LEVELLING

Unit-II
 Syllabus

Levelling

● Object and Use of Levelling, Definitions, Different Types of Levels: Dumpy

Level, Auto Level, and Digital Level. Levelling Staff. Temporary Adjustment
of Level, Types of Levelling operations; Simple Levelling, Differential
Levelling, Fly Levelling, Longitudinal Profile Levelling, Cross-sectional
Levelling, Check Levelling. Curvature and Refraction correction. Reciprocal
Levelling. Methods of calculation of Reduced level: The collimation System
and Rise and Fall system. Permanent Adjustment of Level: Two Peg Test only.
Road Project Survey.
 Definition

● Levelling is defined as “an art of determining the relative height of different

points on, above or below the surface”.
 Principle of Levelling

● The principle of leveling is to establish a horizontal line of

sight and measure the vertical distance of points from that
line.
 Object of levelling

The objective of levelling

● To find the elevation of given point with respect to some

assumed reference line called datum.

● To establish point at required elevation respect to datum.

 Terms used in Levelling
Level surface

● It is the surface parallel to the mean spheroidal surface of the

earth
Level line

● Line lying on level surface.

Horizontal plane

● Horizontal plane through a point is a plane tangential to level

surface.
Horizontal line

● It is a straight line tangential to level line.

 Terms used in levelling

Datum
● It is an arbitrary level surface from which elevation of points may
be referred. In India mean sea level is considered as datum of
zero elevation it is situated at Karachi.
Mean Sea Level
● It is the average height of sea for all stages of tides. It is derived
by averaging the hourly tide height over a period of 19
years.
Elevation or Reduced level
● It is height or depth of any point above or below any datum. It is
denoted as R.L.
 Terms used in Levelling

Bench Mark (B.M.)

● It is a fixed reference point of known elevation with respect
to datum.
Line of collimation
● It is a line joining the intersection of cross hairs of diaphragm to
the optical centre of object glass and its continuation. It is also
known as line of sight.
Height of instrument
● It is the elevation of line of collimation with respect to datum
Back sight
● It is a staff reading taken at a known elevation. It is the first staff
reading taken after setup of instrument
 Terms used in Levelling

Fore sight( F.S.)

● It is the last staff reading taken denoting the shifting of the
instrument.
Intermediate sight.(I.S.)
● It is staff reading taken on a point whose elevation is to be
determined. All staff reading between B.S. and F.S. are
Intermediate sight.
Change Point (T.P)
● It is a point on which both fore and back sight are taken.
 Terms used in Levelling

Mean sea level

 Instruments for levelling

The following instruments are essentially required for levelling

● Level
● Levelling Staff
● Peg
● Tape, Chain
● Cross staff etc.
 Types of Level

● Dumpy level

● Tilting level

● Wye level

● Automatic level
 Dumpy level
The Dumpy level is a simple, compact and stable instrument. The telescope
is rigidly fixed to its supports. Hence it cannot be rotated about horizontal
axis.
 Automatic level

It is also known as self aligning level. It is a recent development. The

fundamental difference between auto level and other levels is that the levelling
is done automatically by adjustment of tripod legs. It is achieved by inclination
compensating device.
Automatic level
Automatic level
Automatic level
Automatic level
Automatic level
Tilt Compensating Device
 Levelling Staffs

Levelling staffs are scales on which these distances are measured.

Levelling staffs are of two types
1. Self Reading staff
2. Target staff
Levelling Staffs
 Self Reading Staff

The self reading staff can be read directly by the level man looking
through the telescope.
Common types of self reading staffs
● Ordinary staff
● Sop-with telescopic staff
● Folding Staff
 Ordinary Staff

The one length staff, is solid and made of seasoned

wood, it is 3 m long and graduated in the same way as
the telescopic staff
 Folding Staff

● The folding staff is made up of well seasoned timber such as

Cyprus. It consists of two 2 m wooden pieces with a joint
assembly. Each piece of the staff is made of one longitudinal
strip without any joint. The folding joint is of the detachable
type with a locking device at the back. The staff is joined
together in such a way that the staff may be folded from one
another when required.
● The staff has brass cap at the bottom. It has two folding
handles, with spring action. It is provided with a circular bubble
fitted at the back.
Folding Staff
 Sop-with Telescopic Staff

● Such a staff is arranged in three lengths placed one into the

other. It can be extended to its full length by pulling. The top
portion is solid and the central box is hollow the total length
of staff is 4 m.

