Chapter 11

Resource Masters
 Consumable Workbooks
Many of the worksheets contained in the Chapter Resource Masters booklets
are available as consumable workbooks.
Study Guide and Intervention Workbook 0-07-828029-X
Skills Practice Workbook 0-07-828023-0
Practice Workbook 0-07-828024-9

ANSWERS FOR WORKBOOKS The answers for Chapter 11 of these workbooks

can be found in the back of this Chapter Resource Masters booklet.

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Chapter 11 Resource Masters

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 066 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02
 Contents
Vocabulary Builder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Lesson 11-7
Study Guide and Intervention . . . . . . . . 667–668
Lesson 11-1 Skills Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669
Study Guide and Intervention . . . . . . . . 631–632 Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670
Skills Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633 Reading to Learn Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . 671
Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634 Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672
Reading to Learn Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . 635
Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636 Lesson 11-8
Study Guide and Intervention . . . . . . . . 673–674
Lesson 11-2 Skills Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675
Study Guide and Intervention . . . . . . . . 637–638 Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676
Skills Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639 Reading to Learn Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . 677
Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640 Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678
Reading to Learn Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . 641
Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642 Chapter 11 Assessment
Chapter 11 Test, Form 1 . . . . . . . . . . . 679–680
Lesson 11-3 Chapter 11 Test, Form 2A . . . . . . . . . . 681–682
Study Guide and Intervention . . . . . . . . 643–644 Chapter 11 Test, Form 2B . . . . . . . . . . 683–684
Skills Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645 Chapter 11 Test, Form 2C . . . . . . . . . . 685–686
Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 646 Chapter 11 Test, Form 2D . . . . . . . . . . 687–688
Reading to Learn Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . 647 Chapter 11 Test, Form 3 . . . . . . . . . . . 689–690
Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648 Chapter 11 Open-Ended Assessment . . . . . 691
Chapter 11 Vocabulary Test/Review . . . . . . . 692
Lesson 11-4 Chapter 11 Quizzes 1 & 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693
Study Guide and Intervention . . . . . . . . 649–650 Chapter 11 Quizzes 3 & 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694
Skills Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651 Chapter 11 Mid-Chapter Test . . . . . . . . . . . . 695
Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652 Chapter 11 Cumulative Review . . . . . . . . . . 696
Reading to Learn Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . 653 Chapter 11 Standardized Test Practice . 697–698
Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654
Standardized Test Practice
Lesson 11-5 Student Recording Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A1
Study Guide and Intervention . . . . . . . . 655–656
ANSWERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A2–A35
Skills Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657
Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658
Reading to Learn Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . 659
Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660

Lesson 11-6
Study Guide and Intervention . . . . . . . . 661–662
Skills Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663
Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664
Reading to Learn Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . 665
Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 666

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill iii Glencoe Algebra 2

 Teacher’s Guide to Using the
Chapter 11 Resource Masters
The Fast File Chapter Resource system allows you to conveniently file the resources
you use most often. The Chapter 11 Resource Masters includes the core materials
needed for Chapter 11. These materials include worksheets, extensions, and
assessment options. The answers for these pages appear at the back of this booklet.
All of the materials found in this booklet are included for viewing and printing in the
Algebra 2 TeacherWorks CD-ROM.

Vocabulary Builder Pages vii–viii Practice There is one master for each
include a student study tool that presents lesson. These problems more closely follow
up to twenty of the key vocabulary terms the structure of the Practice and Apply
from the chapter. Students are to record section of the Student Edition exercises.
definitions and/or examples for each term. These exercises are of average difficulty.
You may suggest that students highlight or
star the terms with which they are not WHEN TO USE These provide additional
familiar. practice options or may be used as
homework for second day teaching of the
WHEN TO USE Give these pages to lesson.
students before beginning Lesson 11-1.
Encourage them to add these pages to their Reading to Learn Mathematics
Algebra 2 Study Notebook. Remind them One master is included for each lesson. The
to add definitions and examples as they first section of each master asks questions
complete each lesson. about the opening paragraph of the lesson
in the Student Edition. Additional
Study Guide and Intervention questions ask students to interpret the
Each lesson in Algebra 2 addresses two context of and relationships among terms
objectives. There is one Study Guide and in the lesson. Finally, students are asked to
Intervention master for each objective. summarize what they have learned using
various representation techniques.
WHEN TO USE Use these masters as
reteaching activities for students who need WHEN TO USE This master can be used
additional reinforcement. These pages can as a study tool when presenting the lesson
also be used in conjunction with the Student or as an informal reading assessment after
Edition as an instructional tool for students presenting the lesson. It is also a helpful
who have been absent. tool for ELL (English Language Learner)
students.
Skills Practice There is one master for
each lesson. These provide computational Enrichment There is one extension
practice at a basic level. master for each lesson. These activities may
extend the concepts in the lesson, offer an
WHEN TO USE These masters can be historical or multicultural look at the
used with students who have weaker concepts, or widen students’ perspectives on
mathematics backgrounds or need the mathematics they are learning. These
additional reinforcement. are not written exclusively for honors
students, but are accessible for use with all
levels of students.
WHEN TO USE These may be used as
extra credit, short-term projects, or as
activities for days when class periods are
shortened.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill iv Glencoe Algebra 2

Assessment Options Intermediate Assessment
The assessment masters in the Chapter 11 • Four free-response quizzes are included
Resource Masters offer a wide range of to offer assessment at appropriate
assessment tools for intermediate and final intervals in the chapter.
assessment. The following lists describe each
• A Mid-Chapter Test provides an option
assessment master and its intended use.
to assess the first half of the chapter. It is
composed of both multiple-choice and
Chapter Assessment free-response questions.
CHAPTER TESTS
• Form 1 contains multiple-choice questions Continuing Assessment
and is intended for use with basic level • The Cumulative Review provides
students. students an opportunity to reinforce and
retain skills as they proceed through
• Forms 2A and 2B contain multiple-choice
their study of Algebra 2. It can also be
questions aimed at the average level
used as a test. This master includes
student. These tests are similar in format
free-response questions.
to offer comparable testing situations.
• The Standardized Test Practice offers
• Forms 2C and 2D are composed of free-
continuing review of algebra concepts in
response questions aimed at the average
various formats, which may appear on
level student. These tests are similar in
the standardized tests that they may
format to offer comparable testing
encounter. This practice includes multiple-
situations. Grids with axes are provided
choice, grid-in, and quantitative-
for questions assessing graphing skills.
comparison questions. Bubble-in and
• Form 3 is an advanced level test with grid-in answer sections are provided on
free-response questions. Grids without the master.
axes are provided for questions assessing
graphing skills.
Answers
All of the above tests include a free- • Page A1 is an answer sheet for the
response Bonus question. Standardized Test Practice questions
• The Open-Ended Assessment includes that appear in the Student Edition on
performance assessment tasks that are pages 628–629. This improves students’
suitable for all students. A scoring rubric familiarity with the answer formats they
is included for evaluation guidelines. may encounter in test taking.
Sample answers are provided for • The answers for the lesson-by-lesson
assessment. masters are provided as reduced pages
• A Vocabulary Test, suitable for all with answers appearing in red.
students, includes a list of the vocabulary • Full-size answer keys are provided for
words in the chapter and ten questions the assessment masters in this booklet.
assessing students’ knowledge of those
terms. This can also be used in conjunc-
tion with one of the chapter tests or as a
review worksheet.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill v Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

11 Reading to Learn Mathematics

Vocabulary Builder

Vocabulary Builder
This is an alphabetical list of the key vocabulary terms you will learn in Chapter 11.
As you study the chapter, complete each term’s definition or description. Remember
to add the page number where you found the term. Add these pages to your Algebra
Study Notebook to review vocabulary at the end of the chapter.

Found
Vocabulary Term Definition/Description/Example
on Page
arithmetic mean








AR·ihth·MEH·tihk

arithmetic sequence

arithmetic series

Binomial Theorem

common difference

common ratio

factorial

Fibonacci sequence






fih·buh·NAH·chee

geometric mean

geometric sequence

(continued on the next page)

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill vii Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

11 Reading to Learn Mathematics

Vocabulary Builder (continued)
Found
Vocabulary Term Definition/Description/Example
on Page
geometric series

index of summation

inductive hypothesis

infinite geometric series

iteration






IH·tuh·RAY·shuhn

mathematical induction

partial sum

Pascal’s triangle






pas·KALZ

recursive formula






rih·KUHR·sihv

sigma notation




SIHG·muh

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill viii Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

11-1 Study Guide and Intervention

Arithmetic Sequences
Arithmetic Sequences An arithmetic sequence is a sequence of numbers in which each
term after the first term is found by adding the common difference to the preceding term.

nth Term of an an
a1  (n  1)d, where a1 is the first term, d is the common difference,
Arithmetic Sequence and n is any positive integer

Example 1 Find the next four Example 2 Find the thirteenth term
terms of the arithmetic sequence of the arithmetic sequence with a1
21
and d
6.

Lesson 11-1
7, 11, 15, … .
Find the common difference by subtracting Use the formula for the nth term of an
two consecutive terms. arithmetic sequence with a1
21, n
13,
11  7
4 and 15  11
4, so d
4. and d
6.

Now add 4 to the third term of the sequence, an
a1  (n  1)d Formula for nth term

and then continue adding 4 until the four a13
21  (13  1)(6) n
13, a1
21, d
6
terms are found. The next four terms of the a13
51 Simplify.
sequence are 19, 23, 27, and 31.
The thirteenth term is 51.

Example 3 Write an equation for the nth term of the arithmetic sequence
14, 5, 4, 13, … .
In this sequence a1
14 and d
9. Use the formula for an to write an equation.
an
a1  (n  1)d Formula for the nth term

14  (n  1)9 a1
14, d
9

14  9n  9 Distributive Property

9n  23 Simplify.

Exercises
Find the next four terms of each arithmetic sequence.
1. 106, 111, 116, … 2. 28, 31, 34, … 3. 207, 194, 181, …
121, 126, 131, 136 37, 40, 43, 46 168, 155, 142, 129

Find the first five terms of each arithmetic sequence described.

4. a1
101, d
9 5. a1
60, d
4 6. a1
210, d
40
101, 110, 119, 128, 137 60, 56, 52, 48, 44 210, 170, 130, 90, 50

Find the indicated term of each arithmetic sequence.

7. a1
4, d
6, n
14 82 8. a1
4, d
2, n
12 26
9. a1
80, d
8, n
21 80 10. a10 for 0, 3, 6, 9, … 27

Write an equation for the nth term of each arithmetic sequence.

11. 18, 25, 32, 39, … 12. 110, 85, 60, 35, … 13. 6.2, 8.1, 10.0, 11.9, …
7n  11 25n  135 1.9n  4.3

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 631 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

11-1 Study Guide and Intervention (continued)

Arithmetic Sequences
Arithmetic Means The arithmetic means of an arithmetic sequence are the terms
between any two nonsuccessive terms of the sequence.
To find the k arithmetic means between two terms of a sequence, use the following steps.

Step 1 Let the two terms given be a1 and an , where n
k  2.

Step 2 Substitute in the formula an
a1  (n  1)d.
Step 3 Solve for d, and use that value to find the k arithmetic means:
a1  d, a1  2d, … , a1  kd.

Example Find the five arithmetic means between 37 and 121.

You can use the nth term formula to find the common difference. In the sequence,
37, ? , ? , ? , ? , ? , 121, …, a1 is 37 and a7 is 121.
an
a1  (n  1)d Formula for the nth term
121
37  (7  1)d a1
37, a7
121, n
7
121
37  6d Simplify.
84
6d Subtract 37 from each side.
d
14 Divide each side by 6.

Now use the value of d to find the five arithmetic means.

37






51
 14  14
65
 14
79 93
 14  14
107
 14
121


The arithmetic means are 51, 65, 79, 93, and 107.

Exercises
Find the arithmetic means in each sequence.
1. 5, ? , ? , ? , 3 2. 18, ? , ? , ? , 2 3. 16, ? , ? , 37
3, 1, 1 13, 8, 3 23, 30
4. 108, ? , ? , ? , ? , 48 5. 14, ? , ? , ? , 30 6. 29, ? , ? , ? , 89
96, 84, 72, 60 18, 22, 26 44, 59, 74
7. 61, ? , ? , ? , ? , 116 8. 45, ? , ? , ? , ? , ? , 81
72, 83, 94, 105 51, 57, 63, 69, 75
9. 18, ? , ? , ? , 14 10. 40, ? , ? , ? , ? , ? , 82
10, 2, 6 47, 54, 61, 68, 75
11. 100, ? , ? , 235 12. 80, ? , ? , ? , ? , 30
145, 190 58, 36, 14, 8
13. 450, ? , ? , ? , 570 14. 27, ? , ? , ? , ? , ? , 57
480, 510, 540 32, 37, 42, 47, 52
15. 125, ? , ? , ? , 185 16. 230, ? , ? , ? , ? , ? , 128
140, 155, 170 213, 196, 179, 162, 145
17. 20, ? , ? , ? , ? , 370 18. 48, ? , ? , ? , 100
58, 136, 214, 292 61, 74, 87

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 632 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

11-1 Skills Practice

Arithmetic Sequences
Find the next four terms of each arithmetic sequence.

1. 7, 11, 15, … 19, 23, 27, 31 2. 10, 5, 0, … 5, 10, 15, 20

3. 101, 202, 303, … 404, 505, 606, 707 4. 15, 7, 1, … 9, 17, 25, 33

5. 67, 60, 53, … 6. 12, 15, 18, …

46, 39, 32, 25 21, 24, 27, 30

Lesson 11-1
Find the first five terms of each arithmetic sequence described.

7. a1
6, d
9 6, 15, 24, 33, 42 8. a1
27, d
4 27, 31, 35, 39, 43

9. a1
12, d
5 12, 7, 2, 3, 8 10. a1
93, d
15 93, 78, 63, 48, 33

11. a1
64, d
11 12. a1
47, d
20

64, 53, 42, 31, 20 47, 67, 87, 107, 127

Find the indicated term of each arithmetic sequence.

13. a1
2, d
6, n
12 68 14. a1
18, d
2, n
8 32

15. a1
23, d
5, n
23 133 16. a1
15, d
1, n
25 9

17. a31 for 34, 38, 42, … 154 18. a42 for 27, 30, 33, … 150

Complete the statement for each arithmetic sequence.

19. 55 is the ? th term of 4, 7, 10, … . 18 20. 163 is the ? th term of 5, 2, 9, … . 25

Write an equation for the nth term of each arithmetic sequence.

21. 4, 7, 10, 13, … an
3n  1 22. 1, 1, 3, 5, … an
2n  3

23. 1, 3, 7, 11, … an
4n  5 24. 7, 2, 3, 8, … an
5n  12

Find the arithmetic means in each sequence.

25. 6, ? , ? , ? , 38 14, 22, 30 26. 63, ? , ? , ? , 147 84, 105, 126

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 633 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

11-1 Practice (Average)

Arithmetic Sequences
Find the next four terms of each arithmetic sequence.
1. 5, 8, 11, … 14, 17, 20, 23 2. 4, 6, 8, … 10, 12, 14, 16

3. 100, 93, 86, … 79, 72, 65, 58 4. 24, 19, 14, … 9, 4, 1, 6
7 17 27 37
5.  , 6,  , 11, …  , 16,  , 21 6. 4.8, 4.1, 3.4, … 2.7, 2, 1.3, 0.6
2 2

Find the first five terms of each arithmetic sequence described.

7. a1
7, d
7 8. a1
8, d
2

7, 14, 21, 28, 35 8, 6, 4, 2, 0

1 1
9. a1
12, d
4 10. a1
 , d

2 2
1 3 5
12, 16, 20, 24, 28  , 1,  , 2, 
5 1
11. a1
  , d
  12. a1
10.2, d
5.8
6 3
5 7 3 11 13
, , , ,  10.2, 4.4, 1.4, 7.2, 13

Find the indicated term of each arithmetic sequence.

13. a1
5, d
3, n
10 32 14. a1
9, d
3, n
29 93

15. a18 for 6, 7, 8, … . 23 16. a37 for 124, 119, 114, … . 56
9 3 18
17. a1
 , d
  , n
10   18. a1
14.25, d
0.15, n
31 18.75
5 5

Complete the statement for each arithmetic sequence.

3 4
19. 166 is the ? th term of 30, 34, 38, … 35 20. 2 is the ? th term of  ,  , 1, … 8
5 5

Write an equation for the nth term of each arithmetic sequence.

21. 5, 3, 1, 1, … an
2n  7 22. 8, 11, 14, 17, … an
3n  5

23. 1, 1, 3, 5, … an
2n  3 24. 5, 3, 11, 19, … an
8n  13

Find the arithmetic means in each sequence.

25. 5, ? , ? , ? , 11 1, 3, 7 26. 82, ? , ? , ? , 18 66, 50, 34

27. EDUCATION Trevor Koba has opened an English Language School in Isehara, Japan.
He began with 26 students. If he enrolls 3 new students each week, in how many weeks
will he have 101 students? 26 wk

28. SALARIES Yolanda interviewed for a job that promised her a starting salary of $32,000
with a $1250 raise at the end of each year. What will her salary be during her sixth year
if she accepts the job? $38,250

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 634 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

11-1 Reading to Learn Mathematics

Arithmetic Sequences
Pre-Activity How are arithmetic sequences related to roofing?
Read the introduction to Lesson 11-1 at the top of page 578 in your textbook.
Describe how you would find the number of shingles needed for the fifteenth
row. (Do not actually calculate this number.) Explain why your method will
give the correct answer. Sample answer: Add 3 times 14 to 2. This
works because the first row has 2 shingles and 3 more are
added 14 times to go from the first row to the fifteenth row.

Lesson 11-1
Reading the Lesson
1. Consider the formula an
a1  (n  1)d.

a. What is this formula used to find?

a particular term of an arithmetic sequence
b. What do each of the following represent?

an: the nth term

a1: the first term

n: a positive integer that indicates which term you are finding

d: the common difference

2. Consider the equation an
3n  5.

a. What does this equation represent? Sample answer: It gives the nth term of
an arithmetic sequence with first term 2 and common difference 3.
b. Is the graph of this equation a straight line? Explain your answer. Sample
answer: No; the graph is a set of points that fall on a line, but the
points do not fill the line.
c. The functions represented by the equations an
3n  5 and f(x)
3x  5 are
alike in that they have the same formula. How are they different? Sample
answer: They have different domains. The domain of the first function
is the set of positive integers. The domain of the second function is
the set of all real numbers.

Helping You Remember

3. A good way to remember something is to explain it to someone else. Suppose that your
classmate Shala has trouble remembering the formula an
a1  (n  1)d correctly. She
thinks that the formula should be an
a1  nd. How would you explain to her that she
should use (n  1)d rather than nd in the formula? Sample answer: Each term
after the first in an arithmetic sequence is found by adding d to the
previous term. You would add d once to get to the second term, twice to
get to the third term, and so on. So d is added n  1 times, not n times,
to get the nth term.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 635 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

11-1 Enrichment

Fibonacci Sequence
Leonardo Fibonacci first discovered the sequence of numbers named for him
while studying rabbits. He wanted to know how many pairs of rabbits would
be produced in n months, starting with a single pair of newborn rabbits. He
made the following assumptions.

1. Newborn rabbits become adults in one month.

2. Each pair of rabbits produces one pair each month.
3. No rabbits die.

Let Fn represent the number of pairs of rabbits at the end of n months. If you
begin with one pair of newborn rabbits, F0
F1
1. This pair of rabbits
would produce one pair at the end of the second month, so F2
1  1, or 2.
At the end of the third month, the first pair of rabbits would produce another
pair. Thus, F3
2  1, or 3.

The chart below shows the number of rabbits each month for several months.

Month Adult Pairs Newborn Pairs Total

F0 0 1 1
F1 1 0 1
F2 1 1 2
F3 2 1 3
F4 3 2 5
F5 5 3 8

Solve.

1. Starting with a single pair of newborn rabbits, how many pairs of rabbits
would there be at the end of 12 months?

2. Write the first 10 terms of the sequence for which F0
3, F1
4, and

Fn
Fn  2  Fn  1.

3. Write the first 10 terms of the sequence for which F0
1, F1
5,

Fn
Fn  2  Fn  1.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 636 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

11-2 Study Guide and Intervention

Arithmetic Series
Arithmetic Series An arithmetic series is the sum of consecutive terms of an
arithmetic sequence.

Sum of an The sum Sn of the first n terms of an arithmetic series is given by the formula
n n
Arithmetic Series Sn
[2a1  (n  1)d ] or Sn
(a1  an)
2 2

Example 1 Find Sn for the Example 2 Find the sum of all

arithmetic series with a1
14, positive odd integers less than 180.
an
101, and n
30. The series is 1  3  5  …  179.
Use the sum formula for an arithmetic Find n using the formula for the nth term of
series. an arithmetic sequence.
n
Sn
 (a1  an) Sum formula an
a1  (n  1)d Formula for nth term
2
179
1  (n  1)2 an
179, a1
1, d
2
30
2n  1
S30
 (14  101) n
30, a1
14, an
101 179 Simplify.
2 180
2n Add 1 to each side.

15(115) Simplify. n
90 Divide each side by 2.

Lesson 11-2

1725 Multiply.
Then use the sum formula for an arithmetic
The sum of the series is 1725. series.
n
Sn
 (a1  an) Sum formula
2
90
S90
 (1  179) n
90, a1
1, an
179
2

45(180) Simplify.

