Borgnakke’s

Fundamentals of Thermodynamics
Global Edition
Solution Manual

Chapter 10

Power and Refrigeration

Systems—Gaseous Working Fluids
In-Text Concept Questions

10.a

10.b

10.c

10.d

10.e
10.f

10.g
Concept-Study Guide Problems

10.1

10.2

10.3

10.4
10.5

10.6

10.7

10.8
10.9

10.10

10.11

10.12
10.13

10.14

10.15
10.16
10.17
Brayton Cycles, Gas Turbines

10.18
10.19 A Brayton cycle has a compression ratio of 15:1 with a high temperature of 1600 K and the
inlet at 290 K, 100 kPa. Use cold air properties and find the specific heat addition and
specific net work output.

Brayton cycle so this means:

Minimum T: T 1 = 290 K
Maximum T: T 3 = 1500 K
Pressure ratio: P 2 /P 1 = 15
Compression in compressor: s 2 = s 1
Implemented in Eq.6.23

T 2 = T 1 (P 2 /P 1 )k-1/k = 290 K (15)0.286 = 628.65 K

Energy input is from the combustor
q H = C P0 (T 3 - T 2 ) = 1.004 (1500 – 628.65) = 874.8 kJ/kg
Do the overall cycle efficiency and the net work
𝑊𝑛𝑛𝑛̇ 𝑤𝑛𝑛𝑛 0.4
𝜂= = = 1 − 𝑟𝑝−(k−1)/k = 1 – 15−1.4 = 0.5387
𝑄𝐻̇ 𝑞𝐻
w NET = ηq H = 0.5387 × 874.8 = 471.25 kJ/kg
10.20
10.21
10.22
10.23

10.24 Assume a state of 1400 kPa, 2100 K, into the turbine section of a Brayton cycle with an
adiabatic expansion to 100 kPa and a compressor inlet temperature of 300 K. Find the
missing temperatures in the cycle using Table A.7 and then give the average value of k
(ratio of specific heats) for the compression and expansion processes.

Compression process:
𝑃
𝑠𝑇2̇ = 𝑠𝑇1̇ + 𝑅 ln �𝑃2� = 6.86926 + 0.287 ln(14) = 7.62667 𝑘𝑘/𝑘𝑘 − 𝐾
1
T 2 = 629.4 K and h 2 = 638.3 kJ/kg

Expansion process:
𝑃
𝑠𝑇4̇ = 𝑠𝑇3̇ + 𝑅 ln �𝑃4� = 9.02721 + 0.287 ln(1/14) = 8.26980 kJ/kg − K
3
T4 = 1124.5 K and h4 = 1189.6 kJ/kg

In the compression process

638.3−300.47
C P = (h 2 – h 1 ) /(T 2 – T 1 ) = 629.4−301 = 1.0287 kJ/kg − K
1.0287
k = CP/( CP – R) = 1.0287−0.287 = 1.3869

In the expansion process

2376.82 − 1189.6
C P = (h 3 – h 4 ) /(T 3 – T 4 ) =
2100 − 1124.5
= 1.217 kJ/kg − K
1.217
k = CP/( CP – R) = 1.217−0.287 = 1.308
10.25
10.26

10.27
10.28
Regenerators, Intercoolers, Reheaters
and Nonideal Cycles

10.29 Would it be better to add an ideal regenerator to the Brayton cycle in Problem 10.26?
10.30 A Brayton cycle with an ideal regenerator has inlet at 290 K, 90 kPa with the highest P, T
as 1170 kPa, 1700 K. Find the specific heat transfer and the cycle efficiency using cold air
properties.

Compression ratio
P2 / P1
Max temperature
T 3 = 1800 K
Combustion adds
qH = h3 – hx

Let us work from state 1 to 2 as constant s, Eq.6.23

𝑃2 𝑘−1 1170 0.2857
𝑇2 = 𝑇1 � � = 290 K × � � = 603.5 K
𝑃1 90

Energy equation with compressor work in

w C = h 2 – h 1 = C P0 (T 2 – T 1 ) = 1.004(603.5 - 290) = 313.5 kJ/kg = q L

The expansion is reversible and adiabatic so constant s. From Eq.6.23.

𝑘−1
𝑃 90 0.2857
𝑇4 = 𝑇3 � 4�
𝑃3
𝑘
= 1800 K × �
1170
� = 865.01 K > T 2

Since the exhaust T 4 > T 2 a regenerator can be used. Now the heat transfer added is
q H = h 3 – h x = C P0 (T 3 – T x ) = 1.004(1800 – 865.01) = 938.7 kJ/kg = w T
η TH = w NET/qH = (938.7 – 313.5)/ 938.7 = 0.666