● The staff is graduated in such a way that smallest division is

of 5 mm. the value in m are marked in red on the left and
those in decimetre are in black on the right.
Self Reading Staff
 Target Staff

● For very precise works and sight target staff are used. A
movable target is provided in this staff.
● A vernier is provided on target to give precise reading. In target
staff level man directs the staff man to move the target up
and down until it bisects by the line of sight. The staff man
observe the staff reading.
Target Staff
Target Staff
 Bench Marks

Bench mark is a point of known elevation

There are 4 kinds of bench marks

● GTS (Great Trigonometrical Survey bench mark)

● Permanent bench mark

● Arbitrary benchmark

● Temporary bench mark

 GTS Benchmark

They are the benchmarks established with very high degree of

precision at regular intervals by the survey of India Department all
over the country Their position and R.Ls values above mean seal
level which was earlier located at Karachi and now it is taken at
Bombay High, Mumbai and is given in catalogue formed by the
department.
GTS Bench Mark
 Permanent Bench Mark

Permanent bench marks are fixed in between GTS benchmarks by govt.

agencies such as railways, PWD, etc. This benchmarks are written on
permanent objects such as milestones, culverts, bridges etc their value are
clearly written and their position are recorded for future reference.
Permanent Bench Mark
 Benchmarks

Arbitrary Benchmarks
● These are reference points whose R.L.s are arbitrarily assumed.
They are used in small works such bench mark may be
assumed as 100 or 50 m
Temporary Benchmarks
● They are the reference points established during the levelling
operations when there is a break in work, or at the end of day’s
work the value of reduced levels are marked on some
permanent objects such as stones, trees etc.
Arbitrary Bench Marks
Temporary Bench Marks
 Temporary Adjustments of a level

These adjustments are performed at every setup of instrument

● Setting up of level
● Levelling of telescope
● Focusing of the eye piece
● Focusing of object glass
 Temporary Adjustments of a level

Setting up the level

This includes

● A) Fixing the instrument on tripod

● B) Levelling the instrument approximately by Tripod

 Temporary Adjustments of a level

Levelling
Levelling is done with the help of foot screws. The purpose of
levelling is to make vertical axis truly vertical. It is done with the
help of foot screws

● A) Place the telescope parallel to a pair of foot screw then hold

the foot screws between thumb and first finger and turn them
either inward or outward until the longitudinal bubble comes in
the centre.

● B)Turn the telescope through 900 so that it lies parallel to third

foot screw, turn the screw until the bubble comes in the centre.
Temporary Adjustments of a level
 Temporary Adjustments of a level

Focusing the eye piece

● To focus the eye piece, hold a white paper in front of object
glass, and move the eye piece in or out till the cross hair are
distinctly seen.
Focusing of object glass
● Direct the telescope to the levelling staff and on looking through
the telescope, turn the focusing screw till the image appears
clear and sharp.
Temporary Adjustments of a level
 Axes of Dumpy Level

● The line of collimation

● The axis of the bubble tube

● The vertical axis

● The axis of the telescope

 Axes of Dumpy Level

The following relationship between the lines are desirable

● The line of collimation should be parallel to the axis of the
bubble
● The line of collimation should coincide with the axis of the
telescope
● The axis of the bubble should be perpendicular to the vertical
axis. That is, the bubble should remain in the central position for
all the directions of the telescope.
Axes of Dumpy Level
 Permanent adjustment of level

Two adjustment are required in the dumpy level

1. The first adjustment, to make the axis of the bubble tube
perpendicular to the vertical axis
2. The second adjustment, to make the line of collimation parallel
to the axis of the bubble tube.
 Permanent adjustment of level

Following procedure is adopted to make the line of collimation

parallel to the axis of the bubble tube.
● The level is set up on fairly level ground, with its legs well apart,
It is firmly fixed to the ground.
● The telescope is placed parallel to any pair of foot screws and,
by turning the foot screw either inward or outward, the bubble
is brought to the centre.
● The telescope is then turned through 90 0, so that it lies over
the third foot screw. Then by turning the third foot screw the
bubble is brought to the centre.
● The process is repeated several times until the bubble is in the
central position in both the direction.
 Permanent adjustment of level

