4)
𝑞 n e A 𝑣𝑑 ∆𝑡
Current I = =
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡
I =n e A 𝑣𝑑
Mobility
• Conducivty arises from mobile charge carriers.
In metals- electrons.
In an ionised gas- electrons and positive charged ions.
In an electrolyte- both positive and negative ions.
• Mobility µ defined as the magnitude of the drift velocity per
unit electric field.
AFL
1. Derive the relation connecting drift
velocity and current
2. Find the equation of current density and
conductivity using I =n e A 𝑣𝑑
Current density
3. A current of 5 A is passing through a metallic
wire of cross-sectional area 4 x 10−6 𝑚2 . If the
density of the charge carrier in the wire is 5 x
1026 𝑚−3 . Find the drift speed of the electron.
Temperature Dependence Of
Resistivity
Find ∝ ? ? ?
ELECTRICAL ENERGY ANDPOWER
Learning objectives
Enable students to
• Understand energy and power
• Find out emf and internal resistance
• States Kirchhoff’s rule
Energy
AFL
• Task 1
State Kirchhoff’s rules
• Task 2
A battery of emf 10 V and internal resistance 3Ω is connected to a resistor. If
the current in the circuit is 0.5 A, what is the resistance of the resistor? What
is the terminal voltage of the battery when the circuit is closed?
• Task 3
At room temperature 27℃, the resistance of a heating element is 100Ω. What
is the temperature of the element if the resistance is found to be 117Ω, given
that the temperature coefficient of the material of the resistor is
1.70×10−4 ℃−1 ?
• Task 3
• Task 2
• I can understand energy and power
• I can find out emf and internal resistance
• I can state Kirchhoff’s rules
Wheatstone Bridge

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