8100 Multiply.

The sum of all positive odd integers less

than 180 is 8100.
Exercises
Find Sn for each arithmetic series described.
1. a1
12, an
100, 2. a1
50, an
50, 3. a1
60, an
136,
n
12 672 n
15 0 n
50 1900

4. a1
20, d
4, 5. a1
180, d
8, 6. a1
8, d
7,

an
112 1584 an
68 1860 an
71 395
1
7. a1
42, n
8, d
6 8. a1
4, n
20, d
2  9. a1
32, n
27, d
3
2
504 555 1917
Find the sum of each arithmetic series.
10. 8  6  4  …  10 10 11. 16  22  28  …  112 1088

12. 45  (41)  (37)  …  35 105

Find the first three terms of each arithmetic series described.

13. a1
12, an
174, 14. a1
80, an
115, 15. a1
6.2, an
12.6,
Sn
1767 12, 21, 30 Sn
245 80, 65, 50 Sn
84.6 6.2, 7.0, 7.8

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 637 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

11-2 Study Guide and Intervention (continued)

Arithmetic Series
Sigma Notation A shorthand notation for representing a series makes use of the Greek
5
letter Σ. The sigma notation for the series 6  12  18  24  30 is
6n.
n
1

18
Example Evaluate
(3k  4).
k
1
The sum is an arithmetic series with common difference 3. Substituting k
1 and k
18
into the expression 3k  4 gives a1
3(1)  4
7 and a18
3(18)  4
58. There are
18 terms in the series, so n
18. Use the formula for the sum of an arithmetic series.
n
Sn
 (a1  an) Sum formula
2
18
S18
 (7  58) n
18, a1
7, an
58
2

9(65) Simplify.

585 Multiply.
18
So
k
1

(3k  4)
585.

Exercises
Find the sum of each arithmetic series.
20 25 18
1.
(2n  1)
n
1
2.
(x  1)
n
5
3.
(2k  7)
k
1
440 294 216

75 15 50
4.
(2r  200)
r
10
5.
(6x  3)
x
1
6.
(500  6t)
t
1
7590 765 17,350

80 85 200
7.
(100  k)
k
1
8.

n
20
(n  100) 9.
3s
s
1
4760 3135 60,300

28 36 32
10.

m
14
(2m  50) 11.
(5p  20)
p
1
12.
(25  2j)
j
12
120 2610 399

42 50 44
13.
(4n  9)
n
18
14.
(3n  4)
n
20
15.
(7j  3)
j
5
2775 3379 6740

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 638 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

11-2 Skills Practice

Arithmetic Series
Find Sn for each arithmetic series described.

1. a1
1, an
19, n
10 100 2. a1
5, an
13, n
7 28

3. a1
12, an
23, n
8 44 4. a1
7, n
11, an
67 407

5. a1
5, n
10, an
32 185 6. a1
4, n
10, an
22 130

7. a1
8, d
5, n
12 426 8. a1
1, d
3, n
15 330

9. a1
100, d
7, an
37 685 10. a1
9, d
4, an
27 90

Lesson 11-2
11. d
2, n
26, an
42 442 12. d
12, n
11, an
52 88

Find the sum of each arithmetic series.

13. 1  4  7  10  …  43 330 14. 5  8  11  14  …  32 185

15. 3  5  7  9  …  19 99 16. 2  (5)  (8)  …  (20) 77

5 18
17.
(2n  3) 15 18.
(10  3n) 693
n
1 n
1

10 12
19.
(4n  1) 225 20.
(4  3n) 172
n
2 n
5

Find the first three terms of each arithmetic series described.

21. a1
4, an
31, Sn
175 4, 7, 10 22. a1
3, an
41, Sn
228 3, 1, 5

23. n
10, an
41, Sn
230 5, 9, 13 24. n
19, an
85, Sn
760 5, 0, 5

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 639 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

11-2 Practice (Average)

Arithmetic Series
Find Sn for each arithmetic series described.

1. a1
16, an
98, n
13 741 2. a1
3, an
36, n
12 234

3. a1
5, an
26, n
8 124 4. a1
5, n
10, an
13 40

5. a1
6, n
15, an
22 120 6. a1
20, n
25, an
148 1600

7. a1
13, d
6, n
21 987 8. a1
5, d
4, n
11 275

9. a1
5, d
2, an
33 285 10. a1
121, d
3, an
5 2494

2
11. d
0.4, n
10, an
3.8 20 12. d
  , n
16, an
44 784
3

Find the sum of each arithmetic series.

13. 5  7  9  11  …  27 192 14. 4  1  6  11  …  91 870

15. 13  20  27  …  272 5415 16. 89  86  83  80  …  20 1308

4 6 5
17.
(1  2n) 16 18.
(5  3n) 93 19.
(9  4n) 15
n
1 j
1 n
1

10 8 101
20.
(2k  1) 105 21.
(5n  10) 105 22.
(4  4n) 20,200
k
4 n
3 n
1

Find the first three terms of each arithmetic series described.

23. a1
14, an
85, Sn
1207 24. a1
1, an
19, Sn
100

14, 11, 8 1, 3, 5
4
25. n
16, an
15, Sn
120 26. n
15, an
5  , Sn
45
5
1 3
30, 27, 24 , , 1

27. STACKING A health club rolls its towels and stacks them in layers on a shelf. Each
layer of towels has one less towel than the layer below it. If there are 20 towels on the
bottom layer and one towel on the top layer, how many towels are stacked on the shelf?
210 towels

28. BUSINESS A merchant places $1 in a jackpot on August 1, then draws the name of a
regular customer. If the customer is present, he or she wins the $1 in the jackpot. If the
customer is not present, the merchant adds $2 to the jackpot on August 2 and draws
another name. Each day the merchant adds an amount equal to the day of the month. If
the first person to win the jackpot wins $496, on what day of the month was her or his
name drawn? August 31

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 640 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

11-2 Reading to Learn Mathematics

Arithmetic Series
Pre-Activity How do arithmetic series apply to amphitheaters?
Read the introduction to Lesson 11-2 at the top of page 583 in your textbook.
Suppose that an amphitheater can seat 50 people in the first row and that
each row thereafter can seat 9 more people than the previous row. Using
the vocabulary of arithmetic sequences, describe how you would find the
number of people who could be seated in the first 10 rows. (Do not actually
calculate the sum.) Sample answer: Find the first 10 terms of an
arithmetic sequence with first term 50 and common difference
9. Then add these 10 terms.

Reading the Lesson

1. What is the relationship between an arithmetic sequence and the corresponding
arithmetic series? Sample answer: An arithmetic sequence is a list of terms
with a common difference between successive terms. The corresponding
arithmetic series is the sum of the terms of the sequence.

Lesson 11-2
n
2. Consider the formula Sn
 (a1  an). Explain the meaning of this formula in words.
2
Sample answer: To find the sum of the first n terms of an arithmetic
sequence, find half the number of terms you are adding. Multiply this
number by the sum of the first term and the nth term.

3. a. What is the purpose of sigma notation?

Sample answer: to write a series in a concise form
12
b. Consider the expression
(4i  2).
i
2
This form of writing a sum is called sigma notation .

The variable i is called the index of summation .

The first value of i is 2 .

The last value of i is 12 .

How would you read this expression? The sum of 4i 2 as i goes from 2 to 12.

Helping You Remember

4. A good way to remember something is to relate it to something you already know. How
can your knowledge of how to find the average of two numbers help you remember the
n
formula Sn
 (a1  an)? Sample answer: Rewrite the formula as
2
a a
Sn
n  
1 n
. The average of the first and last terms is given by the
2
a1  an
expression  . The sum of the first n terms is the average of the
2 first

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 641 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

11-2 Enrichment

Geometric Puzzlers
For the problems on this page, you will need to use the Pythagorean
Theorem and the formulas for the area of a triangle and a trapezoid.
1. A rectangle measures 5 by 12 units. The 2. A triangle with sides of lengths a, a, and
upper left corner is cut off as shown in b is isosceles. Two triangles are cut off so
the diagram. that the remaining pentagon has five
2x equal sides of length x. The value of x
can be found using this equation.
5 (2b  a)x2  (4a2  b2)(2x  a)
0
x
12 x x
a
a. Find the area A(x) of the shaded x x
x
pentagon.
b

b. Find x and 2x so that A(x) is a a. Find x when a
10 and b
12.

maximum. What happens to the
cut-off triangle? b. Can a be equal to 2b?

3. The coordinates of the vertices of 4. Inside a square are five circles with the
a triangle are A(0, 0), B(11, 0), and same radius.
C(0, 11). A line x
k cuts the triangle
into two regions having equal area.
y
C a
r

a. Connect the center of the top left circle

to the center of the bottom right circle.
x
k
Express this length in terms of r.

A B x b. Draw the square with vertices at the

centers of the four outside circles.
a. What are the coordinates of point D? Express the diagonal of this square
in terms of r and a.
b. Write and solve an equation for
finding the value of k.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 642 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

11-3 Study Guide and Intervention

Geometric Sequences
Geometric Sequences A geometric sequence is a sequence in which each term after
the first is the product of the previous term and a constant called the constant ratio.

nth Term of a an
a1  r n  1, where a1 is the first term, r is the common ratio,

Geometric Sequence and n is any positive integer

Example 1 Find the next two Example 2 Write an equation for the
terms of the geometric sequence nth term of the geometric sequence
1200, 480, 192, … . 3.6, 10.8, 32.4, … .
480 192
Since 
0.4 and 
0.4, the In this sequence a1
3.6 and r
3. Use the
1200 480 nth term formula to write an equation.
sequence has a common ratio of 0.4. The an
a1  r n  1 Formula for nth term
next two terms in the sequence are
192(0.4)
76.8 and 76.8(0.4)
30.72.
3.6  3n  1 a1
3.6, r
3

An equation for the nth term is an
3.6  3n  1.

Exercises
Find the next two terms of each geometric sequence.
1. 6, 12, 24, … 2. 180, 60, 20, … 3. 2000, 1000, 500, …
20 20
48, 96 ,  250, 125

4. 0.8, 2.4, 7.2, … 5. 80, 60, 45, … 6. 3, 16.5, 90.75, …

Lesson 11-3
21.6, 64.8 33.75, 25.3125 499.125, 2745.1875
Find the first five terms of each geometric sequence described.
1 3 5
7. a1
 , r
3 8. a1
240, r
  9. a1
10, r

9 4 2
1 1 1 1
 ,  , 1, 3, 9 240, 180, 135, 10, 25, 62  , 156  ,
1 15 5
101  , 75  390 
Find the indicated term of each geometric sequence.
1
10. a1
10, r
4, n
2 11. a1
6, r
  , n
8 12. a3
9, r
3, n
7
2
3
40  729
2
13. a4
16, r
2, n
10 14. a4
54, r
3, n
6 15. a1
8, r
 , n
5
3
128
1024 486 

Write an equation for the nth term of each geometric sequence.

16. 500, 350, 245, … 17. 8, 32, 128, … 18. 11, 24.2, 53.24, …
500  0.7n1 8 4n 1 11  (2.2)n  1
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 643 Glencoe Algebra 2
 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

11-3 Study Guide and Intervention (continued)

Geometric Sequences
Geometric Means The geometric means of a geometric sequence are the terms
between any two nonsuccessive terms of the sequence.
To find the k geometric means between two terms of a sequence, use the following steps.

Step 1 Let the two terms given be a1 and an, where n
k  2.

Step 2 Substitute in the formula an
a1  r n  1 (
a1  r k  1).
Step 3 Solve for r, and use that value to find the k geometric means:
a1  r, a1  r 2, … , a1  r k

Example Find the three geometric means between 8 and 40.5.

Use the nth term formula to find the value of r. In the sequence 8, ? , ? , ? , 40.5, a1 is 8
and a5 is 40.5.
an
a1  rn  1 Formula for nth term
40.5
8  r5  1 n
5, a1
8, a5
40.5
5.0625
r4 Divide each side by 8.
r
1.5 Take the fourth root of each side.

There are two possible common ratios, so there are two possible sets of geometric means.
Use each value of r to find the geometric means.
r
1.5 r
1.5
a2
8(1.5) or 12 a2
8(1.5) or 12
a3
12(1.5) or 18 a3
12(1.5) or 18
a4
18(1.5) or 27 a4
18(1.5) or 27
The geometric means are 12, 18, and 27, or 12, 18, and 27.

Exercises
Find the geometric means in each sequence.
1. 5, ? , ? , ? , 405 2. 5, ? , ? , 20.48

15, 45, 135 8, 12.8

3 1
3.  , ? , ? , ? , 375 4. 24, ? , ? , 
5 9
2
3, 15, 75 4,  
3
5. 12, ? , ? , ? , ? , ? ,  6. 200, ? , ? , ? , 414.72
16
3 3 3
6, 3,   ,  ,   240, 288, 345.6
35 1
7.  , ? , ? , ? , ? , 12,005 8. 4, ? , ? , ? , 156 
49 4
35 1
  , 35, 245, 1715 10, 25, 62 
1
9.   , ? , ? , ? , ? , ? , 9 10. 100, ? , ? , ? , 384.16
81
1 1 1
  ,   ,   , 1, 3 140, 196, 274.4

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 644 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

11-3 Skills Practice

Geometric Sequences
Find the next two terms of each geometric sequence.
3 3 3
1. 1, 2, 4, … 8, 16 2. 6, 3,  , …  , 
2

3. 5, 15, 45, … 135, 405 4. 729, 243, 81 , … 27, 9

5. 1536, 384, 96, … 24, 6 6. 64, 160, 400, … 1000, 2500

Find the first five terms of each geometric sequence described.

7. a1
6, r
2 8. a1
27, r
3

6, 12, 24, 48, 96 27, 81, 243, 729, 2187

9. a1
15, r
1 10. a1
3, r
4

15, 15, 15, 15, 15 3, 12, 48, 192, 768

1 1
11. a1
1, r
 12. a1
216, r
 
2 3
1 1 1 1 8
1,  ,  ,  ,  216, 72, 24, 8, 

Lesson 11-3
Find the indicated term of each geometric sequence.

13. a1
5, r
2, n
6 160 14. a1
18, r
3, n
6 4374

15. a1
3, r
2, n
5 48 16. a1
20, r
2, n
9 5120

3 80 80 80
17. a8 for 12, 6, 3, …   18. a7 for 80,  ,  , … 
3 9

Write an equation for the nth term of each geometric sequence.

19. 3, 9, 27, … an
3n 20. 1, 3, 9, … an
1(3)n  1

21. 2, 6, 18, … an
2(3)n  1 22. 5, 10, 20, … an
5(2)n  1

Find the geometric means in each sequence.

23. 4, ? , ? , ? , 64 8, 16, 32 24. 1, ? , ? , ? , 81 3, 9, 27

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 645 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

11-3 Practice (Average)

Geometric Sequences
Find the next two terms of each geometric sequence.
1. 15, 30, 60, … 120, 240 2. 80, 40, 20, … 10, 5
10 10
3. 90, 30, 10, …  ,  4. 1458, 486, 162, … 54, 18

1 3 9 27 81 128
5.  ,  ,  , …  ,  6. 216, 144, 96, … 64, 
4 8 16

Find the first five terms of each geometric sequence described.

7. a1
1, r
3 8. a1
7, r
4
1, 3, 9, 27, 81 7, 28, 112, 448, 1792
1 2
9. a1
  , r
2 10. a1
12, r

3 3
1 2 4 8 16 16 32 64
, , , ,  12, 8,  ,  , 

Find the indicated term of each geometric sequence.

11. a1
5, r
3, n
6 1215 12. a1
20, r
3, n
6 4860
1 1 1 625
13. a1
4, r
2, n
10 2048 14. a8 for   ,   ,   , …  
250 50 10
3 1 1
15. a12 for 96, 48, 24, …  16. a1
8, r
 , n
9 
2
1 1 1 3
17. a1
3125, r
  , n
9   18. a1
3, r
 , n
8 
5 125 10

Write an equation for the nth term of each geometric sequence.

19. 1, 4, 16, … an
(4)n  1 20. 1, 5, 25, … an
1(5)n  1
n1
1 1
21. 1,  ,  , … an

2 4 1 22. 3, 6, 12, … an
3(2)n  1

23. 7, 14, 28, … an
7(2)n  1 24. 5, 30, 180, … an
5(6)n  1

Find the geometric means in each sequence.

25. 3, ? , ? , ? , 768 12, 48, 192 26. 5, ? , ? , ? , 1280 20, 80, 320

27. 144, ? , ? , ? , 9 28. 37,500, ? , ? , ? , ? , 12

72, 36, 18 7500, 1500, 300, 60
29. BIOLOGY A culture initially contains 200 bacteria. If the number of bacteria doubles
every 2 hours, how many bacteria will be in the culture at the end of 12 hours? 12,800

30. LIGHT If each foot of water in a lake screens out 60% of the light above, what percent of
the light passes through 5 feet of water? 1.024%

31. INVESTING Raul invests $1000 in a savings account that earns 5% interest compounded
annually. How much money will he have in the account at the end of 5 years? $1276.28

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 646 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

11-3 Reading to Learn Mathematics

Geometric Sequences
Pre-Activity How do geometric sequences apply to a bouncing ball?
Read the introduction to Lesson 11-3 at the top of page 588 in your textbook.
Suppose that you drop a ball from a height of 4 feet, and that each time it
falls, it bounces back to 74% of the height from which it fell. Describe how
would you find the height of the third bounce. (Do not actually calculate the
height of the bounce.)
Sample answer: Multiply 4 by 0.74 three times.

Reading the Lesson

1. Explain the difference between an arithmetic sequence and a geometric sequence.
Sample answer: In an arithmetic sequence, each term after the first is
found by adding the common difference to the previous term. In a
geometric sequence, each term after the first is found by multiplying the
previous term by the common ratio.

2. Consider the formula an
a1  rn  1.

a. What is this formula used to find? a particular term of a geometric sequence

b. What do each of the following represent?

an: the nth term

Lesson 11-3
a1: the first term

r: the common ratio

n: a positive integer that indicates which term you are finding

3. a. In the sequence 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, the numbers 8, 11, 14, and 17 are
arithmetic means between 5 and 20.
4 4 4 4 4
b. In the sequence 12, 4,  ,  ,  , the numbers 4,  , and  are
3 9 27 3 9
geometric means 4
between 12 and  .
27

Helping You Remember

4. Suppose that your classmate Ricardo has trouble remembering the formula an
a1  r n  1
correctly. He thinks that the formula should be an
a1  r n. How would you explain to
him that he should use rn  1 rather than rn in the formula?
Sample answer: Each term after the first in a geometric sequence is
found by multiplying the previous term by r. There are n  1 terms
before the nth term, so you would need to multiply by r a total of n  1
times, not n times, to get the nth term.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 647 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

11-3 Enrichment

Half the Distance

Suppose you are 200 feet from a fixed point, P. Suppose that you are able to
move to the halfway point in one minute, to the next halfway point one
minute after that, and so on.

200 feet

100 150 175 P

1st minute 2nd minute 3rd minute

An interesting sequence results because according to the problem, you never

actually reach the point P, although you do get arbitrarily close to it.
You can compute how long it will take to get within some specified small
distance of the point. On a calculator, you enter the distance to be covered
and then count the number of successive divisions by 2 necessary to get
within the desired distance.

Example How many minutes are needed to get within 0.1 foot
of a point 200 feet away?
Count the number of times you divide by 2.
Enter: 200
2 ENTER
2 ENTER
2 ENTER , and so on
Result: 0.0976562
You divided by 2 eleven times. The time needed is 11 minutes.

Use the method illustrated above to solve each problem.

1. If it is about 2500 miles from Los Angeles to New York, how many
minutes would it take to get within 0.1 mile of New York? How far from
New York are you at that time?

2. If it is 25,000 miles around Earth, how many minutes would it take to get
within 0.5 mile of the full distance around Earth? How far short would
you be?

3. If it is about 250,000 miles from Earth to the Moon, how many minutes
would it take to get within 0.5 mile of the Moon? How far from the surface
of the Moon would you be?

4. If it is about 30,000,000 feet from Honolulu to Miami, how many minutes

would it take to get to within 1 foot of Miami? How far from Miami would
you be at that time?

5. If it is about 93,000,000 miles to the sun, how many minutes would it take
to get within 500 miles of the sun? How far from the sun would you be at
that time?

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 648 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

11-4 Study Guide and Intervention

Geometric Series
Geometric Series A geometric series is the indicated sum of consecutive terms of a
geometric sequence.

Sum of a The sum Sn of the first n terms of a geometric series is given by

Geometric a (1  r n ) a  a rn
Series Sn

1
or Sn

1 1
, where r  1.
1r 1r

Example 1 Find the sum of the first Example 2 Find the sum of the
7
four terms of the geometric sequence
for which a1
120 and r
 .
1 geometric series

j
1
4  3 j  2.
3
a1(1  r n)
Since the sum is a geometric series, you can
Sn
 Sum formula use the sum formula.
1r
a (1  r n)
   Sn

1 4 1
120 1   1r
Sum formula
3
S4
 1
1
n
4, a1
120, r

3 4
1   (1  37)
3 3
 177.78 S7
 4
n
7, a1
, r
3
Use a calculator. 13 3

The sum of the series is 177.78.  1457.33 Use a calculator.

The sum of the series is 1457.33.

Exercises
Find Sn for each geometric series described.
1 1
1. a1
2, an
486, r
3 2. a1
1200, an
75, r
 3. a1
 , an
125, r
5
2 25
728 2325 156.24

1
4. a1
3, r
 , n
4 5. a1
2, r
6, n
4 6. a1
2, r
4, n
6
3
4.44 518 2730

Lesson 11-4
1
7. a1
100, r
  , n
5 8. a3
20, a6
160, n
8 9. a4
16, a7
1024, n
10
2
68.75 1275 87,381.25

Find the sum of each geometric series.

