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Adjustable DC Power Supply

The document is a technical report on an Adjustable DC Power Supply created by Saif Ahmad and others for a course at Khulna University of Engineering & Technology. It details the objectives, theory, components, circuit design, and practical aspects of the power supply, including voltage regulation and short circuit protection. The report concludes with an analysis of the results, advantages, limitations, and references related to the project.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
12 views12 pages

Adjustable DC Power Supply

The document is a technical report on an Adjustable DC Power Supply created by Saif Ahmad and others for a course at Khulna University of Engineering & Technology. It details the objectives, theory, components, circuit design, and practical aspects of the power supply, including voltage regulation and short circuit protection. The report concludes with an analysis of the results, advantages, limitations, and references related to the project.

Uploaded by

67v8tzkjdq
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Adjustable DC Power Supply

Technical Report · September 2018

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KHULNA UNIVERSITY OF
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering
Report on: Adjustable DC Power Supply

Course No: ECE-2200


Group: B-18
2nd Year-2nd Term

Submitted to:
Mr. Shuvasish Shaha
Lecturer of the Department of ECE, KUET
Md. Faisal Hossain
Lecturer of the Department of ECE, KUET
Submitted By:
Sayed Mohammed Tasmimul Huda (1609052)
H.M. Ragib Shahrear Alam (1609053)
Saif Ahmad (1609054)
Objectives:
1. To know about voltage regulation.
2. To learn about high voltage projection.
3. To learn about low voltage protection.
4. To get knowledge about fine tuning.
5. To know about short circuit protection.

Introduction:

The electrical power is almost exclusively generated, transmitted and distributed in the form of
ac because of economical consideration but for operation of most of the electronic devices and
circuits, dc supply is required. Dry cells and batteries can be used for this purpose. No doubt,
they have the advantages of being portable and ripple free but their voltages are low, they need
frequent replacement and are expensive in comparison to conventional dc power supplies.

Now a days, almost all electronic equipment include a circuit that converts ac supply into dc
supply. The part of equipment that converts ac into dc is called DC power supply. In general
at the input of the power supply there is a power transformer. It is followed by a rectifier (a diode
circuit) a smoothing filter and then by a voltage regulator circuit.

From the block diagram, the basic power supply is constituted by four elements viz
a transformer, a rectifier, a filter, and a regulator put together. The output of the dc power
supply is used to provide a constant dc voltage across the load. Let us briefly outline the function
of each of the elements of the dc power supply.

Transformer is used to step-up or step-down (usually to step-down) the-supply voltage as per


need of the solid-state electronic devices and circuits to be supplied by the dc power supply. It
can provide isolation from the supply line-an important safety consideration. It may also include
internal shielding to prevent unwanted electrical noise signal on the power line from getting into
the power supply and possibly disturbing the load.

Theory:

The power circuit operates in well-defined stages with each stage serving a specific purpose. The
circuit operates in the following stages –
1. AC to AC Conversion
2. AC to DC Conversion – Full Wave Rectification
3. Smoothing
4. Compensation of Transient Current
5. Voltage Regulation
6. Voltage Adjustment
7. Current Amplification
8. Short Circuit Protection
AC to AC Conversion

The voltage of Main Supplies (Electricity fed by the intermediate transformer after stepping down
line voltage from generating station) is approximately 220-230V AC which further needs to be
stepped down to 30V level. To reduce the 220V AC to 30V AC, a step-down transformer is used.

The circuit takes some drop in the output voltage due to resistive loss. Therefore a transformer of
high voltage rating greater than the required 30 V needs to be taken. The transformer should
provide 2A current at the output. The most suitable step-down transformer that meets the
mentioned voltage and current requirements is 18V-0-18V/2A. This transformer step downs the
main line voltage to 36V AC, as shown in the below image.

FIG 1.1: Circuit Diagram for ac to ac conversion.

