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Lecture 10

The document discusses ideal jet-propulsion cycles, specifically focusing on gas-turbine engines used in aircraft, which operate on an open cycle and differ from the ideal Brayton cycle. It highlights the importance of propulsive efficiency and provides examples of calculations related to thrust and performance parameters of turbojet engines. Additionally, it covers the effects of pressure ratios, temperature changes, and energy conversion in jet propulsion systems.

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27 views18 pages

Lecture 10

The document discusses ideal jet-propulsion cycles, specifically focusing on gas-turbine engines used in aircraft, which operate on an open cycle and differ from the ideal Brayton cycle. It highlights the importance of propulsive efficiency and provides examples of calculations related to thrust and performance parameters of turbojet engines. Additionally, it covers the effects of pressure ratios, temperature changes, and energy conversion in jet propulsion systems.

Uploaded by

ꂅᏒꂅภ ᕱᏒᏕᎥภ
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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MEE220

Chapter 10
Ideal Jet-Propulsion Cycles

Thermodynamics II Asst.Prof.Dr. Abdulrazzak AKROOT


Ideal Jet-Propulsion Cycles
❖ Gas-turbine engines are widely used to power aircraft because they are light
and compact and have a high power-to-weight ratio.
❖ Aircraft gas turbines operate on an open cycle called a jet-propulsion cycle.
❖ The ideal jet-propulsion cycle differs from the simple ideal Brayton cycle in
that the gases are not expanded to the ambient pressure in the turbine.
Instead, they are expanded to a pressure such that the power produced by
the turbine is just sufficient to drive the compressor and the auxiliary
equipment.
❖ Aircraft gas turbines operate at higher pressure
ratios (typically between 10 and 25), and the
fluid passes through a diffuser first, where it is
decelerated, and its pressure is increased before
it enters the compressor.
❖ The net work output of a jet-propulsion cycle is zero. The gases that exit the
turbine at a relatively high pressure are subsequently accelerated in a nozzle to
provide the thrust to propel the aircraft.
❖ Aircraft are propelled by accelerating a fluid in the opposite direction to motion

Basic components of a turbojet engine and the T-s diagram for the ideal turbojet cycle.
Thrust (propulsive force)

The power developed from the thrust of the engine is called the propulsive power

Propulsive efficiency

Propulsive efficiency is a measure of how efficiently


the thermal energy released during the combustion
process is converted to propulsive energy. Propulsive power is the thrust acting on the
aircraft through a distance per unit time.
4
Energy supplied to an aircraft (from the burning of a fuel) manifests itself
in various forms.
Example
Consider an aircraft powered by a turbojet engine that has a pressure ratio of 9. The
aircraft is stationary on the ground, held in position by its brakes. The ambient air is at
17°C and 95 kPa and enters the engine at a rate of 20 kg/s. The jet fuel has a heating value
of 42,700 kJ/kg, and it is burned completely at a rate of 0.5 kg/s. Neglecting the effect of
the diffuser and disregarding the slight increase in mass at the engine exit as well as the
inefficiencies of engine components, determine the force that must be applied on the
brakes to hold the plane stationary.

Solution

(a) Using variable specific heats for air,

Compressor:
Turbine:
Nozzle:

or
Example
A pure jet engine propels an aircraft at 240 m/s through air at 45 kPa and -13°C. The inlet
diameter of this engine is 1.6 m, the compressor pressure ratio is 13, and the temperature
at the turbine inlet is 557 °C. Determine the velocity at the exit of this engine’s nozzle and
the thrust produced. Assume ideal operation for all components and constant specific
heats at room temperature.

Solution
Analysis (a) We assume the aircraft is stationary and the air
is moving towards the aircraft at a velocity of V 1 = 240 m/s.
Ideally, the air will leave the diffuser with a negligible
velocity (V 2 = 0).

Diffuser:
Compressor:
Turbine:

Nozzle:
The mass flow rate through the engine is

The thrust force generated is then


Example
A Brayton cycle with regeneration using air as the working fluid has a pressure ratio of
7. The minimum and maximum temperatures in the cycle are 310 and 1150 K. Assuming
an isentropic efficiency of 75 percent for the compressor and 82 percent for the turbine
and an effectiveness of 65 percent for the regenerator, determine (a) the air temperature
at the turbine exit, (b) the net work output, and (c) the thermal efficiency, and (d) the
entropy generation for each process. assuming a source temperature of 1500 K and a
sink temperature of 290 K.

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