1 1
10. 6  18  54  … to 6 terms 11.     1  … to 10 terms
4 2
2184 255.75
8 7
12.
2 j 13.
3  2k  1
j
4 k
1
496 381

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 649 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

11-4 Study Guide and Intervention (continued)

Geometric Series
Specific Terms You can use one of the formulas for the sum of a geometric series to help
find a particular term of the series.

Example 1 Find a1 in a geometric Example 2 Find a1 in a geometric

series for which S6
441 and r
2. series for which Sn
244, an
324, and r
a (1  r n)
3.
Sn

1
Sum formula
1r Since you do not know the value of n, use the
a1(1  26) alternate sum formula.
441
 S6
441, r
2, n
6
a ar
12
Sn

1 n
Alternate sum formula
63a1 1r
441
 Subtract.
a1  (324)(3)
1
244
 Sn
244, an
324, r
3
441 1  (3)
a1
 Divide.
a1  972
63
244
 Simplify.
a1
7 Simplify. 4
The first term of the series is 7. 976
a1  972 Multiply each side by 4.
a1
4 Subtract 972 from each side.

The first term of the series is 4.

Example 3 Find a4 in a geometric series for which Sn
796.875, r
 , and n
8.

1
2
First use the sum formula to find a1.
a (1  r n)
Sn

1
Sum formula
1r

 1 
8
a1 1  
2
796.875
 1
S8
796.875, r
 , n
8
2
1
1  
2
0.99609375a1
796.875
 Use a calculator.
0.5
a1
400

 12 
3
Since a4
a1  r3, a4
400 
50. The fourth term of the series is 50.

Exercises
Find the indicated term for each geometric series described.

1. Sn
726, an
486, r
3; a1 6 2. Sn
850, an
1280, r
2; a1 10

1 1
3. Sn
1023.75, an
512, r
2; a1  4. Sn
118.125, an
5.625, r
  ; a1 180
2

5. Sn
183, r
3, n
5; a1 3 6. Sn
1705, r
4, n
5; a1 5

1
7. Sn
52,084, r
5, n
7; a1 4 8. Sn
43,690, r
 , n
8; a1 32, 768
4

9. Sn
381, r
2, n
7; a4 24

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 650 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

11-4 Skills Practice

Geometric Series
Find Sn for each geometric series described.

1. a1
2, a5
162, r
3 242 2. a1
4, a6
12,500, r
5 15,624

3. a1
1, a8
1, r
1 0 4. a1
4, an
256, r
2 172

5. a1
1, an
729, r
3 547 6. a1
2, r
4, n
5 410

7. a1
8, r
2, n
4 120 8. a1
3, r
2, n
12 4095

3 1 93
9. a1
8, r
3, n
5 968 10. a1
6, an
 , r
 
8 2

1 127 1 21
11. a1
8, r
 , n
7  12. a1
2, r
  , n
6 
2 2

Find the sum of each geometric series.

13. 4  8  16  … to 5 terms 124 14. 1  3  9  … to 6 terms 364

15. 3  6  12  … to 5 terms 93 16. 15  30  60  … to 7 terms 645

4 5
17.
3n  1 40 18.
(2)n  1 11
n
1 n
1

Lesson 11-4
4 n1 9
40
19.

n
1
 13   20.
2(3)n  1 9842
n
1

Find the indicated term for each geometric series described.

21. Sn
1275, an
640, r
2; a1 5 22. Sn
40, an
54, r
3; a1 2

1
23. Sn
99, n
5, r
  ; a1 144 24. Sn
39,360, n
8, r
3; a1 12
2

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 651 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

11-4 Practice (Average)

Geometric Series
Find Sn for each geometric series described.
1
1. a1
2, a6
64, r
2 126 2. a1
160, a6
5, r
 315
2

2
3. a1
3, an
192, r
2 129 4. a1
81, an
16, r
  55
3

2 1 728
5. a1
3, an
3072, r
4 2457 6. a1
54, a6
 , r
 
9 3

7. a1
5, r
3, n
9 49,205 8. a1
6, r
1, n
21 6

2 65
9. a1
6, r
3, n
7 3282 10. a1
9, r
 , n
4  
3

1 29,524
11. a1
 , r
3, n
10  12. a1
16, r
1.5, n
6 66.5
3

Find the sum of each geometric series.

728
13. 162  54  18  … to 6 terms  14. 2  4  8  … to 8 terms 510

1 1 182
15. 64  96  144  … to 7 terms 463 16.     1  … to 6 terms  
9 3
8 9 5
17.
(3) n  1 1640 18.
5(2) n  1 855 19.
1(4) n  1 341
n
1 n
1 n
1

6 10 4
1 n  1 63 1 n1 n1 65
20.

n
1
 
2
 21.
2560 
n
1
 
2
5115 22.
9 
n
1
 23  

Find the indicated term for each geometric series described.

23. Sn
1023, an
768, r
4; a1 3 24. Sn
10,160, an
5120, r
2; a1 80

25. Sn
1365, n
12, r
2; a1 1 26. Sn
665, n
6, r
1.5; a1 32

27. CONSTRUCTION A pile driver drives a post 27 inches into the ground on its first hit.
2
Each additional hit drives the post  the distance of the prior hit. Find the total distance
3
the post has been driven after 5 hits. 1
70  in.

28. COMMUNICATIONS Hugh Moore e-mails a joke to 5 friends on Sunday morning. Each
of these friends e-mails the joke to 5 of her or his friends on Monday morning, and so on.
Assuming no duplication, how many people will have heard the joke by the end of
Saturday, not including Hugh? 97,655 people

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 652 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

11-4 Reading to Learn Mathematics

Geometric Series
Pre-Activity How is e-mailing a joke like a geometric series?
Read the introduction to Lesson 11-4 at the top of page 594 in your textbook.
• Suppose that you e-mail the joke on Monday to five friends, rather than
three, and that each of those friends e-mails it to five friends on Tuesday,
and so on. Write a sum that shows that total number of people, including
yourself, who will have read the joke by Thursday. (Write out the sum
using plus signs rather than sigma notation. Do not actually find the sum.)
1  5  25  125
• Use exponents to rewrite the sum you found above. (Use an exponent in
each term, and use the same base for all terms.)
50  51  52  53

Reading the Lesson

a (1  r n)
1. Consider the formula Sn

1
.
1r
a. What is this formula used to find? the sum of the first n terms of a
geometric series
b. What do each of the following represent?

Sn: the sum of the first n terms

a1: the first term

r: the common ratio

1 1 1
c. Suppose that you want to use the formula to evaluate 3  1       . Indicate
3 9 27
the values you would substitute into the formula in order to find Sn. (Do not actually
calculate the sum.)
13
1 5 1
n
5 a1
3 r

 rn

or  
3 243
6
d. Suppose that you want to use the formula to evaluate the sum
8(2)n  1. Indicate

Lesson 11-4
n
1
the values you would substitute into the formula in order to find Sn. (Do not actually
calculate the sum.)

n
6 a1
8 r
2 rn
(2)6 or 64

Helping You Remember

2. This lesson includes three formulas for the sum of the first n terms of a geometric series.
All of these formulas have the same denominator and have the restriction r  1. How can
this restriction help you to remember the denominator in the formulas?
Sample answer: If r
1, then r  1
0. Because division by 0 is
undefined, a formula with r  1 in the denominator will not apply
when r
1.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 653 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

11-4 Enrichment

Annuities
An annuity is a fixed amount of money payable at given intervals. For example,
suppose you wanted to set up a trust fund so that $30,000 could be withdrawn
each year for 14 years before the money ran out. Assume the money can be
invested at 9%.
You must find the amount of money that needs to be invested. Call this
amount A. After the third payment, the amount left is
1.09[1.09A  30,000(1  1.09)]  30,000
1.092A  30,000(1  1.09  1.092).
The results are summarized in the table below.
Payment Number Number of Dollars Left After Payment
1 A  30,000
2 1.09A  30,000(1  1.09)
3 1.092A  30,000(1  1.09  1.092)

1. Use the pattern shown in the table to find the number of dollars left after
the fourth payment.

2. Find the amount left after the tenth payment.

The amount left after the 14th payment is 1.0913A  30,000(1  1.09 
1.092  …  1.0913). However, there should be no money left after the 14th
and final payment.
1.0913A  30,000(1  1.09  1.092  …  1.0913)
0
Notice that 1  1.09  1.092  …  1.0913 is a geometric series where
a1
1, an
1.0913, n
14 and r
1.09.
Using the formula for Sn,
a1  a1rn 1  1.0914 1  1.0914
1  1.09  1.092  …  1.0913


.
1r 1  1.09 0.09
30,000 1.0914  1
3. Show that when you solve for A you get A
 
13 .
0.09  1.09 

Therefore, to provide $30,000 for 14 years where the annual interest rate is 9%,
30,000 1.0914  1
you need  
13 
dollars.
0.09 1.09 
4. Use a calculator to find the value of A in problem 3.

In general, if you wish to provide P dollars for each of n years at an annual

rate of r%, you need A dollars where

1  10r0         
n1 r r 2 r n1
A  P 1  1    1    …  1  
0.
100 100 100
You can solve this equation for A, given P, n, and r.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 654 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

11-5 Study Guide and Intervention

Infinite Geometric Series
Infinite Geometric Series A geometric series that does not end is called an infinite
geometric series. Some infinite geometric series have sums, but others do not because the
partial sums increase without approaching a limiting value.
a1
Sum of an Infinite S
 for  1  r  1.
1r
Geometric Series If | r | 1, the infinite geometric series does not have a sum.

Example Find the sum of each infinite geometric series, if it exists.


1 n1
a. 75  15  3  … b.
48  3 
n
1
First, find the value of r to determine if
In this infinite geometric series, a1
48
the sum exists. a1
75 and a2
15, so
1
and r
  .
15 1
r
 or  . Since   1, the sum
75 5  
1
5
3
a
exists. Now use the formula for the sum S
1
Sum formula
1r
of an infinite geometric series.
48
a1
 a1
48, r
 
1
S
  3
1 3
1r
Sum formula 1  
75 48

 1
a1
75, r

1
5


4
or 36 Simplify.
1   
5 3
75 n1

 48   
4
or 93.75

Simplify.
Thus
1
3

36.
5 n
1

The sum of the series is 93.75.

Exercises
Find the sum of each infinite geometric series, if it exists.
5 5 25 1
1. a1
7, r
 2. 1      … 3. a1
4, r

8 4 16 2
2
18  does not exist 8
2 5 25 2 1 1
4.       … 5. 15  10  6   … 6. 18  9  4   2   …
9 27 162 3 2 4
1
1 45 12
1 1 1
7.       … 8. 1000  800  640  … 9. 6  12  24  48  …
10 20 40
1
Lesson 11-5

 5000 does not exist

n1 k1 s1
10.
50 
n
1
 54  11.
22  
k
1
 21  12.
24 
s
1
 127 
2 3
250 14  57 

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 655 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

11-5 Study Guide and Intervention (continued)

Infinite Geometric Series

Repeating Decimals A repeating decimal represents a fraction. To find the fraction,
write the decimal as an infinite geometric series and use the formula for the sum.

Example Write each repeating decimal as a fraction.

2
a. 0.4  4
b. 0.52
Write the repeating decimal as a sum. Let S
0.52
4
.
2
0.4 
0.42424242… S
0.5242424… Write as a repeating decimal.

42 42 42 1000S
524.242424… Multiply each side by 1000.

      …
100 10,0001,000,000 10S
5.242424… Mulitply each side by 10.
42 1
In this series a1
 and r
 . 990S
519 Subtract the third equation
100 100
from the second equation.
a1 519 173
S
 Sum formula S
 or  Simplify.
1r 990 330
42
 173
100 4
Thus, 0.52 


 1
42
a1
 , r

1 330
100 100
1  
100
42

100


99 Subtract.

100
42 14

 or  Simplify.
99 33
14
2
Thus 0.4
.
33

Exercises
Write each repeating decimal as a fraction.
2 8 10 29
 
1. 0.2  
2. 0.8 0
3. 0.3   7
4. 0.8  

10 6 25 2
0
5. 0.1   4
6. 0.5   5
7. 0.7   8
8. 0.1  

62 8 4 1
2
9. 0.6   2
10. 0.7    
2
11. 0.07  
5
12. 0.04

1 23 46 9
 
13. 0.06 3
14. 0.01  
8 1
15. 0.0 3 
8  
1
16. 0.08

27 24 49 19
17. 0.24 
5  
6
18. 0.43  
19. 0.54  
3
20. 0.86

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 656 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

11-5 Skills Practice

Infinite Geometric Series
Find the sum of each infinite geometric series, if it exists.
1 2 25
1. a1
1, r
 2 2. a1
5, r
  
2 5

1
3. a1
8, r
2 does not exist 4. a1
6, r
 12
2

1
5. 4  2  1    … 8 6. 540  180  60  20  … 405
2

7. 5  10  20  … does not exist 8. 336  84  21  … 268.8

1 81
9. 125  25  5  … 156.25 10. 9  1    … 
9

3 9 27 1 1 1 1
11.       … does not exist 12.       … 
4 4 4 3 9 27

25
13. 5  2  0.8  …  14. 9  6  4  … 27

n1 n1 9
15.
10 
n
1
 12  20 16.
6  
n
1
 13  

n1 n1
17.
15 
n
1
 52  25 18.
  
n
1
 43  13  2

Write each repeating decimal as a fraction.

4 8
 
19. 0.4  
20. 0.8

3 67
7
21. 0.2   7
22. 0.6  

6 125
Lesson 11-5

4
23. 0.5   7
24. 0.3  
5

641 57
4
25. 0.6  
1 7
26. 0.1  
1

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 657 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

11-5 Practice (Average)

Infinite Geometric Series

Find the sum of each infinite geometric series, if it exists.
2 1
1. a1
35, r
 49 2. a1
26, r
 52
7 2
3 6
3. a1
98, r
  56 4. a1
42, r
 does not exist
4 5
3 1
5. a1
112, r
  70 6. a1
500, r
 625
5 5
1 27
7. a1
135, r
  90 8. 18  6  2  … 
2
8
9. 2  6  18  … does not exist 10. 6  4    … 18
3
4 2 100
11.     1  … does not exist 12. 10  1  0.1  … 
25 5

13. 100  20  4  … 125 14. 270  135  67.5  … 180

7 7 7 7
15. 0.5  0.25  0.125  … 1 16.       … 
10 100 1000
8 1 1 1
17. 0.8  0.08  0.008  …  18.       … does not exist
12 6 3
9 27 21 30
19. 3      …  20. 0.3  0.003  0.00003  … 
7 49
1 2
21. 0.06  0.006  0.0006  …  22.   2  6  … does not exist
3
n1 n1 8
23.
3 
n
1
 14  4 24.
  
n
1
2
3  34  

n1 50
25.
18 
n
1
 23  54 26.
5(0.1)n  1 
n
1

Write each repeating decimal as a fraction.

2 1 43 3
 
27. 0.6 9
28. 0.0    
3
29. 0.4  
7
30. 0.2
9 28 110 50
4
31. 0.2  
3 4
32. 0.8   9
33. 0.9  
0 5
34. 0.1  
0

35. PENDULUMS On its first swing, a pendulum travels 8 feet. On each successive swing,
4
the pendulum travels  the distance of its previous swing. What is the total distance
5
traveled by the pendulum when it stops swinging? 40 ft
9
36. ELASTICITY A ball dropped from a height of 10 feet bounces back  of that distance.
10
9
With each successive bounce, the ball continues to reach  of its previous height. What is
10
the total vertical distance (both up and down) traveled by the ball when it stops bouncing?
(Hint: Add the total distance the ball falls to the total distance it rises.) 190 ft

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 658 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

11-5 Reading to Learn Mathematics

Infinite Geometric Series
Pre-Activity How does an infinite geometric series apply to a bouncing ball?
Read the introduction to Lesson 11-5 at the top of page 599 in your textbook.
Note the following powers of 0.6: 0.61
0.6; 0.62
0.36; 0.63
0.216;
0.64
0.1296; 0.65
0.07776; 0.66
0.046656; 0.67
0.0279936. If a ball
is dropped from a height of 10 feet and bounces back to 60% of its previous
height on each bounce, after how many bounces will it bounce back to a
height of less than 1 foot? 5 bounces

Reading the Lesson

a1
1. Consider the formula S
 .
1r
a. What is the formula used to find? the sum of an infinite geometric series
b. What do each of the following represent?
S: the sum
a1: the first term
r: the common ratio
c. For what values of r does an infinite geometric sequence have a sum? 1  r  1
d. Rewrite your answer for part d as an absolute value inequality. | r |  1

2. For each of the following geometric series, give the values of a1 and r. Then state
whether the sum of the series exists. (Do not actually find the sum.)
2 1
2 2 2  
a.       … a1
3 r
3
3 9 27
Does the sum exist? yes
1
1
b. 2  1      …
1
a1
2 r


2 4
2
Does the sum exist? yes

c.
3i
i
1
a1
3 r
3
Does the sum exist? no

Helping You Remember

3. One good way to remember something is to relate it to something you already know. How
a (1  rn)
can you use the formula Sn

1 that you learned in Lesson 11-4 for finding the
Lesson 11-5

1r
sum of a geometric series to help you remember the formula for finding the sum of an
infinite geometric series? Sample answer: If 1  r  1, then as n gets large,
r n approaches 0, so 1  r n approaches 1. Therefore, Sn approaches
a1  1 a1
 , or  .
1r 1r

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 659 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

11-5 Enrichment

Convergence and Divergence

Convergence and divergence are terms that relate to the existence of a sum of
an infinite series. If a sum exists, the series is convergent. If not, the series is
3 3
divergent. Consider the series 12  3      … . This is a geometric
4 16 a
1 1
series with r
. The sum is given by the formula S
 . Thus, the sum
4 1r
3
is 12  or 16. This series is convergent since a sum exists. Notice that the
4
first two terms have a sum of 15. As more terms are added, the sum comes
closer (or converges) to 16.

Recall that a geometric series has a sum if and only if 1  r  1. Thus, a

geometric series is convergent if r is between 1 and 1, and divergent if r has
another value. An infinite arithmetic series cannot have a sum unless all of
the terms are equal to zero.

Example Determine whether each series is convergent or divergent.

a. 2  5  8  11  … divergent

b. 2  4  (8)  16  … divergent

c. 16  8  4  2  … convergent

Determine whether each series is convergent or divergent. If the

series is convergent, find the sum.
1. 5  10  15  20  … 2. 16  8  4  2  …

3. 1  0.1  0.01  0.001  … 4. 4  2  0  2  …

1 1 1
5. 2  4  8  16  … 6. 1        …
5 25 125

1 1 1
7. 4  2.4  1.44  0.864  … 8.       1  …
8 4 2

5 10 20 40 3
9.         … 10. 48  12  3    …
3 9 27 81 4

1 1 1 1
Bonus: Is 1          … convergent or divergent?
2 3 4 5

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 660 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

11-6 Study Guide and Intervention

Recursion and Special Sequences
Special Sequences In a recursive formula, each succeeding term is formulated from

Lesson 11-6
one or more previous terms. A recursive formula for a sequence has two parts:
1. the value(s) of the first term(s), and
2. an equation that shows how to find each term from the term(s) before it.

Example Find the first five terms of the sequence in which a1
6, a2
10,
and an
2an  2 for n 3.
a1
6
a2
10
a3
2a1
2(6)
12
a4
2a2
2(10)
20
a5
2a3
2(12)
24
The first five terms of the sequence are 6, 10, 12, 20, 24.

Exercises
Find the first five terms of each sequence.

1. a1
1, a2
1, an
2(an  1  an  2), n 3 1, 1, 4, 10, 28

1 1 2 3 5
2. a1
1, an

1  an  1 ,
n 2 1,  ,  ,  , 

3. a1
3, an
an  1  2(n  2), n 2 3, 3, 5, 9, 15

4. a1
5, an
an  1  2, n 2 5, 7, 9, 11, 13

5. a1
1, an
(n  1)an  1, n 2 1, 1, 2, 6, 24

6. a1
7, an
4an  1  1, n 2 7, 27, 107, 427, 1707

7. a1
3, a2
4, an
2an  2  3an  1, n 3 3, 4, 18, 62, 222

8. a1
0.5, an
an  1  2n, n 2 0.5, 4.5, 10.5, 18.5, 28.5

an  2
9. a1
8, a2
10, an

an  1
,n 3 8, 10, 0.8, 12.5, 0.064

an  1 50 50 50
10. a1
100, an
 , n 2 100, 50,  ,  , 
n

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 661 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

11-6 Study Guide and Intervention (continued)

Recursion and Special Sequences

Iteration Combining composition of functions with the concept of recursion leads to the
process of iteration. Iteration is the process of composing a function with itself repeatedly.

Example Find the first three iterates of f(x)
4x  5 for an

initial value of x0
2.
To find the first iterate, find the value of the function for x0
2
x1
f(x0) Iterate the function.

f(2) x0
2

4(2)  5 or 3 Simplify.

To find the second iteration, find the value of the function for x1
3.
x2
f(x1) Iterate the function.

f(3) x1
3

4(3)  5 or 7 Simplify.

To find the third iteration, find the value of the function for x2
7.
x3
f(x2) Iterate the function.

f(7) x2
7

4(7)  5 or 23 Simplify.

The first three iterates are 3, 7, and 23.

Exercises
Find the first three iterates of each function for the given initial value.