● Now the telescope is turned through 1800 and the position of

the bubble is noted.
● If the bubble still remains in the central position, the desired
relationship is perfect. If not, the amount of deviation of the
bubble is noted.
● Suppose the deviation is 2n division, Now by turning capstan
headed nut (which is at one end of the tube), the bubble is
brought half-way back (i.e. n division) the remaining
half-deviation is adjusted by foot screws just below the
telescope.
● The procedure of adjustment is continued till the bubble remain
in the central position of the telescope.
 Classification of Levelling
● Simple Levelling
● Differential Levelling
● Fly Levelling
● Check Levelling
● Profile Levelling
● Cross Levelling
● Reciprocal Levelling
● Precise Levelling
● Trigonometric Levelling
● Barometric Levelling
● Hypsometric Levelling
 Simple Levelling

● It is the simplest method used, when it is required to find the

difference in elevation between 2 points.
 Differential Levelling

● This method is used to find the difference in the elevation

between points if they are too far apart or the difference in
elevation between them is too much.
 Differential Levelling

Mean sea level

 Fly Levelling

● Fly levelling is just like differential levelling carried out to check the accuracy
of levelling work. In fly levelling only B.S. and F.S. are taken
 Classification of Levelling

Check levelling
● This kind of levelling is carried out to check the accuracy of
work. It is done at the end of the days work in the form of fly
levelling to connect the finishing point and starting point.
Profile levelling or L-Section
● This method is used for taking levels along the centre line of any
alignment like road, railway canal etc. The object is to determine
the undulations of the ground surface along the alignment
Profile levelling or L-Section
Profile levelling or L-Section
 Classification of Levelling

Cross-Sectioning
● This operation is carried out perpendicular to alignment at an
interval of 10, 20, 30, 40 m. The idea is to make an estimate of
earthwork.
 Methods of Reducing Levels

Height of Instrument Method

● This method consist of finding H.I. for every setup of instrument,

and then obtaining the R.L. of point of reference with respect to
H.I.
● R.L. + B.S. = H.I. → At B.M. and C.P.
● H.I. - I.S. or F.S. = R.L. → At every point except B.M.
 Height of Instrument Method

Station BS IS FS HI RL Remark
A
 Height of Instrument Method

Station BS IS FS HI RL Remark
A BM
 Height of Instrument Method

Station BS IS FS HI RL Remark
A 100 BM
 Height of Instrument Method

Station BS IS FS HI RL Remark
A 0.9 100 BM
 Height of Instrument Method

Station BS IS FS HI RL Remark
A 0.9 100 BM

● R.L. + B.S. = H.I.

 Height of Instrument Method

Station BS IS FS HI RL Remark
A 0.9 100.9 100 BM

● R.L. + B.S. = H.I.

 Height of Instrument Method

Station BS IS FS HI RL Remark
A 0.9 100.9 100 BM
B
 Height of Instrument Method

Station BS IS FS HI RL Remark
A 0.9 100.9 100 BM
B 1.1
 Height of Instrument Method

Station BS IS FS HI RL Remark
A 0.9 100.9 100 BM
B 1.1 99.8

● H.I. - I.S. or F.S. = R.L.

 Height of Instrument Method

Station BS IS FS HI RL Remark
A 0.9 100.9 100 BM
B 1.1 99.8
C

● H.I. - I.S. or F.S. = R.L.

 Height of Instrument Method

Station BS IS FS HI RL Remark
A 0.9 100.9 100 BM
B 1.1 99.8
C 1.05

● H.I. - I.S. or F.S. = R.L.

 Height of Instrument Method

Station BS IS FS HI RL Remark
A 0.9 100.9 100 BM
B 1.1 99.8
C 1.05 99.85

● H.I. - I.S. or F.S. = R.L.

 Height of Instrument Method

Station BS IS FS HI RL Remark
A 0.9 100.9 100 BM
B 1.1 99.8
C 1.05 99.85 CP
 Height of Instrument Method

Station BS IS FS HI RL Remark
A 0.9 100.9 100 BM
B 1.1 99.8
C 1.45 1.05 99.85 CP
 Height of Instrument Method

Station BS IS FS HI RL Remark
A 0.9 100.9 100 BM
B 1.1 99.8
C 1.45 1.05 99.85 CP

● R.L. + B.S. = H.I.

 Height of Instrument Method

Station BS IS FS HI RL Remark
A 0.9 100.9 100 BM
B 1.1 99.8
C 1.45 1.05 101.30 99.85 CP

● R.L. + B.S. = H.I.

 Height of Instrument Method

Station BS IS FS HI RL Remark
A 0.9 100.9 100 BM
B 1.1 99.8
C 1.45 1.05 101.30 99.85 CP
D 1.55
 Height of Instrument Method

Station BS IS FS HI RL Remark
A 0.9 100.9 100 BM
B 1.1 99.8
C 1.45 1.05 101.30 99.85 CP
D 1.55

● H.I. - I.S. or F.S. = R.L.

