OHMS LAW

Presented by
Syed Muhammad Irtaza
Musaid Ullah Khan
Aizaz Khizar
Shazil Amjad
 1 Electric Current and Voltage

2 Current Density

Table of
Contents 3 Resistance

4 Ohms law and its applications

5 Questionnaire
Electric Current
• Electric Current is flow charge per unit time.
I=Q/t
where Q is the total charge and t is the time.
Q=Nq
N is no of charges and q is the value of
elementary charge.
Si unit for current is Ampere

• Charge is a characteristic of matter. The small

particles carry charge from one point to another and
these small particles are charge carriers.

• For metals the charge carriers are free electrons, for

electrolytes they’re cations and anions and for semi
conductors charge carriers are electrons and holes.
• Electric current is produced when
electrons flow. These electrons
always flow from a negatively
charged to a positively charged
end. This is the electron flow.

• Now coming to the convectional

current, in the previous days it was
assumed that current flows from
positive to negative end and it is
widely held today. This is called
the convectional current flow. The
diagram to the left makes it
clearer.
.
 Voltage
•  We define voltage as the amount of
potential energy between two
points on a circuit.
• One point has more charge than
another. This difference in charge
between the two points is called
voltage.
• Voltage can also be termed as Work
done per coulomb charge.
Fixed Resistor
v=
Emf also knows as source voltage is the energy supplied
There are two types of voltages to the unit charge by the cell. Potential difference is the
1: EMF (Electromotive Force) energy dissipated as the unit charge passes through the
2: PD (Potential Difference) components. Emf is the cause. Potential difference is the
effect.
Current, Voltage and Power relationship
 
V= I=

V= Q=It

V= P=

P=VI Fixed Resistor

According the power formula, It says that Current is inversely proportional

to the voltage if power remain same.
CURRENT Density
Current Density

  The number of charge Volume of the conductor

carriers per unit area is
knows as current
density and number of V=AL
charge carriers per unit
volume is charge Hence total no of
density. charge carriers in
n= a conductor
(cylinder) is
n is the charge density
N=nV
N=nV N=nAL
 Current and Drift Velocity Relationship

•   The charge carriers are moving in the conductor with drift velocity V,
Conductor covers the Length of L in time t. Hence drift velocity can be written as

Test Charge VD=

d • Since in metals the charge carriers are free electrons Q can be written
Diameter as Ne
I N=(nAL)

I
L I

I=nAVe
 Case 2
Conductor •   In The given diagram the diameters of two conductors are different
joined together in series. The value of current in both conductors
I would be same due to law of conservation of charge.
Test Charge
I • The drift velocity in A will be less than the drift velocity in B because

d
Diameter
V 4V VD=
V∝ A=

ie drift velocity V is inversely proportional to the Area

L and it follows inverse square law since cross
Sectional area of the conductor is a circle.
RESISTANCE
It is the hindrance in path of current
or charge. To pass resistance the
charge needs to do work.

 
Unit Ohm Ω
• All materials resist
current flow to some
degree.
Fixed Resistor Variable Resistor Lamp
• R=
Fixed resistors are the A variable resistor is a The reason why a
• R is resistance
• is resistivity resistors whose resistor of which the Lamp glows is
• L is Length resistance does not electric resistance that electricity is
• A is Area change with the value can be forced through
change in voltage or adjusted. tungsten, which is a
temperature. resistor.
 OHMS LAW
Ohms law states that in a closed
circuit voltage is directly V=IR IV GRAPH
proportional to current. When
the temperature of the circuit
remains constant.
V∝R  
V=IR
I A
R=
B
• This law only applies on Ohmic
conductors. C
• For Ohmic conductors, their IV
graph is in straight line passing Fixed Resistor
through the origin.
• The gradient of IV graph of V
Ohmic conductors is inverse of If we reciprocate the  Gradient =
resistance (conductance). gradient of IV graph A has the least
we will get 1/R which resistance and C has
is the conductance. the most ie more the
gradient less the
resistance
 Factors Affecting
Resistance
1) Temperature

A Metal Conductors B Semi Conductors C Electrolytes

For Metals when temperature In semi conductors (non Ohmic In electrolytes (non Ohmic
increases, resistance increases. conductors) when temperature conductors) when temperature
increases, resistance decreases. increases, resistance decreases.
Eg: Thermistor
Note: For Non Ohmic conductors,
the IV graph is not a straight line
or does not pass through origin.
Applications Of
Ohms Law Fan Kettles

Daily life Fuse Heater

examples
 Applications
Of Ohms law

1 Conventional Domestic Fans 2 Electric Heaters 3 Electric Kettles and Irons

We can control the speed of the The heaters have a metal coil The electric kettle and irons have a
fans at our homes by moving which has high resistance that lot of resistors in them. The
the regulator to and fro. Here permits a certain amount of resistors limit the amount of
the current flowing through the current to flow through them to current to flow through them to
fan is controlled by regulating provide the required heat. Also, provide the required amount of
the resistance through the the power to be supplied to the heat. The size of resistors used in
regulator. heaters is calculated using this them is determined by using
law. Ohm’s law.
 Applications
Of Ohms law

4 Design of Electric Devices 5 Fuse Design 6 Mobile or Laptop Charger

The electronic devices such as Fuses are the protection Mobile and Laptop chargers use
laptop and mobile phones require components that limit the amount DC power supply in the
a DC power supply with the specific of current flowing through the operation. DC power supply
current. Many devices need a circuit and to establish a certain provides a variable output voltage
certain amount of current and amount of voltage. They are based on the resistance and the
voltage to operate. Ohms law tells connected in the series in the overall working is controlled by
us the amount of resistance we device. Ohms law is used to figure Ohm’s law.
need to establish a certain current out which resistors are needed..
with a certain amount of voltage.
Filament Lamp 💡
• Filament lamp is non-Ohmic
though it has tungsten metal IV GRAPH
wire because its temperature
doesn’t remain constant.
• For a metal when heated, it I P Point P
becomes red hot at about IP
Absolute point
900-100 C.
• For non-Ohmic conductors, the C
gradient is not equivalent to the
resistance but the resistance is Fixed Resistor
equals to the value of voltage
V
divided by value of current at an VP
absolute point.
• The resistance can be found by  
Inverse of the gradient
drawing a straight line from the of the straight line   R=
origin to the point at which drawn will be resistance.
resistance is required.
R=
Questionnaire
A copper wire of diameter 4.0 mm carries current of 6.0 A. Assume the density of copper is
2.9x103 kg/m3 and the atomic mass of copper is 63.5 g/mol. Calculate
1
a) Current density
b) Drift velocity

The cross–sectional area of the copper in the cable is 2.28 × 10–7 m2 . The resistance of the
2 copper in a 1.0 m length of the cable is 0.075 Ω. Calculate the resistivity of the copper,
stating an appropriate unit.

3 If the voltage of the circuit is 12V and the resistance is 40 Ω, what is the power generated?
THANK
YOU