1. f(x)
x  1; x0
4 2. f(x)
x2  3x; x0
1 3. f(x)
x2  2x  1; x0
2

3, 2, 1 2, 10, 70 1, 4, 25

4. f(x)
4x  6; x0
5 5. f(x)
6x  2; x0
3 6. f(x)
100  4x; x0
5

26, 110, 446 16, 94, 562 120, 380, 1620

7. f(x)
3x  1; x0
47 8. f(x)
x3  5x2; x0
1 9. f(x)
10x  25; x0
2

140, 419, 1256 4, 144, 3,089,664 5, 75, 775

x1
10. f(x)
4x2  9; x0
1 11. f(x)
2x2  5; x0
4 12. f(x)
 ; x0
1
x2
1
5, 91, 33,115 37, 2743, 15,048,103 0,   , 1
1 3
13. f(x)
 (x  11); x0
3 14. f(x)
 ; x0
9 15. f(x)
x  4x2; x0
1
2 x
1 1
7, 9, 10  , 9,  3, 39, 6123
1
16. f(x)
x   ; x0
2 17. f(x)
x3  5x2  8x  10; 18. f(x)
x3  x2; x0
2
x
x0
1
2.5, 2.9, about 3.245 6, 454, 94,610,886 12, 1872,
6,563,711,232

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 662 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

11-6 Skills Practice

Recursion and Special Sequences
Find the first five terms of each sequence.

Lesson 11-6
1. a1
4, an  1
an  7 2. a1
2, an  1
an  3
4, 11, 18, 25, 32 2, 1, 4, 7, 10

3. a1
5, an  1
2an 4. a1
4, an  1
6  an
5, 10, 20, 40, 80 4, 10, 4, 10, 4

5. a1
1, an  1
an  n 6. a1
1, an  1
n  an
1, 2, 4, 7, 11 1, 2, 0, 3, 1

7. a1
6, an  1
an  n  1 8. a1
8, an  1
an  n  2
6, 4, 1, 3, 8 8, 5, 1, 4, 10

9. a1
3, an  1
2an  7 10. a1
4, an  1
2an  5

3, 1, 9, 25, 57 4, 13, 21, 47, 89

11. a1
0, a2
1, an  1
an  an  1 12. a1
1, a2
1, an  1
an  an  1

0, 1, 1, 2, 3 1, 1, 0, 1, 1

13. a1
3, a2
5, an  1
4an  an  1 14. a1
3, a2
2, an  1
an  1  an

3, 5, 23, 97, 411 3, 2, 5, 7, 12

Find the first three iterates of each function for the given initial value.

15. f(x)
2x  1, x0
3 5, 9, 17 16. f(x)
5x  3, x0
2 7, 32, 157

17. f(x)
3x  4, x0
1 1, 7, 25 18. f(x)
4x  7, x0
5 13, 45, 173

19. f(x)
x  3, x0
10 13, 10, 13 20. f(x)
3x  6, x0
6 12, 42, 120

21. f(x)
3x  4, x0
2 2, 10, 26 22. f(x)
6x  5, x0
1 1, 1, 1

23. f(x)
7x  1, x0
4 24. f(x)
x2  3x, x0
5

27, 188, 1315 10, 70, 4690

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 663 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

11-6 Practice (Average)

Recursion and Special Sequences

Find the first five terms of each sequence.
1. a1
3, an  1
an  5 2. a1
7, an  1
an  8
3, 8, 13, 18, 23 7, 1, 9, 17, 25
3. a1
3, an  1
3an  2 4. a1
8, an  1
10  an
3, 7, 19, 55, 163 8, 18, 8, 18, 8
5. a1
4, an  1
n  an 6. a1
3, an  1
3an
4, 3, 5, 2, 6 3, 9, 27,81, 243
7. a1
4, an  1
3an  4 8. a1
2, an  1
4an  5
4, 8, 28, 80, 244 2, 13, 47, 193, 767
9. a1
3, a2
1, an  1
an  an  1 10. a1
1, a2
5, an  1
4an  1  an
3, 1, 2, 3, 1 1, 5, 9, 29, 65
11. a1
2, a2
3, an  1
5an  8an  1 12. a1
2, a2
1, an  1
2an  6an  1
2, 3, 31, 131, 407 2, 1, 14, 34, 152
Find the first three iterates of each function for the given initial value.
13. f(x)
3x  4, x0
1 1, 7, 25 14. f(x)
10x  2, x0
1 8, 78, 778

15. f(x)
8  3x, x0
1 11, 41, 131 16. f(x)
8  x, x0
3 11, 3, 11

17. f(x)
4x  5, x0
1 1, 9, 41 18. f(x)
5(x  3), x0
2 5, 40, 215

19. f(x)
8x  9, x0
1 1, 1, 1 20. f(x)
4x2, x0
1 4; 64; 16,384

21. f(x)
x2  1, x0
3 8, 63, 3968 22. f(x)
2x2; x0
5 50; 5000; 50,000,000

23. INFLATION Iterating the function c(x)
1.05x gives the future cost of an item at a
constant 5% inflation rate. Find the cost of a $2000 ring in five years at 5% inflation.
$2552.56
FRACTALS For Exercises 24–27, use the 3 in.
following information.
Replacing each side of the square shown with the
combination of segments below it gives the figure
to its right.
24. What is the perimeter of the original square? 1 in.
12 in. 1 in. 1 in.
25. What is the perimeter of the new shape? 20 in.
1 in. 1 in.

26. If you repeat the process by replacing each side of the new shape by a proportional
combination of 5 segments, what will the perimeter of the third shape be? 1
33  in.
27. What function f(x) can you iterate to find the perimeter of each successive shape if you
continue this process? f(x)
5
x

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 664 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

11-6 Reading to Learn Mathematics

Recursion and Special Sequences
Pre-Activity How is the Fibonacci sequence illustrated in nature?

Lesson 11-6
Read the introduction to Lesson 11-6 at the top of page 606 in your textbook.
What are the next three numbers in the sequence that gives the number of
shoots corresponding to each month? 8, 13, 21

Reading the Lesson

1. Consider the sequence in which a1
4 and an
2an  1  5.

a. Explain why this is a recursive formula. Sample answer: Each term is found
from the value of the previous term.
b. Explain in your own words how to find the first four terms of this sequence. (Do not
actually find any terms after the first.) Sample answer: The first term is 4. To
find the second term, double the first term and add 5. To find the third
term, double the second term and add 5. To find the fourth term,
double the third term and add 5.
c. What happens to the terms of this sequence as n increases? Sample answer:
They keep getting larger and larger.

2. Consider the function f(x)
3x  1 with an initial value of x0
2.

a. What does it mean to iterate this function?

to compose the function with itself repeatedly
b. Fill in the blanks to find the first three iterates. The blanks that follow the letter x
are for subscripts.

x1
f(x 0 )
f( 2 )
3( 2 )  1
6 1
5
x2
f(x 1 )
f( 5 )
3( 5 )  1
14

x3
f(x 2 )
f( 14 )
3( 14 )  1
41

c. As this process continues, what happens to the values of the iterates?

Sample answer: They keep getting larger and larger.

Helping You Remember

3. Use a dictionary to find the meanings of the words recurrent and iterate. How can the
meanings of these words help you to remember the meaning of the mathematical terms
recursive and iteration? How are these ideas related? Sample answer: Recurrent
means happening repeatedly, while iterate means to repeat a process or
operation. A recursive formula is used repeatedly to find the value of one
term of a sequence based on the previous term. Iteration means to
compose a function with it self repeatedly. Both ideas have to do with
repetition—doing the same thing over and over again.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 665 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

11-6 Enrichment

Continued Fractions
The fraction below is an example of a continued fraction. Note that each
fraction in the continued fraction has a numerator of 1.
1
2  
1
3  
41
–
5

Example 1 Evaluate the continued Example 2 Change  into a

25
11
fraction above. Start at the bottom and continued fraction.
work your way up. Follow the steps.
1 20 1 21
Step 1: 4  
  
 25 22 3
Step 1: 
  
2  
3
5 5 5 5 11 11 11 11
1 5
Step 2: 
21

 3
Step 2: 

1
 21 11 11
5 
3
5 63 5 68
Step 3: 3  
  
 Step 3:
11 9 2 2

  
3  
21 21 21 21 3 3 3 3
1 21 2 1
Step 4: 68

 Step 4: 

 68 3 3

21 2
21 21 3 2 1 1
Step 5: 2  
2 Step 5: 
  
1  
68 68 2 2 2 2
Stop, because the numerator is 1.
25 1
Thus,  can be written as 2   1
11 3   1
1–
2

Evaluate each continued fraction.

1 1
1. 1  2. 0  
1
1 6  
1 1 41
–
2  1 2
3–
3

1 1
3. 2  4. 5  
1
1 7  
4   1
1 9 —
6   11
8—1
10

Change each fraction into a continued fraction.

75 29 13
5.  6.  7. 
31 8 19

1  1  
1 2
1  
2

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 666 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

11-7 Study Guide and Intervention

The Binomial Theorem
Pascal’s Triangle Pascal’s triangle is the pattern of coefficients of powers of binomials
displayed in triangular form. Each row begins and ends with 1 and each coefficient is the
sum of the two coefficients above it in the previous row.

(a  b)0 1
(a  b)1 1 1
(a  b)2 1 2 1
Pascal’s Triangle
(a  b)3 1 3 3 1
(a  b)4 1 4 6 4 1
(a  b)5 1 5 10 10 5 1

Lesson 11-7
Example Use Pascal’s triangle to find the number of possible sequences
consisting of 3 as and 2 bs.
The coefficient 10 of the a3b2-term in the expansion of (a  b)5 gives the number of
sequences that result in three as and two bs.

Exercises
Expand each power using Pascal’s triangle.

1. (a  5)4 a4  20a 3  150a 2  500a  625

2. (x  2y)6 x 6  12x 5y  60x 4y 2  160x 3y 3  240x 2y 4  192xy 5  64y 6

3. ( j  3k)5 j 5  15j 4k  90j 3k 2  270j 2k 3  405jk 4  243k 5

4. (2s  t)7 128s7  448s 6t  672s 5t 2  560s 4t 3  280s 3t 4  84s 2t 5  14st 6  t 7

5. (2p  3q)6 64p 6  576p 5q  2160p4q 2  4320p 3q 3  4860p 2q 4  2916pq 5  729q 6

3 1 1

6. a  
2 
b 4
a4  2a3b   a2b2   ab3   b4

7. Ray tosses a coin 15 times. How many different sequences of tosses could result in 4
heads and 11 tails? 1365

8. There are 9 true/false questions on a quiz. If twice as many of the statements are true as
false, how many different sequences of true/false answers are possible? 84

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 667 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

11-7 Study Guide and Intervention (continued)

The Binomial Theorem

The Binomial Theorem
Binomial If n is a nonnegative integer, then
n n(n  1) n(n  1)(n  2)
Theorem (a  b)n
1anb 0   an  1b1   an  2b2   an  3b3  … 1a0bn
1 12 123

Another useful form of the Binomial Theorem uses factorial notation and sigma notation.

Factorial If n is a positive integer, then n!
n(n  1)(n  2)  …  2  1.

Binomial n! n 0 n! n! n! 0 n
(a  b)n
 a b   an  1b1   an  2b 2  …   a b
Theorem, n!0! (n  1)!1! (n  2)!2! 0!n!
n
Factorial
Form


 n!
(n  k)!k !
k
0
an  kb k

Example 1 11!
Evaluate  .
8!
11! 11  10  9  8  7  6  5  4  3  2  1


8! 87654321

11  10  9
990

Example 2 Expand (a  3b)4.

4
(a  3b)4


k
0
(4 
4!
 a4  k(3b)k
k)!k!
4! 4! 4! 4! 4!

 a4   a3(3b)1   a2(3b)2   a(3b)3   (3b)4
4!0! 3!1! 2!2! 1!3! 0!4!

a4  12a3b  54a2b2  108ab3  81b4

Exercises
Evaluate each expression.
9! 10!
1. 5! 120 2.  36 3.  210
7!2! 6!4!
Expand each power.
4. (a  3)6 a6  18a5  135a4  540a 3  1215a 2  1458a  729

5. (r  2s)7 r 7  14r 6s  84r 5s 2  280r 4s3  560r 3s4  672r 2s5  448rs 6  128s7

6. (4x  y)4 256x 4  256x 3y  96x 2y 2  16xy 3  y 4

5 1

7. 2  
2 
m 5
32  40m  20m 2  5m3   m4   m5
Find the indicated term of each expansion.
8. third term of (3x  y)5 270x 3y 2 9. fifth term of (a  1)7 35a 3

10. fourth term of ( j  2k)8 448j 5k 3 11. sixth term of (10  3t)7 510,300t 5

12. second term of m    3

2 9
6m8 13. seventh term of (5x  2)11 92,400,000x 5

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 668 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

11-7 Skills Practice

The Binomial Theorem
Evaluate each expression.

1. 8! 40,320 2. 10! 3,628,800

15!
3. 12! 479,001,600 4.  210
13!

6! 10!
5.  120 6.  45
3! 2!8!

Lesson 11-7
9! 20!
7.  84 8.  15,504
3!6! 15!5!

Expand each power.

9. (x  y)3 10. (a  b)5

x 3  3x 2y  3xy 2  y 3 a 5  5a 4b  10a 3b 2  10a 2b 3  5ab4  b 5

12. (m  1)4 11. (g  h)4

m4  4m 3  6m 2  4m  1 g 4  4g 3h  6g 2h 2  4gh 3  h4

13. (r  4)3 14. (a  5)4

r 3  12r 2  48r  64 a 4  20a 3  150a 2  500a  625

15. ( y  7)3 16. (d  2)5

y 3  21y 2  147y  343 d 5  10d 4  40d 3  80d 2  80d  32

17. (x  1)4 18. (2a  b)4

x 4  4x 3  6x 2  4x  1 16a 4  32a 3b  24a 2b 2  8ab3  b4

19. (c  4d)3 20. (2a  3)3

c 3  12c 2d  48cd 2  64d 3 8a3  36a 2  54a  27

Find the indicated term of each expansion.

21. fourth term of (m  n)10 120m7n 3 22. seventh term of (x  y)8 28x 2y 6

23. third term of (b  6)5 360b 3 24. sixth term of (s  2)9 4032s4

25. fifth term of (2a  3)6 4860a 2 26. second term of (3x  y)7 5103x 6y

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 669 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

11-7 Practice (Average)

The Binomial Theorem

Evaluate each expression.
9! 20!
1. 7! 5040 2. 11! 39,916,800 3.  3024 4.  380
5! 18!
8! 8! 12! 41!
5.  28 6.  56 7.  924 8.  10,660
6!2! 5!3! 6!6! 3!38!

Expand each power.

9. (n  v)5 n 5  5n 4v  10n 3v 2  10n 2v 3  5nv 4  v 5
10. (x  y)4 x 4  4x 3y  6x 2y 2 4xy 3  y 4

11. (x  y)6 x 6  6x 5y  15x 4y 2  20x 3y 3  15x 2y 4  6xy 5  y 6

12. (r  3)5 r 5  15r 4  90r 3  270r 2  405r  243

13. (m  5)5 m 5  25m4  250m 3  1250m 2  3125m  3125

14. (x  4)4 x 4  16x 3  96x 2  256x  256

15. (3x  y)4 81x 4  108x 3y  54x 2y 2  12xy 3  y 4

16. (2m  y)4 16m 4  32m 3y  24m 2y 2  8my 3  y 4

17. (w  3z)3 w 3  9w 2z  27wz 2  27z 3

18. (2d  3)6 64d 6  576d 5  2160d 4  4320d 3  4860d 2  2916d  729

19. (x  2y)5 x 5  10x 4y  40x 3y 2  80x 2y 3  80xy 4  32y 5

20. (2x  y)5 32x 5  80x 4y  80x 3y 2  40x 2y 3  10xy 4  y 5

21. (a  3b)4 a 4  12a 3b  54a 2b 2  108ab 3  81b4

22. (3  2z)4 16z 4  96z 3  216z 2  216z  81

23. (3m  4n)3 27m 3  108m 2n  144mn 2  64n 3

24. (5x  2y)4 625x 4  1000x 3y  600x 2y 2  160xy 3  16y 4

Find the indicated term of each expansion.

25. seventh term of (a  b)10 210a 4b 6 26. sixth term of (m  n)10 252m 5n 5

27. ninth term of (r  s)14 3003r 6s 8 28. tenth term of (2x  y)12 1760x 3y 9

29. fourth term of (x  3y)6 540x 3y 3 30. fifth term of (2x  1)9 4032x 5

31. GEOMETRY How many line segments can be drawn between ten points, no three of
which are collinear, if you use exactly two of the ten points to draw each segment? 45

32. PROBABILITY If you toss a coin 4 times, how many different sequences of tosses will
give exactly 3 heads and 1 tail or exactly 1 head and 3 tails? 8

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 670 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

11-7 Reading to Learn Mathematics

The Binomial Theorem
Pre-Activity How does a power of a binomial describe the numbers of boys and
girls in a family?
Read the introduction to Lesson 11-7 at the top of page 612 in your textbook.
• If a family has four children, list the sequences of births of girls and boys
that result in three girls and one boy. BGGG GBGG GGBG GGGB
• Describe a way to figure out how many such sequences there are without
listing them. Sample answer: The boy could be the first,
second, third, or fourth child, so there are four sequences

Lesson 11-7
with three girls and one boy.

Reading the Lesson

1. Consider the expansion of (w  z)5.

a. How many terms does this expansion have? 6

b. In the second term of the expansion, what is the exponent of w? 4

What is the exponent of z? 1

What is the coefficient of the second term? 5

c. In the fourth term of the expansion, what is the exponent of w? 2

What is the exponent of z? 3

What is the coefficient of the fourth term? 10

d. What is the last term of this expansion? z 5

2. a. State the definition of a factorial in your own words. (Do not use mathematical
symbols in your definition.) Sample answer: The factorial of any positive
integer is the product of that integer and all the smaller integers down
to one. The factorial of zero is one.
b. Write out the product that you would use to calculate 10!. (Do not actually calculate
the product.) 10  9  8  7  6  5  4  3  2  1

c. Write an expression involving factorials that could be used to find the coefficient of the
6!
third term of the expansion of (m  n)6. (Do not actually calculate the coefficient.) 

Helping You Remember

3. Without using Pascal’s triangle or factorials, what is an easy way to remember the first
two and last two coefficients for the terms of the binomial expansion of (a  b)n?
Sample answer: The first and last coefficients are always 1. The second
and next-to-last coefficients are always n, the power to which the
binomial is being raised.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 671 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

11-7 Enrichment

Patterns in Pascal’s Triangle

You have learned that the coefficients in the expansion of (x  y)n yield a
number pyramid called Pascal’s triangle.
Row 1 1
Row 2 1 1
Row 3 1 2 1
Row 4 1 3 4 1
Row 5 1 4 6 4 1
Row 6 1 5 10 10 5 1
Row 7 1 6 15 20 15 6 1

As many rows can be added to the bottom of the pyramid as you please.
This activity explores some of the interesting properties of this famous
number pyramid.

1. Pick a row of Pascal’s triangle.

a. What is the sum of all the numbers in all the rows above the row
you picked?

b. What is the sum of all the numbers in the row you picked?

c. How are your answers for parts a and b related?

d. Repeat parts a through c for at least three more rows of Pascal’s

triangle. What generalization seems to be true?

e. See if you can prove your generalization.

2. Pick any row of Pascal’s triangle that comes after the first.
a. Starting at the left end of the row, add the first number, the third
number, the fifth number, and so on. State the sum.

b. In the same row, add the second number, the fourth number, and so on.
State the sum.

c. How do the sums in parts a and b compare?

d. Repeat parts a through c for at least three other rows of Pascal’s

triangle. What generalization seems to be true?

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 672 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

11-8 Study Guide and Intervention

Proof and Mathematical Induction
Mathematical Induction Mathematical induction is a method of proof used to prove
statements about positive integers.

Step 1 Show that the statement is true for some integer n.

Mathematical Step 2 Assume that the statement is true for some positive integer k where k n.
Induction Proof This assumption is called the inductive hypothesis.
Step 3 Show that the statement is true for the next integer k  1.

Example Prove that 5  11  17  …  (6n  1)
3n2  2n.

Step 1 When n
1, the left side of the given equation is 6(1)  1
5. The right side is
3(1)2  2(1)
5. Thus the equation is true for n
1.
Step 2 Assume that 5  11  17  …  (6k  1)
3k2  2k for some positive integer k.
Step 3 Show that the equation is true for n
k  1. First, add [6(k  1)  1] to each side.
5  11  17  …  (6k  1)  [6(k  1)  1]
3k2  2k  [6(k  1)  1]

3k2  2k  6k  5 Add.

3k  6k  3  2k  2
2 Rewrite.

Lesson 11-8

3(k2  2k  1)  2(k  1) Factor.

3(k  1)2  2(k  1) Factor.

The last expression above is the right side of the equation to be proved, where n has been
replaced by k  1. Thus the equation is true for n
k  1.
This proves that 5  11  17  …  (6n  1)
3n2  2n for all positive integers n.

Exercises
Prove that each statement is true for all positive integers.
1. 3  7  11  …  (4n  1)
2n2  n.
Step 1 The statement is true for n
1 since 4(1)  1
3 and 2(1)2  1
3.
Step 2 Assume that 3  7  11  …  (4k  1)
2k 2  k for some
positive integer k.
Step 3 Adding the (k  1)st term to each side from step 2, we get
3  7  11  …  (4k  1)  [4(k  1)  1]
2k 2  k  [4(k  1)  1].
Simplifying the right side of the equation gives 2(k  1)2  (k  1), which is
the statement to be proved.
2. 500  100  20  …  4  54  n
625 1  n .  1
5 
Step 1 The statement is true for n
1, since 4  54  1
4  53
500 and
1
 4

625 1  
 (625)
500.