AC to DC Conversion-Full Wave Rectification

The stepped down AC voltage needs to be converted to DC voltage through rectification. The
rectification is the process of converting AC voltage to DC voltage. There are two ways to convert
an AC signal to the DC one. One is half wave rectification and another is full wave rectification.
In this circuit, a full-wave bridge rectifier is used for converting the 36V AC to 36V DC. The full
wave rectification is more efficient than half wave rectification since it provides complete use of
both the negative and positive sides of AC signal. In full wave bridge rectifier configuration, four
diodes are connected in such a way that current flows through them in only one direction resulting
in a DC signal at the output. During full wave rectification, at a time two diodes become forward
biased and another two diodes get reverse biased.
FIG 1.2: Circuit Diagram for ac to dc conversion.

During the positive half cycle of the supply, diodes D2 and D4 conduct in series while diodes D1
and D3 are reverse biased and the current flows through the output terminal passing through D2,
output terminal and the D4. During the negative half cycle of the supply, diodes D1 and D3 conduct
in series, but diodes D1 and D2 are reverse biased and the current flow through D3, output terminal
and the D1. The direction of current both ways through the output terminal in both conditions
remain the same.

Positive Cycle

Negative Cycle
FIG 1.3: Circuit Diagram for full wave rectification.
The SR560 diodes are chosen to build the full wave rectifier because they have the maximum
(average) forward current rating of 2A and in reverse biased condition, they can sustain peak
inverse voltage up to 36V. That is why SR560 diodes are used in this project for full wave
rectification.

Smoothing

As the name suggests it is the process of smoothing or filtering the DC signal by using a capacitor.
The output of the full-wave rectifier is not a steady DC voltage. The output of the rectifier has
double the frequency of main supplies but still containing ripples. Therefore, it needs to be
smoothed by connecting a capacitor in parallel to the output of full wave rectifier. The capacitor
charges and discharges during a cycle giving a steady DC voltage as an output. So, a capacitor
(shown as C1 in schematics) of high value is connected to the output of rectifier circuit. As the DC
which is to be rectified by the rectifier circuit has many AC spikes and unwanted ripples, so to
reduce these spikes capacitor is used. This capacitor acts as a filtering capacitor which bypasses
all the AC through it to ground. At the output, the mean DC voltage left is smoother and ripple
free.

FIG 1.4: Circuit Diagram for smoothing.

Compensating Transient Currents

At the output terminals of the power circuit, a capacitor ( shown as C2 in schematics) is also
connected in parallel. This capacitor helps in fast response to load transients. Whenever the output
loads current changes then there is an initial shortage of current, which can be fulfilled by this
output capacitor.

The output current variation can be calculated by


Output current ,Iout = C (dV/dt) where
dV = Maximum allowable voltage deviation
dt = Transient response time
Considering dv = 100mV
dt = 100us
In this circuit a capacitor of 10 uF is used so,
C = 10uF
Iout = 10u (0.1/100u)
Iout = 10mA

This way it can be concluded that output capacitor will respond for 10mA current change for a
transient response time of 100 us.

FIG 1.5: Circuit Diagram for Compensating Transient Currents.

Voltage Regulation

The power circuit should provide regulated and constant voltage without any fluctuation or
variation. For voltage regulation, a linear regulator is needed in the circuit. The aim of using this
regulator is to maintain a constant voltage of a desired level at the output.

FIG 1.5: Circuit Diagram for voltage regulation.


In this circuit, the maximum voltage at the output should be 30V so a 30V zener diode is perfect
for voltage regulation at the output. Here two zener diodes of 12V and 18V are connected in series
which provide a total of 30V at the output. A 30V zener diode of 1W rating or a different
combination of zener diodes can also be used for getting 30V at the output.
Voltage Adjustment

For adjusting output voltage from 0 to 30V a variable resistor (shown as RV1 in schematics) is
connected to the output. The variable probe of RV1 is connected to the collector of the BC547
switching transistor (shown as Q3 in schematics). By varying this resistor the emitter of the
switching transistor will provide the varying voltage between 0 and 30V.

Current Amplification

The zener diode can provide current in mill amperes only. Therefore for deriving high load current
at the output, some linear element must be connected in series with the load that could draw the
required current. This circuit uses an NPN bipolar junction transistor as a linear element. A BC547
transistor (shown as Q2 in the schematics) is used for providing the sufficient base voltage to the
NPN Bipolar transistor 2N3055 (shown as Q1 in schematics). The 2N3055 transistor is capable of
providing 2A current at the output. The transistors are connected in a Darlington Pair Amplifier
configuration to output desired current gains. In Darlington pair configuration, the net current gain
is a multiplication of the current gains of the two transistors.