We could also have found efficiency, see p.471, as

𝑘−1
𝑇1 𝑃2 𝑘 𝑇 603.5
η TH = 1 − 𝑇 �𝑃 � = 1 − 𝑇2 = 1 − 1800 = 0.665
3 1 3
10.31
10.32
10.33 Assume the compressor in Problem 10.28 has an intercooler that cools the air to 330 K,
operating at 500 kPa, followed by a second-stage compression to 1600 kPa. Find the
specific heat transfer in the intercooler and the total compression work required.
10.34
10.35
10.36
10.37 A two-stage compressor in a gas turbine brings atmospheric air at 100 kPa, 17oC to
500 kPa, then cools it in an intercooler to 27oC at constant P. The second stage brings
the air to 2500 kPa. Assume both stages are adiabatic and reversible. Find the combined
specific work to the compressor stages. Compare that to the specific work for the case of
no intercooler (i.e., one compressor from 100 to 2500 kPa).
10.38 Assume a two stage turbine in Problem 10.26 with reheat of 580 kJ/kg at 400 kPa and
the other 580 kJ/kg is added before the first stage. Find the highest temperature in the
cycle and the cycle efficiency.
10.39 A gas turbine with air as the working fluid has two ideal turbine sections, as shown in
Fig. P10.39, the first of which drives the ideal compressor, with the second producing
the power output. The compressor inlet is at 290 K, 100 kPa, and the exit is at 450 kPa.
A fraction of flow, x, bypasses the burner and the rest (1 − x) goes through the burner,
where 1200 kJ/kg is added by combustion. The two flows then mix before entering the
first turbine and continue through the second turbine, with exhaust at 100 kPa. If the
mixing should result in a temperature of 1000 K into the first turbine, find the fraction x.
Find the required pressure and temperature into the second turbine and its specific power
output.
10.40
Ericsson Cycles

10.41 Consider an ideal air-standard Ericsson cycle that has an ideal regenerator, as shown in
Fig. P10.41. The high pressure is 1 MPa, and the cycle efficiency is 70%. Heat is rejected
in the cycle at a temperature of 350 K, and the cycle pressure at the beginning of the
isothermal compression process is 150 kPa. Determine the high temperature, the
compressor work, and the turbine work per kilogram of air.

10.42 An air-standard Ericsson cycle has an ideal regenerator. Heat is supplied at 1000oC and
heat is rejected at 80oC. Pressure at the beginning of the isothermal compression process
is 70 kPa. The heat added is 700 kJ/kg. Find the compressor work, the turbine work, and
the cycle efficiency.
Identify the states
Heat supplied at high temperature T 3 = T 4 = 1000oC = 1273.15 K
Heat rejected at low temperature T1 = T2 = 80oC = 353.15 K
Beginning of the compression: P 1 = 70 kPa
Ideal regenerator: 2 q 3 = - 4 q 1 q H = 3 q 4 = 750 kJ/kg
w T = q H = 750 kJ/kg
η TH = η CARNOT = 1 – 353.15/1273.15 = 0.7226
w NET/qH =η TH q H = 0.7226 × 750 = 541.95 kJ/kg
w C = q L = q H - w NET = 750 – 541.95 = 208.05 kJ/kg
Jet Engine Cycles

10.43 The Brayton cycle in Problem 10.20 is changed to be a jet engine. Find the exit velocity
using cold air properties.
10.44
10.45 The turbine section in a jet engine receives gas (assumed to be air) at 1200 K and 800 kPa
with an ambient atmosphere at 80 kPa. The turbine is followed by a nozzle open to the
atmosphere, and all the turbine work drives a compressor receiving air at 85 kPa and 270 K
with the same flow rate. Find the turbine exit pressure so that the nozzle has an exit velocity
of 800 m/s.
10.46 Consider a turboprop engine in which the turbine powers the compressor and a
propeller. Assume the same cycle as in Problem 10.43, with a turbine exit
temperature of 900 K. Find the specific work to the propeller and the exit velocity.
10.47
10.48
10.49
10.50
Air-Standard Refrigeration Cycles

10.51

10.52
10.53
10.54
10.55 Repeat Problem 10.54, but assume an isentropic efficiency of 75% for both
the compressor and the expander.
Otto Cycles

10.56

10.57
10.58 Find the missing pressures and temperatures in the cycle of Problem 10.57.

10.59
10.60
10.61 Find the power from the engine in Problem 10.60.
10.62
10.63 A four-stroke 2.4-L gasoline engine runs at 2500RPMand has an efficiency of 60%. The
state before compression is 40 kPa, 280 K and after combustion it is at 2400 K. Find the
highest T and P in the cycle, the specific heat transfer added, the cycle mean effective
pressure and the total power produced.
10.64
10.65
10.66 Repeat Problem 10.65, but assume variable specific heat. The ideal gas air tables,
Table A.7, are recommended for this calculation (or the specific heat from Fig. 3.26
at high temperature).
10.67
10.68 A gasoline engine takes air in at 290 K, 90 kPa and then compresses it. The
combustion adds 1000 kJ/kg to the air, after which the temperature is 2050 K. Use
cold air properties and find the compression ratio, the compression specific work,
and the highest pressure in the cycle.