Step 2 Assume that 500  100  20  …  4  54  k
625 1   for

some positive integer k.
 1

Step 3 Adding the (k  1)st term to each side from step 2 and simplifying
gives 500  100  20  …  4  54  k  4  53  k

1
 
625 1    4  53  k
625 1  
1

k  1 , which is the statement
5 
to be proved.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 673 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

11-8 Study Guide and Intervention (continued)

Proof by Mathematical Induction

Counterexamples To show that a formula or other generalization is not true, find a
counterexample. Often this is done by substituting values for a variable.

Example 1Find a counterexample for the formula 2n2  2n  3
2n  2  1.

Check the first few positive integers.

n Left Side of Formula Right Side of Formula

1 2(1)2  2(1)  3
2  2 3 or 7 21  2  1
23  1 or 7 true
2 2(2)2  2(2)  3
8  4  3 or 15 22  2  1
24  1 or 15 true
3 2(3)2  2(3)  3
18  6  3 or 27 23  2  1
25  1 or 31 false

The value n
3 provides a counterexample for the formula.

Example 2 Find a counterexample for the statement x2  4 is either prime

or divisible by 4.

n x2  4 True? n x2  4 True?
1 1  4 or 5 Prime 6 36  4 or 40 Div. by 4
2 4  4 or 8 Div. by 4 7 49  4 or 53 Prime
3 9  4 or 13 Prime 8 64  4 or 68 Div. by 4
4 16  4 or 20 Div. by 4 9 81  4 or 85 Neither
5 25  4 or 29 Prime

The value n
9 provides a counterexample.

Exercises
Find a counterexample for each statement. Sample answers are given.
1. 1  5  9  …  (4n  3)
4n  3 n
2

2. 100  110  120  …  (10n  90)
5n2  95 n
2

2n
3. 900  300  100  …  100(33  n)
900   n
3
n1
4. x2  x  1 is prime. n
4

5. 2n  1 is a prime number. n
4

6. 7n  5 is a prime number. n
2
1 3 n 1
7.   1    …  
n   n
3
2 2 2 2
8. 5n2  1 is divisible by 3. n
3

9. n2  3n  1 is prime for n 2. n
9

10. 4n2  1 is divisible by either 3 or 5. n
6

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 674 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

11-8 Skills Practice

Proof and Mathematical Induction
Prove that each statement is true for all positive integers.

1. 1  3  5  …  (2n  1)
n2
Step 1: When n
1, 2n  1
2(1)  1
1
12. So, the equation is true
for n
1.
Step 2: Assume that 1  3  5  …  (2k  1)
k 2 for some positive
integer k.
Step 3: Show that the given equation is true for n
k  1.
1  3  5  …  (2k  1)  [2(k  1)  1]
k 2  [2(k  1)  1]

k 2  2k  1

(k  1)2
So, 1  3  5  …  (2n  1)
n 2 for all positive integers n.
2. 2  4  6  …  2n
n2  n
Step 1: When n
1, 2n
2(1)
2
12  1. So, the equation is true
for n
1.

Lesson 11-8
Step 2: Assume that 2  4  6  …  2k
k 2  k for some positive
integer k.
Step 3: Show that the given equation is true for n
k  1.
2  4  6  ….  2k  2(k  1)
k 2  k  2(k  1)

(k 2  2k  1)  (k  1)

(k  1)2  (k  1)
So, 2  4  6  …  2n
n 2  n for all positive integers n.
3. 6n  1 is divisible by 5.
Step 1: When n
1, 6n  1
61  1
5. So, the statement is true for
n
1.
Step 2: Assume that 6k  1 is divisible by 5 for some positive integer k.
Then there is a whole number r such that 6k  1
5r.
Step 3: Show that the statement is true for n
k  1.
6k  1
5r
6k
5r  1
6(6k )
6(5r  1)
6k  1
30r  6
6k  1  1
30r  5
6k  1  1
5(6r  1)
Since r is a whole number, 6r  1 is a whole number, and 6k  1  1 is
divisible by 5. The statement is true for n
k  1. So, 6n  1 is divisible
by 5 for all positive integers n.
Find a counterexample for each statement.
n(n  1)(2n  1)
4. 3n  3n is divisible by 6. 5. 1  4  8  …  2n

6
Sample answer: n
2 Sample answer: n
3
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 675 Glencoe Algebra 2
 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

11-8 Practice (Average)

Proof and Mathematical Induction

Prove that each statement is true for all positive integers.
1. 1  2  4  8  …  2n  1
2n  1
Step 1: When n
1, then 2n  1
21  1
20
1
21  1.
So, the equation is true for n
1.
Step 2: Assume that 1  2  4  8  …  2k  1
2k  1 for some positive
integer k.
Step 3: Show that the given equation is true for n
k  1.
1  2  4  8  …  2k  1  2(k  1)  1
(2k  1)  2(k  1)  1

2k  1  2k
2  2k  1
2k  1  1
So, 1  2  4  8  …  2n  1
2n  1 for all positive integers n.
n(n  1)(2n  1)
2. 1  4  9  …  n2

6
1(1  1)(2  1  1)
Step 1: When n
1, n 2
12
1
 ; true for n
1.
k(k  1)(2k  1)
Step 2: Assume that 1  4  9  …  k 2
 for some positive
6
integer k.
Step 3: Show that the given equation is true for n
k  1.
k(k  1)(2k  1)
1  4  9  …  k 2  (k  1)2
  (k  1)2
6
k(k  1)(2k  1) 6(k  1) 2 (k  1)[k(2k  1)  6(k  1)]

  

6 6 6
(k  1)(2k  7k  6)
2 (k  1)[(k  2)(2k  3)]



6 6
(k  1)[(k  1)  1][2(k  1)  1]


6
n(n  1)(2n  1)
So, 1  4  9  …  n2
 for all positive integers n.
6
3. 18n  1 is a multiple of 17.
Step 1: When n
1, 18n  1
18  1 or 17; true for n
1.
Step 2: Assume that 18k  1 is divisible by 17 for some positive integer k. This
means that there is a whole number r such that 18k  1
17r.
Step 3: Show that the statement is true for n
k  1.
18k  1
17r, so 18k
17r  1, and 18(18k )
18(17r  1). This is
equivalent to 18k  1
306r  18, so 18k  1  1
306r  17, and
18k  1  1
17(18r  1).
Since r is a whole number, 18r  1 is a whole number, and 18k  1  1 is
divisible by 17. The statement is true for n
k  1. So, 18n  1 is divisible by
17 for all positive integers n.
Find a counterexample for each statement.
4. 1  4  7  …  (3n  2)
n3  n2  1 5. 5n  2n  3 is divisible by 3.
Sample answer: n
3 Sample answer: n
3
n2  3n  2
6. 1  3  5  …  (2n  1)
 7. 13  23  33  …  n3
n4  n3  1
2
Sample answer: n
3 Sample answer: n
3
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 676 Glencoe Algebra 2
 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

11-8 Reading to Learn Mathematics

Proof and Mathematical Induction
Pre-Activity How does the concept of a ladder help you prove statements about
numbers?
Read the introduction to Lesson 11-8 at the top of page 618 in your textbook.
What are two ways in which a ladder could be constructed so that you could
not reach every step of the ladder?
Sample answer: 1. The first step could be too far off the
ground for you to climb on it. 2. The steps could be too far
apart for you to go up from one step to the next.

Reading the Lesson

1. Fill in the blanks to describe the three steps in a proof by mathematical induction.

Step 1 Show that the statement is true for the number 1 .

Step 2 Assume that the statement is true for some positive integer k.

Lesson 11-8
This assumption is called the inductive hypothesis .

Step 3 Show that the statement is true for the next integer k1 .

2. Suppose that you wanted to prove that the following statement is true for all positive
integers.
3n(n  1)
3  6  9  …  3n

2

a. Which of the following statements shows that the statement is true for n
1? ii
321 312 312
i. 3
 ii. 3
 iii. 3

2 2 2

b. Which of the following is the statement for n
k  1? iv

3k(k  1)
i. 3  6  9  …  3k

2
3k(k  1)
ii. 3  6  9  …  3k  1

2

iii. 3  6  9  …  3k  1
3(k  1)(k  2)

3(k  1)(k  2)
iv. 3  6  9  …  3(k  1)

2

Helping You Remember

3. Many students confuse the roles of n and k in a proof by mathematical induction. What is a
good way to remember the difference in the ways these variables are used in such a proof?
Sample answer: The letter n stands for “number” and is used as a
variable to represent any natural number. The letter k is used to
represent a particular value of n.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 677 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

11-8 Enrichment

Proof by Induction
Mathematical induction is a useful tool when you want to prove that a
statement is true for all natural numbers.

The three steps in using induction are:

1. Prove that the statement is true for n
1.
2. Prove that if the statement is true for the natural number n, it must also
be true for n  1.
3. Conclude that the statement is true for all natural numbers.

Follow the steps to complete each proof.

Theorem A: The sum of the first n odd natural numbers is equal to n2.
1. Show that the theorem is true for n
1.

2. Suppose 1  3  5  …  (2n  1)
n2. Show that

1  3  5  …  (2n  1)  (2n  1)
(n  1)2.

3. Summarize the results of problems 1 and 2.

Theorem B: Show that an  bn is exactly divisible by a  b for n equal to

1, 2, 3, and all natural numbers.
4. Show that the theorem is true for n
1.

5. The expression an  1  bn  1 can be rewritten as a(an  bn)  bn(a  b).

Verify that this is true.

6. Suppose a  b is a factor of an  bn. Use the result in problem 5 to show

that a  b must then also be a factor of an  1  bn  1.

7. Summarize the results of problems 4 through 6.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 678 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME DATE PERIOD

11 Chapter 11 Test, Form 1 SCORE

Write the letter for the correct answer in the blank at the right of each question.
1. Find the next four terms of the arithmetic sequence 11, 15, 19, … .
A. 24, 29, 34, 39 B. 22, 25, 28, 31
C. 20, 21, 22, 23 D. 23, 27, 31, 35 1.

2. Find the seventh term of the arithmetic sequence in which

a1
3 and d
5.
A. 33 B. 38 C. 30 D. 31 2.

3. Find the two arithmetic means between 10 and 70.

A. 30, 50 B. 25, 45 C. 40, 40 D. 28, 43 3.

4. Find Sn for the arithmetic series in which a1
4, d
3, and an
61.

A. 20 B. 1280 C. 64 D. 650 4.

5. Find the sum of the arithmetic series 8  5  2  (1)  …  (13).

A. 1 B. 20 C. 50 D. 29 5.

5
6. Find
(4n  1).
n
1

A. 44 B. 60 C. 65 D. 90 6.

Assessment
7. Find the next two terms of the geometric sequence 567, 189, 63 … .
A. 21, 3 B. 21, 7 C. 63, 189 D. 9, 3 7.

8. Find the fifth term of a geometric sequence for which a3
20 and r
2.

A. 80 B. 40 C. 160 D. 24 8.

9. Find two geometric means between 1 and 8.

A. 2, 6 B. 2, 4 C. 2, 6 D. 2, 4 9.

10. Find the sum of a geometric series for which a1
7, n
4, and r
3.

A. 91 B. 280 C. 147 D. 189 10.

4
11. Find
3  2n1.
n
1

A. 80 B. 80 C. 45 D. 45 11.

12. Find a1 in a geometric series for which Sn
93, r
2, and n
5.

A. 3 B. 15.5 C. 3 D. 1 12.
3

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 679 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME DATE PERIOD

11 Chapter 11 Test, Form 1 (continued)

13. Find the sum of the infinite geometric series 12  6  3  …, if it exists.

A. 24 B. 8 C. 27 D. does not exist 13.

8
14. Write 0.4 as a fraction.
A. 1 16
B.  
12
C.  
16
D.   14.
48 3 25 33

15. Find the fifth term of the sequence in which a1
4 and an1
an  6.
A. 5184 B. 34 C. 28 D. 22 15.

16. Find the third iterate x3 of f(x)
2x  3 for an initial value of x0
2.

A. 7 B. 15 C. 17 D. 37 16.

17. Use Pascal’s triangle to expand (m  1)3.

A. m3  3m2  3m  1 B. m2  2m  1
C. m3  1 D. m3  2m2  2m  1 17.

18. Evaluate 6

!
.
4!2!
A. 1 B. 15 C. 3 D. 30 18.
4

19. n
1 is a counterexample to which statement?

A. 2  4  6  …  2n
n(n  1) B. 4n  1 is divisible by 3.
n(n  1)
C. 1  2  3  …  n
  D. 2n  1 is divisible by 2. 19.
2

20. Which is not a step in an induction proof?

A. Assume that the statement is true for some positive integer k.
B. Show that the statement is true for some integer n.
C. Show that the statement is true for some positive integer k.
D. Show that the statement is true for the next integer k  1. 20.

Bonus Express the series 3  6  12  24  48

using sigma notation. B:

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 680 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME DATE PERIOD

11 Chapter 11 Test, Form 2A SCORE

Write the letter for the correct answer in the blank at the right of each question.
1. Find the 20th term of the arithmetic sequence in which a1
5 and d
4.
A. 81 B. 85 C. 96 D. 105 1.

2. Write an equation for the nth term of the arithmetic sequence

7, 2, 3, 8, … .
A. an
n  5 B. an
5n  12
C. an
7n  12 D. an
7(n  5) 2.

3. Find the two arithmetic means between 6 and 30.

A. 12, 24 B. 14, 22 C. 12, 18 D. 18, 18 3.

4. Find Sn for the arithmetic series in which a1
3, d
1, and an


17
.
2 2
139
A. 27 B. 54 C.   D. 69 4.
2
22
5. Find
(50  2n).
n
18

A. 20 B. 40 C. 50 D. 100 5.

6. Find the sixth term of the geometric sequence for which a1
4 and r
3.
A. 247 B. 972 C. 733 D. 2916 6.

Assessment
7. Write an equation for the nth term of the geometric sequence
10, 5,  5, … .
2
n1 n1
2
A. an
10 1  2
B. an
10 1
n1 n1
C. an
101 D. an
101 7.
2 2

8. Find four geometric means between 486 and 2.

A. 162, 54, 18, 6 B. 389.2, 292.4, 195.6, 98.8
C. 242, 121, 81, 16 D. 162, 54, 18, 6 8.

9. Find the sum of the geometric series 81  27  9  … to 6 terms.

A. 1 B. 121 C. 4941 182
D.   9.
3 3
7
10. Find
4(3)n1.
n
1

A. 2186 B. 2188 C. 728 D. 2916 10.

11. Find a1 in a geometric series for which Sn
210, r
2, and n
6.

A. 10 B. 10 C. 1 10
D.   11.
10 3

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 681 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME DATE PERIOD

11 Chapter 11 Test, Form 2A (continued)

For Questions 12 and 13, find the sum of each infinite geometric series, if it exists.
 n1
12.
101
n
1
5
25 25
A.   B. 8 C.   D. does not exist 12.
3 2
16
13. 5  4   …
5 25
A. 20 B. 25 C.   D. does not exist 13.
4
3
14. Write 0.6  as a fraction.
A. 7 63
B.   C. 2 D. 61 14.
11 100 3 3

15. Find the fifth term of the sequence in which a1
1 and an1
2an  n.
A. 1 B. 25 C. 3 D. 10 15.

16. Find the third iterate x3 of f(x)
x2  3 for an initial value of x0
2.

A. 2 B. 2 C. 1 D. 1 16.

17. Use Pascal’s triangle to expand (m  n)5.

A. m5  4m4n  6m3n2  (6m2n3)  4mn4  n5
B. m5  5m4n  10m3n2  10m2n3  5mn4  n5
C. m5  4m4n  6m3n2  6m2n3  4mn4  n5
D. m5  5m4n  10m3n2  10m2n3  5mn4  n5 17.

18. Use the Binomial Theorem to find the third term in the expansion of (x  3y)6.
A. 15x4y2 B. 135x4y2 C. 540x3y3 D. 20x3y3 18.

19. Which is not a counterexample to the formula

22  42  62  …  (2n)2
4n(2n  1)?
A. n
4 B. n
2 C. n
3 D. n
1 19.

20. In an induction proof of the statement 3  7  11  …  (4n  1)
n(2n  1),

the first step is to show that the statement is true for some integer n.
Note: 4(1)  1
1[2(1)  1] is true. Select the steps required to complete the proof.
A. Show that the statement is true for any real number k.
Show that the statement is true for k  1.
B. Assume that the statement is true for some positive integer k  1.
Show that the statement is true for k.
C. Assume that the statement is true for some positive integer k.
Show that the statement is true for k  1.
D. Show that the statement is true for some positive integer k.
Give a counterexample. 20.

Bonus Write the series 8  16  32  64  128

using sigma notation. B:

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 682 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME DATE PERIOD

11 Chapter 11 Test, Form 2B SCORE

Write the letter for the correct answer in the blank at the right of each question.
1. Find the 20th term of the arithmetic sequence in which a1
3 and d
7.
A. 143 B. 136 C. 140 D. 133 1.
2. Write an equation for the nth term of the arithmetic sequence
3, 3, 9, 15, … .
A. an
n  6 B. an
6n  9 C. an
6n  9 D. an
n  3 2.
3. Find the two arithmetic means between 4 and 22.
A. 10, 16 B. 8, 16 C. 8, 12 D. 13, 13 3.

4. Find Sn for the arithmetic series in which a1
3, d
1, and an
15.

2
A. 225 B. 9 C. 45 D. 210 4.
8
5. Find
(40  3k).
k
3

A. 45 B. 282 C. 90 D. 141 5.

6. Find the sixth term of the geometric sequence for which a1
5 and r
3.
A. 1215 B. 3645 C. 9375 D. 23 6.
7. Write an equation for the nth term of the geometric sequence
12, 4, 4, … .
3
n1 n1
3
A. an
12 1  3
B. an
12 1

Assessment
n1 n1
C. an
121 D. an
121 7.
3 3
8. Find four geometric means between 5 and 1215.
A. 15, 45, 135, 405 B. 15, 45, 135, 405
C. 247, 489, 731, 973 D. 247, 489, 731, 973 8.
9. Find the sum of the geometric series 128  64  32  … to 8 terms.
85
A. 85 B. 255 C. 86 D.   9.
2
6
10. Find
5(4)n1.
n
1

A. 6825 B. 4095 C. 1023 D. 5120 10.

11. Find a1 in a geometric series for which Sn
300, r
3, and n
4.
15
A. 15 B.   C. 15 D. 1 11.
2 15
For Questions 12 and 13, find the sum of each infinite geometric series,
if it exists.
 n1
12.
201
n
1
4
80
A. 25 B.   C. 16 D. does not exist 12.
3

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 683 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME DATE PERIOD

11 Chapter 11 Test, Form 2B (continued)

13. 4  3  9  …
4
16
A.   B. 16 C. 12 D. does not exist 13.
7

2
14. Write 0.7  as a fraction.
A. 7 B. 8 18
C.   D. 72 14.
9 11 25 9

15. Find the fifth term of the sequence in which a1
3 and an1
3an  n.
A. 301 B. 99 C. 193 D. 341 15.
16. Find the third iterate x3 of f(x)
x2  4 for an initial value of x0
2.
A. 4 B. 4 C. 12 D. 12 16.
17. Use Pascal’s triangle to expand (w  x)5.
A. w5  4w4x  6w3x2  6w2x3  4wx4  x5
B. w5  5w4x  10w3x2  10w2x3  5wx4  x5
C. w5  4w4x  6w3x2  6w2x3  4wx4  x5
D. w5  5w4x  10w3x2  10w2x3  5wx4  x5 17.
18. Use the Binomial Theorem to find the third term in the expansion of (n  2p)6.
A. 60n4p2 B. 120n3p3 C. 12n5p D. 160n2p4 18.
19. Which is not a counterexample to the formula
n(2n  1)
12  32  52  …  (2n  1)2
 ?
3
A. n
3 B. n
2 C. n
1 D. n
4 19.
n(3n  5)
20. In an induction proof of the statement 4  7  10  …  (3n  1)
 ,
2
the first step is to show that the statement is true for some integer n.
1[3(1)  5]
Note: 3(1)  1
  is true. Select the steps required to complete
2
the proof.
A. Show that the statement is true for any real number k.
Show that the statement is true for k  1.
B. Assume that the statement is true for some positive integer k.
Show that the statement is true for k  1.
C. Show that the statement is true for some positive integer k.
Give a counterexample.
D. Assume that the statement is true for some positive integer k  1.
Show that the statement is true for k. 20.

Bonus Write the series 6  18  54  162  486

using sigma notation. B:

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 684 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME DATE PERIOD

11 Chapter 11 Test, Form 2C SCORE

1. Find the next four terms of the arithmetic sequence 1.

18, 13, 8, … .

2. Find the 15th term of the arithmetic sequence in which 2.

a1
10 and d
4.

3. Write an equation for the nth term of the arithmetic 3.

sequence 17, 8, 1, 10, … .

4. Find the four arithmetic means between 8 and 17. 4.

5. Find Sn for the arithmetic series in which 5.

a1
5, an
104, and n
34.

6. Find the sum of the arithmetic series 6.

7  4  1  …  (32).

7
7. Find
(2n  4).
n
3
7.

8. Find the fifth term of the geometric sequence for which 8.

Assessment
a1
80 and r
3.
2

9. Find the next two terms of the geometric sequence 9.

9, 6, 4, … .

