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IT summary notes

The document provides an overview of computer fundamentals and information processing, covering topics such as types of computers, major hardware components, software categories, and user interfaces. It also discusses the IPOS cycle, cloud vs local storage, troubleshooting hardware, evaluating computer systems, and the distinction between data and information. Additionally, it includes methods for validating and verifying data, as well as file organization techniques.

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4 views4 pages

IT summary notes

The document provides an overview of computer fundamentals and information processing, covering topics such as types of computers, major hardware components, software categories, and user interfaces. It also discusses the IPOS cycle, cloud vs local storage, troubleshooting hardware, evaluating computer systems, and the distinction between data and information. Additionally, it includes methods for validating and verifying data, as well as file organization techniques.

Uploaded by

unknown.33
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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🖥️ SECTION 1: Computer Fundamentals & Information

Processing

🔹 Computer Fundamentals
✅ What is Information Technology (IT)?
●​ IT involves using computers and software to store, retrieve, transmit, and
manipulate data.
●​ It includes hardware, software, networks, and databases.
●​ IT supports education, business, healthcare, entertainment, and more.

🖥️ Types of Computers
1.​ Supercomputers – Very fast, used for scientific simulations.
2.​ Mainframes – Handle thousands of users at once (e.g., banks).
3.​ Desktops – Common personal computers.
4.​ Mobile Devices – Laptops, smartphones, tablets.
5.​ Embedded Systems – Built into other machines (e.g., ATM, microwave).

⚙️ Major Hardware Components


●​ Input Devices – Enter data (e.g., keyboard, mouse, scanner).
●​ CPU (Processor) – Executes instructions.
●​ Memory:
○​ RAM (Random Access Memory): Temporary storage, fast.
○​ ROM (Read-Only Memory): Permanent, stores startup instructions.
●​ Secondary Storage – Stores data long-term:
○​ Hard Disk, USB Flash Drive, Optical Discs (CD, DVD), SD Cards.
●​ Output Devices – Display or output results:
○​ Monitor, Printers, Speakers, Headphones.

🌀 IPOS Cycle
●​ Stands for Input → Process → Output → Storage.
●​ It explains how data moves through a computer system.
💾 Cloud vs Local Storage
Feature Cloud Storage Local Storage

Access Anywhere with internet Only on the local device

Capacity Scalable Limited by device size

Cost Monthly/Yearly fees possible One-time hardware cost

Security Risk of hacking, depends on More secure but can be


provider lost/stolen

💻 Software Categories
1.​ System Software – Controls hardware and runs the system:
○​ Operating Systems (e.g., Windows, Linux)
○​ Utility Programs (e.g., Antivirus, Disk Cleanup)
2.​ Application Software – Helps users complete tasks:
○​ Word Processors (e.g., MS Word), Spreadsheets (e.g., Excel)
○​ Specialized: Payroll systems, Hotel reservations
3.​ Sources of Software:
○​ General: Ready-made for general use.( used by everyone)
○​ Custom-written: Designed for a specific client.
○​ Customized: General software that has been altered to suit the needs of the
user.

🧠 Types of User Interfaces


●​ Command Line Interface (CLI) – Text-based (e.g., MS-DOS).
●​ Graphical User Interface (GUI) – Uses windows, icons, menus (e.g., Windows).
●​ Menu-Driven – Lists of options (e.g., ATMs).
●​ Touch Interface – Touch screen-based (e.g., smartphones, tablets).

🧰 Troubleshooting Computer Hardware


●​ Loose Cables – Check monitor, keyboard, and power connections.
●​ Monitor Issues – Adjust brightness, contrast, cable connection.
●​ Printer Issues – Replace ink/toner, check paper jams.
●​ Battery Issues – Charge battery, check connections or replace battery.

🧮 Evaluating Computer Systems


Consider these when choosing a system:

●​ Processing Speed (GHz)


●​ RAM Size (more RAM = faster)
●​ Storage Size (GB or TB)
●​ Software Needed
●​ Input/Output devices for your task (e.g., scanner for data input)

🔹 Information Processing
📊 Data vs Information
Term Meaning Example

Data Raw facts "75", "Blue", "Yasmeen"

Information Processed, meaningful "Student Yasmeen scored


data 75%"

📄 Document Types
●​ Turnaround Document: It is a document created by a computer that is printed out
and then filled out by the user and processed by the computer again.(e.g., electricity
bill).
●​ Human-readable: Can be read by people (e.g., printed reports).
●​ Machine-readable: Read by devices (e.g., barcodes).
●​ Hard Copy: Printed version.
●​ Soft Copy: Digital version (e.g., PDF on screen).

🔍 Evaluating Online Information


Check for:

●​ Authenticity – Is the site legitimate?


●​ Currency – Is the info up to date?
●​ Relevance – Does it match your needs?
●​ Bias – Is the info fair and objective?

✔️ Validation vs Verification
Term Purpose Examples

Validation Check if data is in the correct E.g., age must be a number between
format 1–100

Verification Check if data is accurate and Double entry, proofreading


true

🔎 Validation Techniques
●​ Range Check – e.g., Exam score must be between 0 and 100.
●​ Data Type Check – Ensure input is the correct type (e.g., number, text).
●​ Presence Check – Ensure data is entered (not left blank).
●​ Format Check – e.g., Date entered as DD/MM/YYYY.
●​ Length Check – e.g., Password must be 8 characters.
✅ Verification Techniques
●​ Double Entry – Enter data twice and compare.
●​ Proofreading – Manually check data.

🗂️ File Organization Methods


●​ Serial – Records stored one after the other (e.g., logs).
●​ Sequential – Sorted and accessed in order (e.g., payroll).
●​ Direct (Random) – Access any record directly using a key (e.g., student ID).
●​ Applications: Payroll (sequential), Archives (direct), Real-time systems (random).

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