Total current gain (hFE total) = current gain of transistor 1 (hFE t1) x current gain of transistor 2
(hFE t2)
Therefore the current gain of BC547 is 800 and that of 2N3055 is from 20 to 70 so taking an
average 50. Then,
Total current gain (hFE total) = 800 * 50 = 40,000
This is sufficient to raise the mille ampere currents to ampere levels.

Short Circuit Protection

For short circuit protection, a BC547 switching transistor (shown as Q3 in schematics) and a
resistance shown as R2 in schematics is connected in series before the circuit output.

Apparatus required:

NAME RATINGS QUANTITY

TRANSFORMER Step down of 9V-0-9V/1A 3

DIODE SR560 4
ZENER DIODE 12V,1W 1
18V,1W 1
TRANSISTOR BC547 2
2N3055 1
CAPACITOR 470uF,50V 1
10uF,50v 1
RESISTOR 2K,1W 1
0.3 ohm,5W 3
FUSE 2A 1
POTENTIOMETER 10K 1
5k 1

Circuit Diagram:

FIG 1.6: Circuit Diagram for DC power supply.

Practical View:
Result Analysis:
1. Transformer input: 220V ac.
2. Transformer output: 36V ac,1A.
3. Input supply: 220~240V ac
4. Output voltage after filtering: 36V DC.
5. Maximum output current after filtering: 35mA.
6. Regulated output: 0.4~30V DC.
7. Current consumption by short circuit: 10mA.
8. Input power: 1.3W.
9. Output power: 0.5W.
10. Output ripple: 15 mV.
11. Voltage across C1: 30.6V.
12. Voltage across R1: 30.2V.
13. Voltage across R2: 29.5V.

Graph:

FIG 1.7: Load vs Voltage graph


Cost Analysis:
NAME RATINGS QUANTITY COST
TRANSFORMER Step up of 9V-0- 3 240/=
9V/1A
DIODE SR560 4 12/=
ZENER DIODE 12V,1W 1 2/=
18V,1W 1 2/=
TRANSISTOR BC547 2 10/=
2N3055 1 15/=
CAPACITOR 470uF,50V 1 2/=
10Uf,50v 1 2/=
RESISTOR 2K,1W 1 2/=
0.3 ohm,5W 3 6/=
FUSE 2A 1 15/=
POTENTIOMETER 10K 1 10/=
5k 1 5/=
TOTAL= 323/=

Table 1.1: Cost Analysis

Advantages:
1. Low cost.
2. Less components.
3. Negligible error.
4. High efficiency.
5. Not compact in little space.

Limitation:
1. The input voltage regulates from 0.4V to 30V.
2. Below 22V it shows low voltage.
3. After 40V it shows high voltage.
4. Current rating is low.
5. It has only one output voltage.

Discussion:
In this design we have constructed a DC power supply.The features that are provided in this
design are voltage regulation,fine tunning,high voltage protection,low voltage protection and
short circuit protection.The circuit provides a voltage regulation from 0.4V to 30V.It cannot be
completely zero.Our low voltage is under 22V.High voltage is set to 40V.Even for low voltage
and high voltage this circuit works good as we had provided the protections to the circuit.We
used a switching transistor to ensure short circuit protection and even if the circuit becomes short
it works properly abd fulfill our desired outputs.

Conclusion:
This project has enriched our knowledge about analog electronics. It has also increased our
practical skills on electronics.Such knowledge will help us in our further projects.

Reference:
1. Electronic Devices And Circuit Theory - Robert L. Boylestad, Louis Nashelsky - 14th edition

2. Principles of Electronics - V.K Mehta, Rohit Mehta,S. Chand & Company, 2005.

3. https://www.engineersgarage.com/contribution/adjustable-0-30v-2a-dc-power-supply-circuit

4. http://www.circuitstoday.com/dc-power-supplies

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