 Height of Instrument Method

Station BS IS FS HI RL Remark
A 0.9 100.9 100 BM
B 1.1 99.8
C 1.45 1.05 101.30 99.85 CP
D 1.55 99.75

● H.I. - I.S. or F.S. = R.L.

 Rise and Fall Method

● This method consist of determining the difference of level between

consecutive points by comparing each point with immediate preceding point.
Rise and Fall Method
 Reciprocal levelling
● Reciprocal Levelling:-

● This method is adopted to accurately determine the difference of level

between two points which are far apart. It is also used when it is not
possible to setup level in midway between two points

● Let A and B be the two points on opposite banks of a river. It is required to

find out the level difference between A&B

● Setup the level very near to A and take the reading at A and B let the reading
be a1 and b1

● Shift the level and setup very near to B and observe A and B to get reading a2
and b2

● Let d is the true difference of level between A and B, and e=error due to
curvature, refraction and imperfect adjustment.
Reciprocal levelling
 Reciprocal Levelling

● Thus to eliminate the error take an average of the difference in elevation taken from 2
points

● i.e. from A the true difference will be

● =(b1-e)-a1

● Or d= (b 1- a1)-e

● From B the difference will be= b2-(a2-e)

● Or d= (b2-a2)+ e

● Adding these two eqn to eliminate e, we get

● Therefore d={(b1-a1)+ (b2-a2)}/2

Reciprocal Levelling
Reciprocal Levelling
 Errors in Levelling

The following are the different sources of Errors

Personal Error

● The Instruments may not be levelled

● The focusing of eye piece and objective glass may not be perfect

● The parallax may not be eliminated

● The position of staff may have changed

● Entry and recording in the field book may not be correct

● The staff may not be fully extended, may not be held vertical.
 Errors in Levelling

Instrumental Error

● The Permanent adjustment of the instrument may not be perfect. That is the
line of collimation may not be horizontal line.

● The internal arrangement of focusing tube may not be correct

● The graduation of the staff may not be perfect

● Defective bubble tube, if the bubble tube is sluggish, it may apparently be in

the mid-position even though the bubble line is not horizontal.
 Errors in Levelling

Errors due to Natural Causes

● The Curvature of the Earth may affect the staff readings when the distance
of sight is long.

● The effect of refraction may cause a wrong staff reading

● There are some errors in staff readings due to high velocity wind
 Common errors in Leveling

● Foresight and back sight not being taken on exactly the same point

● Reading the staff upward instead of downward

● Reading of stadia hair

● Reading of wrong number of metre and decimeter

● Entering backsight in F.S and vice versa

● Transposing the figures

● Omitting an entry

● The leveling staff not being fully extended.

Curvature & Refraction Correction
 Curvature Correction

● For long sights the curvature of earth can affect staff

readings.
● The effect of curvature is to cause the object sighted
to appear lower than they really are.
● Curvature correction is always Subtractive (-)
● True reading = Observed reading - 0.0785D2 (m)
where D = distance in km.
Curvature Correction
 Refraction

● The ray of light pass through layers of air of different densities and refractor
bent down. The effect of refraction is to make the object appear higher then
they really are. Refraction varies considerably with climate conditions.
However it is taken as,

● Cr = 0.0112 D2 m (+)

● Refraction is always additive

● True reading = Observed Reading+ Refraction correction.

Refraction
Leveling Examples
● The following readings were taken with a dumpy
level and 4m leveling staff. The instrument was
shifted after 3rd and 6th readings. The readings
are 2.665, 3.225, 2.905, 1.85, 0.98, 2.62, 1.585,
0.96, 0.425. m Enter the above readings in a
page of level book and calculate R.L. of points, if
the first reading was taken with a staff held on
B.M. of 240 m. use rise and fall method. Apply
arithmetic checks
 Rise and Fall Method
Station B.S. I.S. F.S Rise (+) Fall (-) RL Remark
s
A 2.665 240 BM
B 3.225 0.56 239.44
C 1.85 2.905 0.32 239.76 3rd CP
D 0.98 0.87 240.63
E 1.585 2.62 1.64 238.99 6th CP
F 0.96 0.625 239.615
G 0.425 0.535 240.15
CHECK ∑ BS- ∑ FS ∑RISE- ∑ FALL L.RL –F. RL