10. Write an equation for the nth term of the geometric 10.
sequence 12, 3, 3, … .
4

11. Find four geometric means between 2430 and 10. 11.

12. Find the sum of the geometric series 1  1  1  … 12.
4 2
to 7 terms.

6
13. Find
5  3n1.
n
1
13.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 685 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME DATE PERIOD

11 Chapter 11 Test, Form 2C (continued)

14. Find a1 in a geometric series for which Sn
242, r
3, 14.

and n
5.

For Questions 15 and 16, find the sum of each infinite

geometric series, if it exists. 15.
 n1
15.
154 16
16. 3  4   … 16.
n
1
5 3

4
17. Write 0.2 as a fraction. 17.

For Questions 18 and 19, find the first five terms of each
sequence.

18. a1
11, an1
an  2n 18.

19. a1
4, a2
3, an2
an1  an 19.

20. Find the first three iterates x1, x2, x3 of f(x)
x2  5 for an 20.
initial value of x0
1.

21. Use Pascal’s triangle to expand (g  3)4. 21.

22. Use the Binomial Theorem to find the second term in the 22.
expansion of (3u  v)5.

23. Find a counterexample to the statement 5n  2 is prime. 23.

24. A rock climber climbs 90 feet of steep rock face in the first 24.
half-hour of climbing. In each succeeding half-hour, the
climber achieves only 80% of the height achieved in the
previous half-hour. Find the total height climbed.

25. Prove that the statement 25.

n(3n  7)
5  8  11   (3n  2)
  is true for all positive
2
integers n. Write your proof on a separate piece of paper.

Bonus The first term of a binomial expansion is x4 and the

second term is 20x3y. What is the binomial, and to
what power is it raised? B:

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 686 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME DATE PERIOD

11 Chapter 11 Test, Form 2D SCORE

1. Find the next four terms of the arithmetic sequence 1.

21, 17, 13, … .

2. Find the 13th term of the arithmetic sequence in which 2.

a1
7 and d
3.

3. Write an equation for the nth term of the arithmetic 3.

sequence 15, 7, 1, 9, … .

4. Find the four arithmetic means between 6 and 9. 4.

5. Find Sn for the arithmetic series in which a1
7, d
11, 5.

and n
20.

6. Find the sum of the arithmetic series 6.

13  11  9  …  (25).

5
7. Find
(2n  9).
n
1
7.

8. Find the fifth term of the geometric sequence for which 8.

a1
1458 and r
2.

Assessment
3

9. Find the next two terms of the geometric sequence 9.

10, 4, 8, … .
5

10. Write an equation for the nth term of the geometric 10.
sequence 27, 9, 3, … .

11. Find four geometric means between 7 and 224. 11.

12. Find the sum of the geometric series 1  1  1  … 12.
9 3
to 6 terms.

7
13. Find

n
1
6  2n1. 13.

14. Find a1 in a geometric series for which Sn
105, r
2, 14.

and n
6.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 687 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME DATE PERIOD

11 Chapter 11 Test, Form 2D (continued)

For Questions 15 and 16, find the sum of each infinite

geometric series, if it exists.

15. 7  9  

81
… 15.
4 4 28

 n1
16.
364 16.
n
1
5

2
17. Write 0.4  as a fraction. 17.

For Questions 18 and 19, find the first five terms of each 18.
sequence.

18. a1
4, an1
5an  n

19.
19. a1
13, a2
5, an2
an1  an

20. Find the first three iterates x1, x2, x3 of 20.

f(x)
5  x2 for an initial value of x0
2.

21.
21. Use Pascal’s triangle to expand (c  3)5.

22. Use the Binomial Theorem to find the fifth term in the 22.
expansion of (4k  m)6.

23. Find a counterexample to the statement 3n  2 is prime. 23.

24. A rock climber climbs 75 feet in the first half-hour of 24.

climbing. In each succeeding half-hour, the climber
achieves only 90% of the height achieved in the previous
half-hour. Find the total height climbed.

25. Prove that the statement 1  12  13  …  1 1

n
1  n 25.
2 2 2 2 2
is true for all positive integers n. Write your proof on a
separate piece of paper.

Bonus The first term of a binomial expansion is x5 and the

second term is 15x4y. What is the binomial, and to what
power is it raised? B:

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 688 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME DATE PERIOD

11 Chapter 11 Test, Form 3 SCORE

1. Find a25 for the arithmetic sequence 1, 1, 1, … . 1.

2 5 10

2. Write an equation for the nth term of the arithmetic 2.

sequence 6.5, 5.1, 3.7, … .

19 13 11
3.   is the ? th term of  ,  , 3, … . 3.
3 3 3

4. Find the three arithmetic means between 1 and 

13
. 4.
5 15

5. Find Sn for the arithmetic series in which 5.

a1
1, an

43 2
, and d
.
4 12 3

6. Find the first three terms of the arithmetic sequence in 6.

which n
39, an
134.4, and Sn
5538.
200
7. Find
(12  4k).
k
30
7.

8. Find the next two terms of the geometric sequence 8.

3 1 1
, , , … .

Assessment
4 2 3

9. Find the sixth term of the geometric sequence for which 9.

a3
0.02 and r
0.8.

10. Write an equation for the nth term of the geometric 10.
sequence 6561, 1458, 324, … .

11. Find three geometric means between 12.8 and 0.8. 11.

12. Find the sum of a geometric series for which a4
80, 12.
a7
640, and n
12.
10 n1
13. Find
961 . 13.
n
1
2

14. Find a2 in a geometric series for which Sn
65.984, r
0.4, 14.

and n
5.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 689 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME DATE PERIOD

11 Chapter 11 Test, Form 3 (continued)

For Questions 15 and 16, find the sum of each infinite geometric
series, if it exists.

15. 3  1  1  … 15.

2 2 6


16.
(2.4)(0.8)n1
n
1
16.

17. The first term of an infinite geometric series is 6 and its 17.
sum is 5. Find the first four terms of the series.

5
18. Write 0.40 as a fraction. 18.

For Questions 19 and 20, find the first five terms of each
sequence.

19. a1
2, an1
n  an 19.

5 n2

20. a1
11, a2
7, an2
5an1  2nan 20.

4 2

21. Find the first three iterates x1, x2, x3 of f(x)
4x2  2x  1 21.
for an initial value of x0
1.
4 22.
6
22. Use Pascal’s triangle to expand a  2 . 5

23. Use the Binomial Theorem to find the fifth term in the
8

expansion of 2  x .
4
23.

24. Find a counterexample to the statement n2  n  1 is prime. 24.

25. A homeowner is planning a brick walkway that fans out

from the back steps of the house. The first row uses four 25.
bricks and each subsequent row uses five more bricks than
the previous row. Prove that the number of bricks needed
n(5n  3)
for n rows is  . Write your proof on a separate piece
2
of paper.

Bonus Find all the values of x and y for which 3, x, y is an

arithmetic sequence and x, y, 8 is a geometric sequence. B:

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 690 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME DATE PERIOD

11 Chapter 11 Open-Ended Assessment SCORE

Demonstrate your knowledge by giving a clear, concise solution

to each problem. Be sure to include all relevant drawings and
justify your answers. You may show your solution in more than
one way or investigate beyond the requirements of the problem.
1. While studying bacteria growth, Marita and Owen note that their
culture doubles in size every six hours. The initial bacteria
population was 500. They need to record in a table the number of
bacteria present at the end of each day for five days. They consult
a math text to find a formula to help them with their calculations,
but are not sure where to find the formula they need.
a. From the lessons listed below, indicate the lesson(s) of the
math text to which you would refer Marita and Owen.
Explain your choice(s).
11-1 Arithmetic Sequences
11-2 Arithmetic Series
11-3 Geometric Sequences
11-4 Geometric Series
b. What formula should be used to determine the number of
bacteria present at any given time? (Note: 500 is the initial
population, but consider the number present at the end of the
1st six-hour period as a1.)
c. Explain how to find the number of bacteria present at the end
of the 5th day.
d. What might the final table prepared by Marita and Owen look
like?

Assessment
2. Lucas was asked to find the 8th term in the expansion of (2x  y)11.
a. Explain how Lucas could expand the binomial using Pascal’s
triangle.
b. Explain how he could expand the binomial using the Binomial
Theorem.
c. For this expansion, which method would you prefer to use?
Explain your choice. Then use the method you selected to find
the desired term.
3. Each student in your algebra class is given an assignment to
prepare a portion of a practice test that the entire class will use
for review of Chapter 11. Your assignment: list the terms
arithmetic sequence, arithmetic series, geometric sequence,
geometric series, infinite geometric series, binomial expansion, and
counterexample in a column. Then list an example of each in a
second column. These examples should be scrambled to create a
matching test. At least one example should use sigma notation.
Once your test is created, prepare an answer key.
6 6
4. Explain the difference between
2  3n1 and 2 n
1
n
1

1  3n1.
Write and evaluate the series represented by each, then discuss
the results.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 691 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME DATE PERIOD

11 Chapter 11 Vocabulary Test/Review SCORE

arithmetic mean factorial inductive hypothesis recursive formula

arithmetic sequence Fibonacci sequence infinite geometric series sequence
arithmetic series geometric mean iteration series
Binomial Theorem geometric sequence mathematical induction sigma notation
common difference geometric series partial sum term
common ratio index of summation Pascal’s triangle

Write whether each sentence is true or false. If false, replace the

underlined word or words to make a true sentence.
1. In a geometric sequence, there is a common difference 1.
between successive terms.

2. An inductive hypothesis is used in Pascal’s triangle. 2.

3. Sigma notation is a shorthand way to write a sequence. 3.

4. The variable that indicates the starting and ending values to 4.

be used in sigma notation is called the index of summation.
a
5. The formula S

1
is used to find the sum of a(n) 5.
1r
Fibonacci sequence.

6. If a sequence is defined by a formula that uses the previous 6.

term to find each term after the first, the sequence is
defined by a partial sum.

7. The coefficients of the terms in a binomial expansion can be 7.

found by using factorials or Pascal’s triangle.

8. The process of repeatedly composing a function with itself 8.

is called mathematical induction.

9. Each number in a sequence is called a factorial. 9.

10. The sum of the terms in a sequence in which there is a 10.

common ratio between consecutive terms is called a
geometric series.

In your own words—

Define each term.
11. Fibonacci sequence

12. geometric mean

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 692 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME DATE PERIOD

11 Chapter 11 Quiz SCORE

(Lessons 11–1 and 11–2)

1. Find the next four terms of the arithmetic sequence 1.

10, 13, 16, … .
2. Find the first five terms of the arithmetic sequence in which 2.
a1
4 and d
7.
3. Find the tenth term of the arithmetic sequence in which 3.
a1
6 and d
5.
4. Write an equation for the nth term of the arithmetic sequence 4.
4, 1, 2, 5, … .
5. Find the three arithmetic means between 4 and 16. 5.
6. Find Sn for the arithmetic series in which a1
5, n
8, 6.
and d
6.
7. Find the sum of the arithmetic series 12  8  4  …  (20). 7.
8. Find the first three terms of the arithmetic series in which 8.
a1
2, an
25, and Sn
115.
Find the sum of each arithmetic series. 9.
7 15
9.
(4  j)
j
3
10.
(3k  2)
k
11
10.

NAME DATE PERIOD

11 Chapter 11 Quiz SCORE

Assessment
(Lessons 11–3 and 11–4)

1. Standardized Test Practice Find the missing term in

the geometric sequence 64, 96, 144, 216, __?___.
A. 72 B. 1024 C. 324 D. 360 1.

2. Find the first five terms of the geometric sequence for which 2.
a1
3 and r
2.

3. Find four geometric means between 243 and 1. 3.

4. Find the sum of a geometric series for which a1
3125, 4.

an
1, and r
1.
5

5. Find a1 in a geometric series for which Sn
3045, 5.

r
2, and an
120.
5

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 693 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME DATE PERIOD

11 Chapter 11 Quiz SCORE

(Lessons 11–5 and 11–6)

Find the sum of each infinite geometric series, if it exists.

1.
 n1  n1
1.

n
1
3 
27 2 2.
n
1


4 5
2   2.
3.
3. a1
24, r
3 4. 9  9  9  …
5 2 8 32
4.
Write each repeating decimal as a fraction.
5.

5. 0.6 5
6. 0.4 
6.
Find the first five terms of each sequence.
7.
7. a1
3, an1
an  2n 8. a1
2, an1
1  2an
8.
Find the first three interates of each function for the
given initial value. 9.

9. f(x)
5x  4, x0
3 10. f(x)
2x2  7, x0
2 10.

NAME DATE PERIOD

11 Chapter 11 Quiz SCORE

(Lessons 11–7 and 11–8)

Use Pascal’s triangle to expand each power.

1.
1. (x  y)5 2. (m  6)3

Evaluate. 2.
3.
3. 6
!
4. 9
!
5!1! 2!7!
4.
Use the Binomial Theorem to expand each power. 5.
5. (3r  2)4 6. (x  2y)6
6.
For Questions 7 and 8, find the indicated term of each
expansion.
7. fifth term of (a  1)7 8. seventh term of (3x  y)9
7.
9. Find a counterexample to the statement 4n  4 is divisible
8.
by 8.
9.
10. Prove that the statement 1  3  5  …  (2n  1)
n2 is
true for all positive integers n. Write your proof on a 10.
separate piece of paper.
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 694 Glencoe Algebra 2
 NAME DATE PERIOD

11 Chapter 11 Mid-Chapter Test SCORE

(Lessons 11–1 through 11–4)

Part I Write the letter for the correct answer in the blank at the right of each question.
1. Find the tenth term of the arithmetic sequence in which a1
5 and d
4.
A. 37 B. 44 C. 41 D. 20 1.
2. A water tank is emptied at a constant rate. At the end of the first hour,
36,000 gallons of water were in the tank. After six hours, 21,000 gallons
remained. How many gallons of water were in the tank at the end of the
fourth hour?
A. 30,000 gal B. 24,000 gal C. 28,500 gal D. 27,000 gal 2.
3. Find Sn for the arithmetic series in which a1
37, n
11, and d
3.
A. 45 B. 235 C. 242 D. 572 3.
4. Find the sixth term of the geometric sequence for which a1
5 and r
2.
A. 320 B. 160 C. 15 D. 6250 4.
5. Find a1 in a geometric series for which Sn
728, r
3, and n
6.
A. 2 B. 1456 C. 4 D. 4 5.
15
6. Evaluate
(3n  5).
n
7
A. 252 B. 285 C. 342 D. 435 6.
7. Find the sum of the geometric series 512  256  128  … to 6 terms.
A. 992 B. 1000 C. 896 D. 1008 7.
8. Find the sum of the arithmetic series 23  18  13  8  …  (82).

Assessment
A. 590 B. 590 C. 649 D. 649 8.

Part II
9. Find two geometric means between 9 and 243. 9.

10. Write an equation for the nth term of the arithmetic sequence 10.
5, 3, 1, 1, … .

11. Find the four arithmetic means between 22 and 2. 11.

12. Write an equation for the nth term of the geometric sequence
40, 20, 10, … . 12.
6
13. Evaluate

n
1
2  3n1. 13.

14. Find the first three terms of the arithmetic series in which 14.
n
12, an
41, and Sn
228.
15. Find the first five terms of the geometric sequence for which 15.
a1
20 and r
1.
2
16. Find the next four terms of the arithmetic sequence 7, 4, 1, … . 16.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 695 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME DATE PERIOD

11 Chapter 11 Cumulative Review

(Chapters 1–11)

1. Find the slope of the line that passes through (2, 5) and 1.
(6, 2). (Lesson 2-3)
2.
2. Use Cramer’s Rule to solve the system of equations.
2x  3y  z
2 3.
3x  y  z
1
4. y
4x  3y  5z
14 (Lesson 4-6)

3. Simplify (4x  3)(3x  4). (Lesson 5-2)

4. Graph y
x.  4 Then state the domain and range of x
O
the function. (Lesson 7-9)

5. Write 4x2  y
24x  37 in standard form. Then state

whether the graph of the equation is a parabola, circle,
ellipse, or hyperbola. (Lesson 8-6)
5.
6. Solve the system of inequalities y  x2  8x  16
xy 4
6. y
by graphing. (Lessons 8-2 and 8-7)

7. Determine the equations of any vertical asymptotes and

the values of x for any holes in the graph of the rational
x1
function f(x)
 . (Lesson 9-3)
2 x  7x  8
x
8. If y varies inversely as x and y
5 when x
5, find y O

when x
35. (Lesson 9-4)

9. Simplify 811

 8511

. (Lesson 10-1) 7.
10. Use log5 2  0.4307 and log5 3  0.6826 to approximate
the value of log5 2. (Lesson 10-2)
9
8.
11. A radioactive compound decays according to the equation
y
ae0.0935t, where t is in days. Find the half-life of the 9.
substance. (Lesson 10-6)
10.
12. Find the first five terms of the arithmetic sequence in
which a1
7 and d
3. (Lesson 11-1) 11.

13. Find the sum of a geometric series for which a1
80, 12.
r
1, and n
5. (Lesson 11-4)
2 13.
14. Find the sum of the infinite geometric series 14.
90  60  40  …, if it exists. (Lesson 11-5)

15. Use the Binomial Theorem to expand (x  3y)4. (Lesson 11-7) 15.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 696 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME DATE PERIOD

11 Standardized Test Practice

(Chapters 1–11)

Part 1: Multiple Choice

Instructions: Fill in the appropriate oval for the best answer.

1. Let represent one of the four arithmetic operations.

If, for any real number except zero, it is true that a 1
a
and a b b a, then which operation(s) might represent?
I. addition II. subtraction III. multiplication IV. division
A. I and III only B. IV only
C. III only D. II and IV only 1. A B C D

2. If b
16  a2 and 2 a 4, what is the largest possible

value of b?
E. 8 F. 16 G. 0 H. 12 2. E F G H

3. If 23x2
44, what is the value of x?

A. 2 B. 1 C. 2 D. 4 3. A B C D
3 3

4. How many prime numbers p are in the interval 11 p  53?

E. eleven F. ten G. twelve H. thirteen 4. E F G H

5. A store sells 16-ounce jars of tomato sauce for $1.89 each.

A 24-ounce jar of the same sauce costs $2.69. How much
money is saved purchasing 96 ounces of sauce in
24-ounce jars rather than in 16-ounce jars?

Assessment
A. $0.58 B. $0.80 C. $1.20 D. $0.42 5. A B C D

For Questions 6 and 7, the bar graph represents the

approximate annual incomes for the households in one city.
700
Number of households

6. How many households had 600

annual incomes between 500
400
$25,000 and $100,000? 300
200
E. 1000 F. 600 100
0
G. 1200 H. 1800 25 50 75 100 150 over
150 6. E F G H
Annual household salary
(in thousands of dollars)

7. What percent of these households had annual incomes

greater than $50,000?
A. 80% B. 40% C. 60% D. 50% 7. A B C D

y1 7
8. If 6  8x
2x  11 and 
, then x  y
_______.
3 12

E. 5 F. 1 G. 7 H. 1 8. E F G H

4 4 6 4

9. If m2  am
9b2  3ab, what is a in terms of m and b?

A. m  3b B. m  3b C. 9b2  m D. m 9. A B C D
3b

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 697 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME DATE PERIOD

11 Standardized Test Practice (continued)

Part 2: Grid In
Instructions: Enter your answer by writing each digit of the answer in a column box
and then shading in the appropriate oval that corresponds to that entry.

10. In the figure, the area of 10. 11.

circle O is 16π and the
/ / / /
circumference of circle P O P . . . . . . . .
is 16π. What is the length 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
P
of O ? 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
11. What is the length of a line segment whose 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
endpoints are at (3, 36) and (2, 56
)? 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

12. If A
{1, 2, 3, …, 25} and B
{0, 5, 10, …, 20}, 12. 13.

how many elements are in the set A
B?
/ / / /
. . . . . . . .
13. If the letters A, H, M, and T are randomly arranged, 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
what is the probability that the arrangement will 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
result in the word MATH? 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

Part 3: Quantitative Comparison

Instructions: Compare the quantities in columns A and B. Shade in
A if the quantity in column A is greater;
B if the quantity in column B is greater;
C if the quantities are equal; or
D if the relationship cannot be determined from the information given.

Column A Column B
14. 2r  24, 24  2s 14. A B C D

r s

15. p q 15. A B C D

(p  q)2 (p  q)2

16. 16. A B C D
b˚ 5b˚
a˚
a˚
6a˚ 2b˚

ab 40

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 698 Glencoe Algebra 2

 NAME DATE PERIOD

11 Standardized Test Practice

Student Record Sheet (Use with pages 628–629 of the Student Edition.)

Part 1 Multiple Choice

Select the best answer from the choices given and fill in the corresponding oval.

1 A B C D 4 A B C D 7 A B C D 9 A B C D

2 A B C D 5 A B C D 8 A B C D 10 A B C D

3 A B C D 6 A B C D

Part 2 Short Response/Grid In

Solve the problem and write your answer in the blank.
Also enter your answer by writing each number or symbol in a box. Then fill in
the corresponding oval for that number or symbol.

11 13 15 17

/ / / / / / / /
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

12 14 16

/ / / / / /
. . . . . . . . . . . .
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Answers
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

Part 3 Quantitative Comparison

Select the best answer from the choices given and fill in the corresponding oval.