Solution:
Standard Otto Cycle
Combustion process: T 3 = 2050 K; u 2 = u 3 – q H
T 2 = T 3 – qH / C vo = 2050 – 1000 / 0.717 = 655.3 K
Compression process
P 2 = P 1 (T 2 / T 1 )k/(k-1) = 100(655.3/290)3.5 = 1734 kPa
CR = v1 / v2 = (T2 / T1)1/(k-1) = (655.3 / 290) 2.5 = 7.67
– 1 w 2 = u 2 - u 1 = C vo ( T 2 – T 1 ) = 0.717 kJ/kg-K (655.3 - 290) K= 262 kJ/kg
Highest pressure is after the combustion where v 3 = v 2 so we get
P 3 = P 2 T 3 / T 2 = 1734 kPa × 2050 / 655.3 = 5424.5 kPa

10.69 Redo Problem 10.68 but assume the combustion adds 1225 kJ/kg and use
A.7 to solve.
10.70
10.71
10.72
10.73
10.74
10.75 When methanol produced from coal is considered as an alternative fuel to gasoline
for automotive engines, it is recognized that the engine can be designed with a higher
compression ratio, say 10 instead of 7, but that the energy release with combustion
for a stoichiometric mixture with air is slightly smaller, about 1700 kJ/kg. Repeat
Problem 10.65 using these values.
10.76 It is found experimentally that the power stroke expansion in an internal combustion
engine can be approximated with a polytropic process, with a value of the polytropic
exponent n somewhat larger than the specific heat ratio, k. Look at Problem 10.70 but
assume that the expansion process is reversible and polytropic (instead of the isentropic
expansion in the Otto cycle), with n equal to 1.50. From the average temperature during
expansion, estimate the actual average k.
10.77
10.78
10.79 The compression ratio in an air-standard Otto cycle is 10. At the beginning of the
compression stoke, the pressure is 0.1 MPa and the temperature is 15°C. The heat transfer to
the air per cycle is 1800 kJ/kg air. Determine
a. The pressure and temperature at the end of each process of the cycle.
b. The thermal efficiency.
c. The mean effective pressure.

Solution:
Diesel Cycles

10.80 A diesel engine has an inlet at 95 kPa, 300 K and a compression ratio of 20:1. The
combustion releases 1300 kJ/kg.
a. Find the temperature after combustion and the cut-off ratio using cold air properties.
b. Also find the cycle efficiency and mean effective pressure

Solution:
a.
b.
10.81
10.82
10.83
10.84

10.85
10.86
10.87

10.88
10.89 Solve Problem 10.81 using the P r and v r functions from Table A7.2.
Stirling and Carnot Cycles

10.90
10.91
10.92
10.93 The air-standard Carnot cycle was not shown in the text; show the T–s diagram for this
cycle. In an air-standard Carnot cycle, the low temperature is 320 K and the efficiency is
60%. If the pressure before compression and after heat rejection is 100 kPa, find the high
temperature and the pressure just before heat addition.
10.94 Do Problem 10.93, using values from Table A.7.1.
The air-standard Carnot cycle was not shown in the text; show the T–s diagram for this
cycle. In an air-standard Carnot cycle, the low temperature is 320 K and the efficiency is
60%. If the pressure before compression and after heat rejection is 100 kPa, find the high
temperature and the pressure just before heat addition.
10.95 Air in a piston/cylinder goes through a Carnot cycle in which T L = 26.8oC with low
pressure of 120 kPa and the total cycle efficiency is 𝜂 = 2/3. Find T H , the specific work,
and the volume ratio in the adiabatic expansion for constant C p , C v using P r , V r
functions in Table A.7.2.
Atkinson and Miller Cycles

10.96

10.97
10.98 Assume we change the Otto cycle in Problem 10.70 to an Atkinson cycle by keeping the
same conditions and only increase the expansion to give a different state 4. Find the
expansion ratio and the cycle efficiency.
10.99
10.100
10.101
10.102

10.103
Combined Cycles

10.104
10.105
10.106
10.107
10.108
Exergy Concepts

10.109 Consider the Brayton cycle in Problem 10.26. Find all the flows and fluxes of exergy and
find the overall cycle second-law efficiency. Assume the heat transfers are internally
reversible processes, and neglect any external irreversibility.
10.110

10.111
10.112 For Problem 10.104, determine the change in exergy of the water flow and that of the air
flow. Use these to determine the second-law efficiency for the boiler heat exchanger.
From solution to 10.104:

10.113 Assume a regenerator in a Brayton cycle has an efficiency of 100%. Find an expression
for the second-law efficiency.
10.114
Review Problems

10.115 Solve Problem 10.18 with variable specific heats using Table A.7.
10.116 A Brayton cycle produces 14 MW with an inlet state of 17oC, 100 kPa, and a
compression ratio of 16:1. The heat added in the combustion is 1160 kJ/kg. Find the
cycle efficiency and the mass flow rate of air using properties from Table A.7.1.
10.117
10.118
10.119
10.120
10.121 Reevaluate the combined Brayton and Rankine cycles in Problem 10.108. For a more
realistic case, assume that the air compressor, the air turbine, the steam turbine, and the
pump all have an isentropic efficiency of 87%.
10.122 Answer the questions in Problem 10.34 assuming that friction causes pressure drops in the
burner and on both sides of the regenerator. In each case, the pressure drop is estimated to
be 2% of the inlet pressure to that component of the system, so P 3 = 588 kPa, P 4 = 0.98 P 3 ,
and P 6 = 102 kPa.