6.1 5.95 2.35 2.2

∑ BS- ∑ FS= 0.15 ∑RISE- ∑ FALL L.RL –F. RL= 0.15
=0.15
 HI Method
Station B.S. I.S. F.S HI RL Remarks
A 2.665 242.665 240 .00 BM
B 3.225 239.44
C 1.85 2.905 241.61 239.76 3rd CP
D 0.98 240.63
E 1.585 2.62 240.575 238.99 6th CP
F 0.96 239.615
G 0.425 240.15
CHECK ∑ BS- ∑ FS L.RL –F. RL

6.1 5.95
∑ BS- ∑ FS= 0.15 L.RL –F. RL= 0.15
 HI Method
Station B.S. I.S. F.S HI RL Remarks
A 2.665 242.665 240 .00 BM
B 3.225 239.44
C 1.85 2.905 241.61 239.76 3rd CP
D 0.98 240.63
E 1.585 2.62 240.575 238.99 6th CP
F 0.96 239.615
G 0.425 240.15
CHECK ∑ BS- ∑ FS L.RL –F. RL

6.1 5.95
∑ BS- ∑ FS= 0.15 L.RL –F. RL= 0.15
 Example

● The Following observations were taken with dumpy level

and 4 m leveling staff. The instrument were shifted after
the 4th and 7th reading. The first reading was taken on a
bench mark whose R.L. was 15.575 m. prepare a page
of level book and calculate RL of all the points. The
observations were taken at every 30 m interval. Also
find out the gradient between first and last point. Also
draw the profile of ground. Use H.I. Method.
Observations are: 0.565, 1.250, 1.675, 3.695,0.125,
2.345, 0.500, 1.785, 2.535.
Station B.S. I.S. F.S HI RL Remarks
A 0.565 16.14 15.575 BM

B 1.250 14.89
C 1.675 14.46
D 0.125 3.695 12.565 12.44 CP
E 2.345 10.22

F 1.785 0.500 13.85 12.065 CP

G 2.535 11.315
CHECK ∑ BS- ∑ FS L.RL –F. RL

2.47 6.73
∑ BS- ∑ FS= -4.26 L.RL –F. RL= -4.255
Station B.S. I.S. F.S RISE FALL RL Remark
s

A 0.565 15.575 BM
B 1.250 0.685 14.89
C 1.675 0.425 14.46
D 0.125 3.695 2.02 12.44 CP
E 2.345 2.22 10.22
F 1.785 0.500 1.845 12.065 CP
G 2.535 0.75 11.315
CHECK ∑ BS- ∑ FS L.RL –F. RL

2.47 6.73
∑ BS- ∑ FS= -4.26 ∑RISE- ∑ FALL L.RL –F. RL= -4.26
=-4.26
 Example

The following readings are taken on

continuous falling ground with staff of 4 m the
are 0.4 m, 0.765, 1.270, 2.56, 3.22, 3.95,
0.390, 1.690, 3.5, 0.8, 1.920, 2.45, 3.98.
Enter the reading in the page of level book
and calculate the RLs of all point if the first
reading was taken on Benchmark of 100m.
Station B.S. I.S. F.S HI RL Remarks
A 0.400 100.4 100.00 BM
B 0.765 99.635
C 1.270 99.13
D 2.560 97.84
E 3.220 97.18

F 0.390 3.950 96.84 96.45 CP

G 1.690 95.15

H 0.800 3.500 94.14 93.34 CP

I 1.920 92.22 CP
J 2.450 91.69
K 3.98 90.16
∑ 1.59 11.43
CHECK ∑ BS- ∑ FS= -9.84 m L.RL –F. RL= -9.84 m
Station B.S. I.S. F.S RISE FALL RL Remark
s
A 0.400 100.00 BM
B 0.765 0.365 99.635
C 1.270 0.505 99.13
D 2.560 1.29 97.84
E 3.220 0.66 97.18

F 0.390 3.950 0.73 96.45 CP

G 1.690 1.30 95.15

H 0.800 3.500 1.81 93.34 CP

I 1.920 1.12 92.22 CP
J 2.450 0.53 91.69
K 3.98 1.53 90.16
∑ 1.59 11.43 0 9.84
CHECK ∑ BS- ∑ FS= -9.84 m ∑RISE- ∑ FALL L.RL –F. RL= -9.84
=--9.84 m
● The following is an incomplete page of level book in which X indicates
missing Entry line. Calculate all the missing entries and complete the page of
level book .also give the usual arithmetical checks.
 MISSING READINGS
Station BS IS FS Rise Fall RL Remarks