18 A B C D 20 A B C D 22 A B C D

19 A B C D 21 A B C D

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill A1 Glencoe Algebra 2

©
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

11-1 Study Guide and Intervention 11-1 Study Guide and Intervention (continued)

Arithmetic Sequences Arithmetic Sequences

Arithmetic Sequences An arithmetic sequence is a sequence of numbers in which each Arithmetic Means The arithmetic means of an arithmetic sequence are the terms
term after the first term is found by adding the common difference to the preceding term. between any two nonsuccessive terms of the sequence.
To find the k arithmetic means between two terms of a sequence, use the following steps.
nth Term of an an
a1  (n  1)d, where a1 is the first term, d is the common difference,

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
Arithmetic Sequence and n is any positive integer Step 1 Let the two terms given be a1 and an , where n
k  2.
Step 2 Substitute in the formula an
a1  (n  1)d.
Step 3 Solve for d, and use that value to find the k arithmetic means:
Example 1 Find the next four Example 2 Find the thirteenth term a1  d, a1  2d, … , a1  kd.
terms of the arithmetic sequence of the arithmetic sequence with a1
21
7, 11, 15, … . and d
6.
Example Find the five arithmetic means between 37 and 121.
Find the common difference by subtracting Use the formula for the nth term of an
two consecutive terms. arithmetic sequence with a1
21, n
13, You can use the nth term formula to find the common difference. In the sequence,
11  7
4 and 15  11
4, so d
4. and d
6. 37, ? , ? , ? , ? , ? , 121, …, a1 is 37 and a7 is 121.
an
a1  (n  1)d Formula for nth term an
a1  (n  1)d Formula for the nth term
Now add 4 to the third term of the sequence,

Lesson 11-1
and then continue adding 4 until the four a13
21  (13  1)(6) n
13, a1
21, d
6 121
37  (7  1)d a1
37, a7
121, n
7
terms are found. The next four terms of the a13
51 Simplify. 121
37  6d Simplify.
sequence are 19, 23, 27, and 31. 84
6d Subtract 37 from each side.
The thirteenth term is 51. d
14 Divide each side by 6.

Now use the value of d to find the five arithmetic means.

Example 3 Write an equation for the nth term of the arithmetic sequence 37 51 65 79 93 107 121
14, 5, 4, 13, … .
Answers

 14  14  14  14  14  14


In this sequence a1
14 and d
9. Use the formula for an to write an equation.
The arithmetic means are 51, 65, 79, 93, and 107.

A2
an
a1  (n  1)d Formula for the nth term

14  (n  1)9 a1
14, d
9 Exercises

14  9n  9 Distributive Property

9n  23 Simplify. Find the arithmetic means in each sequence.
1. 5, ? , ? , ? , 3 2. 18, ? , ? , ? , 2 3. 16, ? , ? , 37
Exercises
3, 1, 1 13, 8, 3 23, 30
Find the next four terms of each arithmetic sequence. 4. 108, ? , ? , ? , ? , 48 5. 14, ? , ? , ? , 30 6. 29, ? , ? , ? , 89
(Lesson 11-1)

1. 106, 111, 116, … 2. 28, 31, 34, … 3. 207, 194, 181, … 96, 84, 72, 60 18, 22, 26 44, 59, 74
121, 126, 131, 136 37, 40, 43, 46 168, 155, 142, 129 7. 61, ? , ? , ? , ? , 116 8. 45, ? , ? , ? , ? , ? , 81
72, 83, 94, 105 51, 57, 63, 69, 75
Find the first five terms of each arithmetic sequence described.
9. 18, ? , ? , ? , 14 10. 40, ? , ? , ? , ? , ? , 82
4. a1
101, d
9 5. a1
60, d
4 6. a1
210, d
40
10, 2, 6 47, 54, 61, 68, 75
101, 110, 119, 128, 137 60, 56, 52, 48, 44 210, 170, 130, 90, 50
11. 100, ? , ? , 235 12. 80, ? , ? , ? , ? , 30
Find the indicated term of each arithmetic sequence. 145, 190 58, 36, 14, 8
7. a1
4, d
6, n
14 82 8. a1
4, d
2, n
12 26 13. 450, ? , ? , ? , 570 14. 27, ? , ? , ? , ? , ? , 57
9. a1
80, d
8, n
21 80 10. a10 for 0, 3, 6, 9, … 27 480, 510, 540 32, 37, 42, 47, 52
15. 125, ? , ? , ? , 185 16. 230, ? , ? , ? , ? , ? , 128
Write an equation for the nth term of each arithmetic sequence. 140, 155, 170 213, 196, 179, 162, 145
11. 18, 25, 32, 39, … 12. 110, 85, 60, 35, … 13. 6.2, 8.1, 10.0, 11.9, … 17. 20, ? , ? , ? , ? , 370 18. 48, ? , ? , ? , 100
7n  11 25n  135 1.9n  4.3 58, 136, 214, 292 61, 74, 87

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11-1 Skills Practice 11-1 Practice (Average)

Arithmetic Sequences Arithmetic Sequences

Find the next four terms of each arithmetic sequence. Find the next four terms of each arithmetic sequence.
1. 7, 11, 15, … 19, 23, 27, 31 2. 10, 5, 0, … 5, 10, 15, 20 1. 5, 8, 11, … 14, 17, 20, 23 2. 4, 6, 8, … 10, 12, 14, 16

3. 100, 93, 86, … 79, 72, 65, 58 4. 24, 19, 14, … 9, 4, 1, 6

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3. 101, 202, 303, … 404, 505, 606, 707 4. 15, 7, 1, … 9, 17, 25, 33
7 17 27 37
5.  , 6,  , 11, …  , 16,  , 21 6. 4.8, 4.1, 3.4, … 2.7, 2, 1.3, 0.6
2 2 2 2
5. 67, 60, 53, … 6. 12, 15, 18, …
46, 39, 32, 25 21, 24, 27, 30 Find the first five terms of each arithmetic sequence described.
7. a1
7, d
7 8. a1
8, d
2

Find the first five terms of each arithmetic sequence described. 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 8, 6, 4, 2, 0
7. a1
6, d
9 6, 15, 24, 33, 42 8. a1
27, d
4 27, 31, 35, 39, 43 1 1
9. a1
12, d
4 10. a1
 , d

2 2

Lesson 11-1
1 3 5
9. a1
12, d
5 12, 7, 2, 3, 8 10. a1
93, d
15 93, 78, 63, 48, 33 12, 16, 20, 24, 28  , 1,  , 2, 
2 2 2
5 1
11. a1
  , d
  12. a1
10.2, d
5.8
11. a1
64, d
11 12. a1
47, d
20 6 3
5 7 3 11 13
64, 53, 42, 31, 20 47, 67, 87, 107, 127 , , , ,  10.2, 4.4, 1.4, 7.2, 13
6 6 2 6 6
Answers

Find the indicated term of each arithmetic sequence.

Find the indicated term of each arithmetic sequence.

A3
13. a1
5, d
3, n
10 32 14. a1
9, d
3, n
29 93
13. a1
2, d
6, n
12 68 14. a1
18, d
2, n
8 32
15. a18 for 6, 7, 8, … . 23 16. a37 for 124, 119, 114, … . 56

15. a1
23, d
5, n
23 133 16. a1
15, d
1, n
25 9 9 3 18

17. a1
 , d
  , n
10
5 5
 18. a1
14.25, d
0.15, n
31 18.75
5
17. a31 for 34, 38, 42, … 154 18. a42 for 27, 30, 33, … 150 Complete the statement for each arithmetic sequence.
3 4
(Lesson 11-1)

19. 166 is the ? th term of 30, 34, 38, … 35 20. 2 is the ? th term of  ,  , 1, … 8
5 5
Complete the statement for each arithmetic sequence.
Write an equation for the nth term of each arithmetic sequence.
19. 55 is the ? th term of 4, 7, 10, … . 18 20. 163 is the ? th term of 5, 2, 9, … . 25
21. 5, 3, 1, 1, … an
2n  7 22. 8, 11, 14, 17, … an
3n  5
23. 1, 1, 3, 5, … an
2n  3 24. 5, 3, 11, 19, … an
8n  13
Write an equation for the nth term of each arithmetic sequence.
21. 4, 7, 10, 13, … an
3n  1 22. 1, 1, 3, 5, … an
2n  3 Find the arithmetic means in each sequence.
25. 5, ? , ? , ? , 11 1, 3, 7 26. 82, ? , ? , ? , 18 66, 50, 34
23. 1, 3, 7, 11, … an
4n  5 24. 7, 2, 3, 8, … an
5n  12
27. EDUCATION Trevor Koba has opened an English Language School in Isehara, Japan.
He began with 26 students. If he enrolls 3 new students each week, in how many weeks
will he have 101 students? 26 wk
Find the arithmetic means in each sequence.
28. SALARIES Yolanda interviewed for a job that promised her a starting salary of $32,000
25. 6, ? , ? , ? , 38 14, 22, 30 26. 63, ? , ? , ? , 147 84, 105, 126 with a $1250 raise at the end of each year. What will her salary be during her sixth year
if she accepts the job? $38,250

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11-1 Reading to Learn Mathematics 11-1 Enrichment

Arithmetic Sequences
Pre-Activity How are arithmetic sequences related to roofing? Fibonacci Sequence
Read the introduction to Lesson 11-1 at the top of page 578 in your textbook. Leonardo Fibonacci first discovered the sequence of numbers named for him
Describe how you would find the number of shingles needed for the fifteenth while studying rabbits. He wanted to know how many pairs of rabbits would

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
row. (Do not actually calculate this number.) Explain why your method will be produced in n months, starting with a single pair of newborn rabbits. He
give the correct answer. Sample answer: Add 3 times 14 to 2. This made the following assumptions.
works because the first row has 2 shingles and 3 more are
added 14 times to go from the first row to the fifteenth row. 1. Newborn rabbits become adults in one month.
2. Each pair of rabbits produces one pair each month.
Reading the Lesson 3. No rabbits die.

1. Consider the formula an
a1  (n  1)d. Let Fn represent the number of pairs of rabbits at the end of n months. If you
begin with one pair of newborn rabbits, F0
F1
1. This pair of rabbits
a. What is this formula used to find?

Lesson 11-1
would produce one pair at the end of the second month, so F2
1  1, or 2.
a particular term of an arithmetic sequence At the end of the third month, the first pair of rabbits would produce another
b. What do each of the following represent? pair. Thus, F3
2  1, or 3.

an: the nth term The chart below shows the number of rabbits each month for several months.

a1: the first term

Month Adult Pairs Newborn Pairs Total
Answers

n: a positive integer that indicates which term you are finding F0 0 1 1

1 0 1

A4
F1
d: the common difference
F2 1 1 2
2. Consider the equation an
3n  5. F3 2 1 3
a. What does this equation represent? Sample answer: It gives the nth term of F4 3 2 5
an arithmetic sequence with first term 2 and common difference 3. F5 5 3 8
b. Is the graph of this equation a straight line? Explain your answer. Sample
answer: No; the graph is a set of points that fall on a line, but the
(Lesson 11-1)

points do not fill the line.

c. The functions represented by the equations an
3n  5 and f(x)
3x  5 are Solve.
alike in that they have the same formula. How are they different? Sample
1. Starting with a single pair of newborn rabbits, how many pairs of rabbits
answer: They have different domains. The domain of the first function would there be at the end of 12 months?
is the set of positive integers. The domain of the second function is
the set of all real numbers. 233

Helping You Remember 2. Write the first 10 terms of the sequence for which F0
3, F1
4, and
Fn
Fn  2  Fn  1.
3. A good way to remember something is to explain it to someone else. Suppose that your
classmate Shala has trouble remembering the formula an
a1  (n  1)d correctly. She 3, 4, 7, 11, 18, 29, 47, 76, 123, 199, 322
thinks that the formula should be an
a1  nd. How would you explain to her that she
should use (n  1)d rather than nd in the formula? Sample answer: Each term
after the first in an arithmetic sequence is found by adding d to the 3. Write the first 10 terms of the sequence for which F0
1, F1
5,
previous term. You would add d once to get to the second term, twice to Fn
Fn  2  Fn  1.
get to the third term, and so on. So d is added n  1 times, not n times, 1, 5, 6, 11, 17, 28, 45, 73, 118, 191, 309
to get the nth term.

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11-2 Study Guide and Intervention 11-2 Study Guide and Intervention (continued)

Arithmetic Series Arithmetic Series

Arithmetic Series An arithmetic series is the sum of consecutive terms of an Sigma Notation A shorthand notation for representing a series makes use of the Greek
5
arithmetic sequence.
letter
Σ. The sigma notation for the series 6  12  18  24  30 is
6n.
n
1
Sum of an The sum Sn of the first n terms of an arithmetic series is given by the formula
n n

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
Arithmetic Series Sn
[2a1  (n  1)d ] or Sn
(a1  an) 18
2 2
Example Evaluate
(3k  4).
k
1
Example 1 Find S for the Example 2 Find the sum of all The sum is an arithmetic series with common difference 3. Substituting k
1 and k
18
n
arithmetic series with a1
14, positive odd integers less than 180. into the expression 3k  4 gives a1
3(1)  4
7 and a18
3(18)  4
58. There are
an
101, and n
30. The series is 1  3  5  …  179. 18 terms in the series, so n
18. Use the formula for the sum of an arithmetic series.
Use the sum formula for an arithmetic Find n using the formula for the nth term of n
series. Sn
 (a1  an) Sum formula
an arithmetic sequence. 2
n
Formula for nth term
18
Sn
 (a1  an) Sum formula an a1  (n  1)d S18
 (7  58) n
18, a1
7, an
58
2 2
179
1  (n  1)2 an
179, a1
1, d
2
30
9(65) Simplify.
S30
 (14  101) n
30, a1
14, an
101 179
2n  1 Simplify.
2 180
2n Add 1 to each side.
585 Multiply.

15(115) Simplify. n
90 Divide each side by 2. 18

1725 Multiply. So
(3k  4)
585.
Then use the sum formula for an arithmetic k
1
The sum of the series is 1725. series.
n
Sn
 (a1  an) Sum formula Exercises
2
Answers

90

Lesson 11-2
S90
 (1  179) n
90, a1
1, an
179 Find the sum of each arithmetic series.

A5
2

45(180) Simplify. 20 25 18

8100 Multiply. 1.
(2n  1) 2.
(x  1) 3.
(2k  7)

n
1 n
5 k
1
The sum of all positive odd integers less 440 294 216
than 180 is 8100.
Exercises 75 15 50
4.
(2r  200) 5.
(6x  3) 6.
(500  6t)
Find Sn for each arithmetic series described. r
10 x
1 t
1
(Lesson 11-2)

1. a1
12, an
100, 2. a1
50, an
50, 3. a1
60, an
136, 7590 765 17,350

n
12 672 n
15 0 n
50 1900
80 85 200
4. a1
20, d
4, 5. a1
180, d
8, 6. a1
8, d
7,
an
112 1584 an
68 1860 an
71 395 7.
(100  k) 8.
(n  100) 9.
3s
k
1 n
20 s
1
1 4760 3135 60,300
7. a1
42, n
8, d
6 8. a1
4, n
20, d
2  9. a1
32, n
27, d
3
2
504 555 1917
28 36 32
Find the sum of each arithmetic series.
10.
(2m  50) 11.
(5p  20) 12.
(25  2j)
10. 8  6  4  …  10 10 11. 16  22  28  …  112 1088 m
14 p
1 j
12
120 2610 399
12. 45  (41)  (37)  …  35 105

Find the first three terms of each arithmetic series described. 42 50 44

13.
(4n  9) 14.
(3n  4) 15.
(7j  3)
13. a1
12, an
174, 14. a1
80, an
115, 15. a1
6.2, an
12.6, n
18 n
20 j
5
Sn
1767 12, 21, 30 Sn
245 80, 65, 50 Sn
84.6 6.2, 7.0, 7.8 2775 3379 6740

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11-2 Skills Practice 11-2 Practice (Average)

Arithmetic Series Arithmetic Series

Find Sn for each arithmetic series described. Find Sn for each arithmetic series described.

1. a1
1, an
19, n
10 100 2. a1
5, an
13, n
7 28 1. a1
16, an
98, n
13 741 2. a1
3, an
36, n
12 234

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
3. a1
5, an
26, n
8 124 4. a1
5, n
10, an
13 40
3. a1
12, an
23, n
8 44 4. a1
7, n
11, an
67 407
5. a1
6, n
15, an
22 120 6. a1
20, n
25, an
148 1600

5. a1
5, n
10, an
32 185 6. a1
4, n
10, an
22 130 7. a1
13, d
6, n
21 987 8. a1
5, d
4, n
11 275

9. a1
5, d
2, an
33 285 10. a1
121, d
3, an
5 2494

7. a1
8, d
5, n
12 426 8. a1
1, d
3, n
15 330
2
11. d
0.4, n
10, an
3.8 20 12. d
  , n
16, an
44 784
3

9. a1
100, d
7, an
37 685 10. a1
9, d
4, an
27 90

Find the sum of each arithmetic series.
13. 5  7  9  11  …  27 192 14. 4  1  6  11  …  91 870
11. d
2, n
26, an
42 442 12. d
12, n
11, an
52 88
15. 13  20  27  …  272 5415 16. 89  86  83  80  …  20 1308
4 6 5
Answers

Lesson 11-2
17.
(1  2n) 16 18.
(5  3n) 93 19.
(9  4n) 15
Find the sum of each arithmetic series. n
1 j
1 n
1

A6
10 8 101
13. 1  4  7  10  …  43 330 14. 5  8  11  14  …  32 185 20.
(2k  1) 105 21.
(5n  10) 105 22.
(4  4n) 20,200
k
4 n
3 n
1

15. 3  5  7  9  …  19 99 16. 2  (5)  (8)  …  (20) 77 Find the first three terms of each arithmetic series described.
23. a1
14, an
85, Sn
1207 24. a1
1, an
19, Sn
100
5 18
(Lesson 11-2)

17.
(2n  3) 15 18.
(10  3n) 693 14, 11, 8 1, 3, 5

n
1 n
1
4
25. n
16, an
15, Sn
120 26. n
15, an
5  , Sn
45
5
10 12 1 3
30, 27, 24 , , 1
19.
(4n  1) 225 20.
(4  3n) 172 5 5
n
2 n
5
27. STACKING A health club rolls its towels and stacks them in layers on a shelf. Each
layer of towels has one less towel than the layer below it. If there are 20 towels on the
bottom layer and one towel on the top layer, how many towels are stacked on the shelf?
210 towels
Find the first three terms of each arithmetic series described.
21. a1
4, an
31, Sn
175 4, 7, 10 22. a1
3, an
41, Sn
228 3, 1, 5 28. BUSINESS A merchant places $1 in a jackpot on August 1, then draws the name of a
regular customer. If the customer is present, he or she wins the $1 in the jackpot. If the
customer is not present, the merchant adds $2 to the jackpot on August 2 and draws
another name. Each day the merchant adds an amount equal to the day of the month. If
23. n
10, an
41, Sn
230 5, 9, 13 24. n
19, an
85, Sn
760 5, 0, 5
the first person to win the jackpot wins $496, on what day of the month was her or his
name drawn? August 31

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11-2 Reading to Learn Mathematics 11-2 Enrichment

Arithmetic Series
Pre-Activity How do arithmetic series apply to amphitheaters? Geometric Puzzlers
Read the introduction to Lesson 11-2 at the top of page 583 in your textbook.
For the problems on this page, you will need to use the Pythagorean
Suppose that an amphitheater can seat 50 people in the first row and that Theorem and the formulas for the area of a triangle and a trapezoid.

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
each row thereafter can seat 9 more people than the previous row. Using
the vocabulary of arithmetic sequences, describe how you would find the 1. A rectangle measures 5 by 12 units. The 2. A triangle with sides of lengths a, a, and
number of people who could be seated in the first 10 rows. (Do not actually upper left corner is cut off as shown in b is isosceles. Two triangles are cut off so
calculate the sum.) Sample answer: Find the first 10 terms of an the diagram. that the remaining pentagon has five
2x equal sides of length x. The value of x
arithmetic sequence with first term 50 and common difference
9. Then add these 10 terms. can be found using this equation.
5 (2b  a)x2  (4a2  b2)(2x  a)
0
x
Reading the Lesson 12 x x
a
1. What is the relationship between an arithmetic sequence and the corresponding
a. Find the area A(x) of the shaded x x
arithmetic series? Sample answer: An arithmetic sequence is a list of terms x
with a common difference between successive terms. The corresponding pentagon.
b
arithmetic series is the sum of the terms of the sequence. A(x)
60  (5  x)(6  x)
b. Find x and 2x so that A(x) is a a. Find x when a
10 and b
12.
n
2. Consider the formula Sn
 (a1  an). Explain the meaning of this formula in words. maximum. What happens to the x  4.46
2
Sample answer: To find the sum of the first n terms of an arithmetic cut-off triangle? b. Can a be equal to 2b?
sequence, find half the number of terms you are adding. Multiply this
Answers

x
5 and 2x
10; the triangle Yes, but it would not be

number by the sum of the first term and the nth term. will not exist.

Lesson 11-2
possible to have a pentagon of

A7
the type described.
3. a. What is the purpose of sigma notation?
Sample answer: to write a series in a concise form 3. The coordinates of the vertices of 4. Inside a square are five circles with the
12
b. Consider the expression a triangle are A(0, 0), B(11, 0), and same radius.