A 2.560 100.0 BM

B 3.540 X X

C 3.200 X X

D 2.340 X X

E 1.950 X 1.08 X CP1

F 2.440 X X

G 3.465 X X
 MISSING READINGS
Station B.S. I.S. F.S RISE FALL RL Remarks
A 2.560 100
B 3.54 X X
C 3.20 X X
D 2.34 X X
E 1.95 X 1.08 X CP
F 2.44 X X
G 3.46 X X
CHECK ∑ BS- ∑ FS L.RL –F. RL

∑ BS- ∑ FS= L.RL –F. RL=

 MISSING READINGS
Station B.S. I.S. F.S RISE FALL RL Remark
s
A 2.560 100
B 3.54 0.98 99.02
C 3.20 0.34 99.36
D 2.34 0.86 100.22
E 1.95 1.26 1.08 101.3 CP
F 2.44 0.49 100.81
G 3.46 1.02 99.79
CHECK ∑ BS- ∑ FS L.RL –F. RL

4.51 4.72
∑ BS- ∑ FS= -0.21 ∑RISE- ∑ FALL L.RL –F. RL= -0.21
=-0.21
 Example

● The following consecutive readings were taken with a

level and a 4m staff at a common interval of 30m; The
first reading was taken at B.M. having R.L. =100m. The
instrument were shifted after the 4th and 9 th readings.
Rule out a page of a level book, enter the readings given
and also calculate the reduced levels of the points by the
collimation method. Also apply arithmetic checks.
● Consecutive readings are: 2.650, 1.745, 0.625, 0.260,
2.525, 2.160, 1.235, 0.870, 1.365, 0.625, 1.790, and
2.535.
Station B.S. I.S. F.S RISE FALL RL Remark
s
A 2.65 100 m BM
B 1.745 0.905 100.905
C 0.625 1.12 102.025
D 2.525 0.260 0.365 102.39 CP
E 2.160 0.365 102.755
F 1.235 0.925 103.68
G 0.87 0.365 104.045
H 0.625 1.365 0.495 103.55 CP
I 1.79 1.165 102.385
J 2.535 0.745 101.64
K 5.8 4.16 4.045 2.405
∑
CHECK ∑ BS- ∑ FS= 1.64 m ∑RISE- ∑ FALL L.RL –F. RL= 1.64
= 1.64 m m
Station B.S. I.S. F.S HI RL Remarks
A 2.65 102.65 100 m BM
B 1.745 100.905
C 0.625 102.025
D 2.525 0.260 104.915 102.39 CP
E 2.160 102.755

F 1.235 103.68
G 0.87 104.045
H 0.625 1.365 104.175 103.55 CP
I 1.79 102.385
J 2.535 101.64
K 5.8 4.16
∑
CHECK ∑ BS- ∑ FS= 1.64 m L.RL –F. RL= 1.64 m
 EXAMPLE
● The following consecutive readings were taken
with a level and a 4m leveling staff on a
continuously sloping ground at a common
interval of 30 m on line AB.
Chainag 0 30 60 90 120 150
e
Level 0.585 0.930 1.95 2.845 3.645 3.93
Station A B

The reduced level (RL) of station A is 50.00. Calculate

the reduced levels at all the points where the leveling staff
is placed. Tabulate the results and apply usual checks.
Also determine the gradient of line AB.
 EXAMPLE (Rise and Fall Method)
Station B.S. I.S. F.S RISE FALL RL Remarks

A (0 m) 0.585 50.00 BM
B (30 m ) 0.930 0.345 49.655
C (60 m) 1.950 1.02 48.635
D (90 m) 2.840 0.89 47.745
E (120 m) 3.645 0.805 46.94
F (150 m) 3.930 0.285 46.655
G (180 m)
CHECK ∑ BS- ∑ FS L.RL –F. RL

0.585 3.930 0 3.345 3.345

∑ BS- ∑ FS= -3.345 m ∑RISE- ∑ FALL L.RL –F. RL= 3.345
= 3.345 m m
 EXAMPLE (HI Method)
Station B.S. I.S. F.S HI RL Remarks

A (0 m) 0.585 50.585 50.00 BM

B (30 m ) 0.930 49.655
C (60 m) 1.950 48.635
D (90 m) 2.840 47.745
E (120 m) 3.645 46.94
F (150 m) 3.930 46.655
G (180 m)
CHECK ∑ BS- ∑ FS L.RL –F. RL

0.585 3.930 3.345

∑ BS- ∑ FS= -3.345 m L.RL –F. RL= 3.345 m