(4i  2).
i
2 C(0, 11). A line x
k cuts the triangle
This form of writing a sum is called sigma notation . into two regions having equal area.
y
The variable i is called the index of summation . C a
r
(Lesson 11-2)

The first value of i is 2 . D

The last value of i is 12 .

a. Connect the center of the top left circle
How would you read this expression? The sum of 4i 2 as i goes from 2 to 12.
to the center of the bottom right circle.
x
k
Express this length in terms of r.
Helping You Remember 4r
A B x b. Draw the square with vertices at the
4. A good way to remember something is to relate it to something you already know. How
can your knowledge of how to find the average of two numbers help you remember the centers of the four outside circles.
n a. What are the coordinates of point D? Express the diagonal of this square
formula Sn
 (a1  an)? Sample answer: Rewrite the formula as
2 (k, 11  k) in terms of r and a.
a a
1 n b. Write and solve an equation for (a  2r)2

Sn
n   . The average of the first and last terms is given by the
2 finding the value of k.
a1  an 1
expression  . The sum of the first n terms is the average of the first k(11  11  k)
22;
2 2
and last terms multiplied by the number of terms. k
11  77


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11-3 Study Guide and Intervention 11-3 Study Guide and Intervention (continued)

Geometric Sequences Geometric Sequences

Geometric Sequences A geometric sequence is a sequence in which each term after Geometric Means The geometric means of a geometric sequence are the terms
the first is the product of the previous term and a constant called the constant ratio. between any two nonsuccessive terms of the sequence.
To find the k geometric means between two terms of a sequence, use the following steps.
nth Term of a an
a1  r n  1, where a1 is the first term, r is the common ratio,

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
Geometric Sequence and n is any positive integer Step 1 Let the two terms given be a1 and an, where n
k  2.
Step 2 Substitute in the formula an
a1  r n  1 (
a1  r k  1).
Step 3 Solve for r, and use that value to find the k geometric means:
Example 1 Find the next two Example 2 Write an equation for the a1  r, a1  r 2, … , a1  r k
terms of the geometric sequence nth term of the geometric sequence
1200, 480, 192, … . 3.6, 10.8, 32.4, … .
480 192
Example Find the three geometric means between 8 and 40.5.
Since 
0.4 and 
0.4, the In this sequence a1
3.6 and r
3. Use the
1200 480 nth term formula to write an equation. Use the nth term formula to find the value of r. In the sequence 8, ? , ? , ? , 40.5, a1 is 8
sequence has a common ratio of 0.4. The an
a1  r n  1 Formula for nth term
and a5 is 40.5.
next two terms in the sequence are an
a1  rn  1 Formula for nth term
192(0.4)
76.8 and 76.8(0.4)
30.72.
3.6  3n  1 a1
3.6, r
3
40.5
8  r5  1 n
5, a1
8, a5
40.5
An equation for the nth term is an
3.6  3n  1. 5.0625
r 4 Divide each side by 8.
r
1.5 Take the fourth root of each side.

Exercises There are two possible common ratios, so there are two possible sets of geometric means.
Use each value of r to find the geometric means.
Find the next two terms of each geometric sequence. r
1.5 r
1.5
a2
8(1.5) or 12 a2
8(1.5) or 12
Answers

1. 6, 12, 24, … 2. 180, 60, 20, … 3. 2000, 1000, 500, …

20 20 a3
12(1.5) or 18 a3
12(1.5) or 18
48, 96

A8
,  250, 125 a4
18(1.5) or 27 a4
18(1.5) or 27
3 9
The geometric means are 12, 18, and 27, or 12, 18, and 27.
4. 0.8, 2.4, 7.2, … 5. 80, 60, 45, … 6. 3, 16.5, 90.75, …
21.6, 64.8 33.75, 25.3125 499.125, 2745.1875 Exercises
Find the first five terms of each geometric sequence described. Find the geometric means in each sequence.
1 3 5 1. 5, ? , ? , ? , 405 2. 5, ? , ? , 20.48
7. a1
 , r
3 8. a1
240, r
  9. a1
10, r

9 4 2

Lesson 11-3
(Lesson 11-3)

1 1 1 1 15, 45, 135 8, 12.8

 ,  , 1, 3, 9 240, 180, 135, 10, 25, 62  , 156  ,
9 3 2 4
1 15 5 3 1
3.  , ? , ? , ? , 375 4. 24, ? , ? , 
101  , 75   5 9
4 16
390 8
2
Find the indicated term of each geometric sequence. 3, 15, 75 4,  
3
1 3
10. a1
10, r
4, n
2 11. a1
6, r
  , n
8 12. a3
9, r
3, n
7 5. 12, ? , ? , ? , ? , ? ,  6. 200, ? , ? , ? , 414.72
2 16
3 3 3 3
40  729 6, 3,   ,  ,   240, 288, 345.6
64 2 4 8
2 35 1
13. a4
16, r
2, n
10 14. a4
54, r
3, n
6 15. a1
8, r
 , n
5 7.  , ? , ? , ? , ? , 12,005 8. 4, ? , ? , ? , 156 
3 49 4
128 35 1
1024 486    , 35, 245, 1715 10, 25, 62 
81 7 2
Write an equation for the nth term of each geometric sequence. 1
9.   , ? , ? , ? , ? , ? , 9 10. 100, ? , ? , ? , 384.16
81
16. 500, 350, 245, … 17. 8, 32, 128, … 18. 11, 24.2, 53.24, … 1 1 1
  ,   ,   , 1, 3 140, 196, 274.4
500  0.7n1 8  4n 1 11  (2.2)n  1 27 9 3

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11-3 Skills Practice 11-3 Practice (Average)

Geometric Sequences Geometric Sequences

Find the next two terms of each geometric sequence. Find the next two terms of each geometric sequence.
3 3 3 1. 15, 30, 60, … 120, 240 2. 80, 40, 20, … 10, 5
1. 1, 2, 4, … 8, 16 2. 6, 3,  , …  , 
2 4 8
10 10

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3. 90, 30, 10, …  ,  4. 1458, 486, 162, … 54, 18
3. 5, 15, 45, … 135, 405 4. 729, 243, 81 , … 27, 9 3 9
1 3 9 27 81 128
5.  ,  ,  , …  ,  6. 216, 144, 96, … 64, 
4 8 16 32 64 3
5. 1536, 384, 96, … 24, 6 6. 64, 160, 400, … 1000, 2500
Find the first five terms of each geometric sequence described.
7. a1
1, r
3 8. a1
7, r
4
Find the first five terms of each geometric sequence described.
1, 3, 9, 27, 81 7, 28, 112, 448, 1792
7. a1
6, r
2 8. a1
27, r
3 1 2
9. a1
  , r
2 10. a1
12, r

3 3
6, 12, 24, 48, 96 27, 81, 243, 729, 2187 1 2 4 8 16 16 32 64
, , , ,  12, 8,  ,  , 
3 3 3 3 3 3 9 27
9. a1
15, r
1 10. a1
3, r
4 Find the indicated term of each geometric sequence.
15, 15, 15, 15, 15 3, 12, 48, 192, 768 11. a1
5, r
3, n
6 1215 12. a1
20, r
3, n
6 4860
1 1 1 625
Answers

1 1 13. a1
4, r
2, n
10 2048 14. a8 for   ,   ,   , …  

11. a1
1, r
 12. a1
216, r
  250 50 10 2
2 3 3 1
1

A9
1 1 1 1 8 15. a12 for 96, 48, 24, …  16. a1
8, r
 , n
9 
2
1,  ,  ,  ,  216, 72, 24, 8,  64 32
2 4 8 16 3 1 3
1 1
17. a1
3125, r
  , n
9   18. a1
3, r
 , n
8 
5 125 10 10,000,000
Find the indicated term of each geometric sequence. Write an equation for the nth term of each geometric sequence.
13. a1
5, r
2, n
6 160 14. a1
18, r
3, n
6 4374 19. 1, 4, 16, … an
(4)n  1 20. 1, 5, 25, … an
1(5)n  1
Lesson 11-3 1 1 1 n1
(Lesson 11-3)

21. 1,  ,  , … an
 22. 3, 6, 12, … an
3(2)n  1

15. a1
3, r
2, n
5 48 16. a1
20, r
2, n
9 5120 2 4 2  
23. 7, 14, 28, … an
7(2)n  1 24. 5, 30, 180, … an
5(6)n  1
3 80 80 80
17. a8 for 12, 6, 3, …   18. a7 for 80,  ,  , … 
32 3 9 729 Find the geometric means in each sequence.
25. 3, ? , ? , ? , 768 12, 48, 192 26. 5, ? , ? , ? , 1280 20, 80, 320
Write an equation for the nth term of each geometric sequence.
27. 144, ? , ? , ? , 9 28. 37,500, ? , ? , ? , ? , 12
19. 3, 9, 27, … an
3n 20. 1, 3, 9, … an
1(3)n  1 72, 36, 18 7500, 1500, 300, 60
29. BIOLOGY A culture initially contains 200 bacteria. If the number of bacteria doubles
21. 2, 6, 18, … an
2(3)n  1 22. 5, 10, 20, … an
5(2)n  1 every 2 hours, how many bacteria will be in the culture at the end of 12 hours? 12,800

30. LIGHT If each foot of water in a lake screens out 60% of the light above, what percent of
the light passes through 5 feet of water? 1.024%
Find the geometric means in each sequence.
31. INVESTING Raul invests $1000 in a savings account that earns 5% interest compounded
23. 4, ? , ? , ? , 64 8, 16, 32 24. 1, ? , ? , ? , 81 3, 9, 27 annually. How much money will he have in the account at the end of 5 years? $1276.28

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11-3 Reading to Learn Mathematics 11-3 Enrichment

Geometric Sequences
Pre-Activity How do geometric sequences apply to a bouncing ball? Half the Distance
Read the introduction to Lesson 11-3 at the top of page 588 in your textbook. Suppose you are 200 feet from a fixed point, P. Suppose that you are able to
Suppose that you drop a ball from a height of 4 feet, and that each time it move to the halfway point in one minute, to the next halfway point one

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
falls, it bounces back to 74% of the height from which it fell. Describe how minute after that, and so on.
would you find the height of the third bounce. (Do not actually calculate the
height of the bounce.) 200 feet

Sample answer: Multiply 4 by 0.74 three times.

100 150 175 P

1st minute 2nd minute 3rd minute

Reading the Lesson
1. Explain the difference between an arithmetic sequence and a geometric sequence. An interesting sequence results because according to the problem, you never
actually reach the point P, although you do get arbitrarily close to it.
Sample answer: In an arithmetic sequence, each term after the first is
found by adding the common difference to the previous term. In a You can compute how long it will take to get within some specified small
geometric sequence, each term after the first is found by multiplying the distance of the point. On a calculator, you enter the distance to be covered
previous term by the common ratio. and then count the number of successive divisions by 2 necessary to get
within the desired distance.
2. Consider the formula an
a1  rn  1.
Example How many minutes are needed to get within 0.1 foot
a. What is this formula used to find? a particular term of a geometric sequence
Answers

of a point 200 feet away?

b. What do each of the following represent?
Count the number of times you divide by 2.

A10
an: the nth term Enter: 200
2 ENTER
2 ENTER
2 ENTER , and so on
a1: the first term Result: 0.0976562
r: the common ratio You divided by 2 eleven times. The time needed is 11 minutes.

n: a positive integer that indicates which term you are finding Use the method illustrated above to solve each problem.

Lesson 11-3
(Lesson 11-3)

3. a. In the sequence 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, the numbers 8, 11, 14, and 17 are 1. If it is about 2500 miles from Los Angeles to New York, how many
minutes would it take to get within 0.1 mile of New York? How far from
arithmetic means between 5 and 20. New York are you at that time? 15 minutes, 0.0762934 mile
4 4 4 4 4
b. In the sequence 12, 4,  ,  ,  , the numbers 4,  , and  are 2. If it is 25,000 miles around Earth, how many minutes would it take to get
3 9 27 3 9
4 within 0.5 mile of the full distance around Earth? How far short would
geometric means between 12 and  . you be? 16 minutes; 0.3814697 mile
27

3. If it is about 250,000 miles from Earth to the Moon, how many minutes
Helping You Remember would it take to get within 0.5 mile of the Moon? How far from the surface
of the Moon would you be? 19 minutes, 0.4768372 mile
4. Suppose that your classmate Ricardo has trouble remembering the formula an
a1  r n  1
correctly. He thinks that the formula should be an
a1  r n. How would you explain to 4. If it is about 30,000,000 feet from Honolulu to Miami, how many minutes
him that he should use rn  1 rather than rn in the formula? would it take to get to within 1 foot of Miami? How far from Miami would
you be at that time? 25 minutes, 0.8940697 foot
Sample answer: Each term after the first in a geometric sequence is
found by multiplying the previous term by r. There are n  1 terms before 5. If it is about 93,000,000 miles to the sun, how many minutes would it take
the nth term, so you would need to multiply by r a total of n  1 times, to get within 500 miles of the sun? How far from the sun would you be at
not n times, to get the nth term. that time? 18 minutes, 354.766846 miles

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11-4 Study Guide and Intervention 11-4 Study Guide and Intervention (continued)

Geometric Series Geometric Series

Geometric Series A geometric series is the indicated sum of consecutive terms of a Specific Terms You can use one of the formulas for the sum of a geometric series to help
geometric sequence. find a particular term of the series.

Sum of a The sum Sn of the first n terms of a geometric series is given by

Example 1 Find a in a geometric Example 2 Find a in a geometric

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
Geometric 1a (1  r n )
1 1 a  a rn 1 1
Series Sn
 or Sn
 , where r  1. series for which S6
441 and r
2. series for which Sn
244, an
324, and r
1r 1r
1a (1  r n)
3.
Sn
 Sum formula
1r Since you do not know the value of n, use the
Example 1 Find the sum of the first Example 2 Find the sum of the a1(1  26) alternate sum formula.
7 441
 S6
441, r
2, n
6
four terms of the geometric sequence 12 a ar
1 n
1 geometric series
4  3 j  2. Sn
 Alternate sum formula
for which a1
120 and r
 . j
1
63a 1r
3 441
1 Subtract.
Since the sum is a geometric series, you can 1 a1  (324)(3)
a1(1  r n) 244
 Sn
244, an
324, r
3
Sn
 Sum formula use the sum formula. 441 1  (3)
1r a1
 Divide.
a (1  r n) 63 a1  972
4 1 244
 Simplify.
120 1   Sn
 Sum formula a1
7 Simplify. 4
  13   1
1r
S4

1 n
4, a1
120, r

3 4 The first term of the series is 7. 976
a1  972 Multiply each side by 4.
1   (1  37)
3 3 4 a1
4 Subtract 972 from each side.
S7
 n
7, a1
, r
3
 177.78 Use a calculator. 13 3
The first term of the series is 4.
The sum of the series is 177.78.  1457.33 Use a calculator.

The sum of the series is 1457.33. Example 3 Find a in a geometric series for which S
796.875, r
, and n
8. 1
4 n 2
Answers

First use the sum formula to find a1.

Exercises a (1  r n)
1
Sn
 Sum formula

A11
1r
Find Sn for each geometric series described.
1 8
1 1 a1 1  
 2  1
1. a1
2, an
486, r
3 2. a1
1200, an
75, r
 3. a1
 , an
125, r
5 796.875
 S8
796.875, r
 , n
8
2 25 1 2
1  
728 2325 156.24 2
0.99609375a1
796.875
 Use a calculator.
1 0.5
4. a1
3, r
 , n
4 5. a1
2, r
6, n
4 6. a1
2, r
4, n
6
3 a1
400
(Lesson 11-4)

4.44 518 2730 3

Since a4
a1  r3, a4
400   12 
50. The fourth term of the series is 50.

1
7. a1
100, r
  , n
5
2
8. a3
20, a6
160, n
8 9. a4
16, a7
1024, n
10 Exercises
68.75 1275 87,381.25 Find the indicated term for each geometric series described.
1. Sn
726, an
486, r
3; a1 6 2. Sn
850, an
1280, r
2; a1 10
Lesson 11-4

Find the sum of each geometric series. 1 1

3. Sn
1023.75, an
512, r
2; a1  4. Sn
118.125, an
5.625, r
  ; a1 180
1 1 4 2
10. 6  18  54  … to 6 terms 11.     1  … to 10 terms
4 2
2184 255.75 5. Sn
183, r
3, n
5; a1 3 6. Sn
1705, r
4, n
5; a1 5

8 7 1
7. Sn
52,084, r
5, n
7; a1 4 8. Sn
43,690, r
 , n
8; a1 32, 768
12.
2 j 13.
3  2k  1 4
j
4 k
1
496 381 9. Sn
381, r
2, n
7; a4 24

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11-4 Skills Practice 11-4 Practice (Average)

Geometric Series Geometric Series

Find Sn for each geometric series described. Find Sn for each geometric series described.
1
1. a1
2, a5
162, r
3 242 2. a1
4, a6
12,500, r
5 15,624 1. a1
2, a6
64, r
2 126 2. a1
160, a6
5, r
 315
2

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
2
3. a1
3, an
192, r
2 129 4. a1
81, an
16, r
  55
3. a1
1, a8
1, r
1 0 4. a1
4, an
256, r
2 172 3

2 1 728
5. a1
3, an
3072, r
4 2457 6. a1
54, a6
 , r
 
9 3 9
5. a1
1, an
729, r
3 547 6. a1
2, r
4, n
5 410
7. a1
5, r
3, n
9 49,205 8. a1
6, r
1, n
21 6

7. a1
8, r
2, n
4 120 8. a1
3, r
2, n
12 4095 2 65

9. a1
6, r
3, n
7 3282 10. a1
9, r
 , n
4  
3 3
3 1 93 1 29,524
9. a1
8, r
3, n
5 968 10. a1
6, an
 , r
  11. a1
 , r
3, n
10  12. a1
16, r
1.5, n
6 66.5
8 2 8 3 3

1 127 1 21 Find the sum of each geometric series.

11. a1
8, r
 , n
7  12. a1
2, r
  , n
6 
2 8 2 16 728
13. 162  54  18  … to 6 terms  14. 2  4  8  … to 8 terms 510
3
Answers

1 1 182
15. 64  96  144  … to 7 terms 463 16.     1  … to 6 terms  
9 3 9
Find the sum of each geometric series.

A12
8 9 5
13. 4  8  16  … to 5 terms 124 14. 1  3  9  … to 6 terms 364 17.
(3) n  1 1640 18.
5(2) n  1 855 19.
1(4) n  1 341
n
1 n
1 n
1

6 n1 10 n1 4 n1

63 65
15. 3  6  12  … to 5 terms 93 16. 15  30  60  … to 7 terms 645 20.
  12   21.
2560   21  5115 22.
9   23  
n
1 32 n
1 n
1 3

4 5
(Lesson 11-4)

17.
3n  1 40 18.
(2)n  1 11 Find the indicated term for each geometric series described.
n
1 n
1

23. Sn
1023, an
768, r
4; a1 3 24. Sn
10,160, an
5120, r
2; a1 80

4 9
1 n  1 40
 
3
19.
  20.
2(3)n  1 9842
n
1 27 n
1 25. Sn
1365, n
12, r
2; a1 1 26. Sn
665, n
6, r
1.5; a1 32
Lesson 11-4

27. CONSTRUCTION A pile driver drives a post 27 inches into the ground on its first hit.
2
Find the indicated term for each geometric series described. Each additional hit drives the post  the distance of the prior hit. Find the total distance
3
the post has been driven after 5 hits. 1
21. Sn
1275, an
640, r
2; a1 5 22. Sn
40, an
54, r
3; a1 2 70  in.
3
28. COMMUNICATIONS Hugh Moore e-mails a joke to 5 friends on Sunday morning. Each
1 of these friends e-mails the joke to 5 of her or his friends on Monday morning, and so on.
23. Sn
99, n
5, r
  ; a1 144 24. Sn
39,360, n
8, r
3; a1 12
2 Assuming no duplication, how many people will have heard the joke by the end of
Saturday, not including Hugh? 97,655 people

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11-4 Reading to Learn Mathematics 11-4 Enrichment

Geometric Series
Pre-Activity How is e-mailing a joke like a geometric series? Annuities
Read the introduction to Lesson 11-4 at the top of page 594 in your textbook. An annuity is a fixed amount of money payable at given intervals. For example,
• Suppose that you e-mail the joke on Monday to five friends, rather than suppose you wanted to set up a trust fund so that $30,000 could be withdrawn

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
three, and that each of those friends e-mails it to five friends on Tuesday, each year for 14 years before the money ran out. Assume the money can be
and so on. Write a sum that shows that total number of people, including invested at 9%.
yourself, who will have read the joke by Thursday. (Write out the sum You must find the amount of money that needs to be invested. Call this
using plus signs rather than sigma notation. Do not actually find the sum.) amount A. After the third payment, the amount left is
1  5  25  125
1.09[1.09A  30,000(1  1.09)]  30,000
1.092A  30,000(1  1.09  1.092).
• Use exponents to rewrite the sum you found above. (Use an exponent in
each term, and use the same base for all terms.) The results are summarized in the table below.
50  51  52  53 Payment Number Number of Dollars Left After Payment
1 A  30,000
Reading the Lesson 2 1.09A  30,000(1  1.09)
3 1.092A  30,000(1  1.09  1.092)
1 a (1  r n)
1. Consider the formula Sn
 .
1r
1. Use the pattern shown in the table to find the number of dollars left after
a. What is this formula used to find? the sum of the first n terms of a
the fourth payment. 1.093A  30,000(1  1.09  1.092  1.093)
geometric series
2. Find the amount left after the tenth payment.
b. What do each of the following represent?
Answers

1.099A  30,000(1  1.09  1.092  1.093  …  1.099)

Sn: the sum of the first n terms

A13
The amount left after the 14th payment is 1.0913A  30,000(1  1.09 
a1: the first term 1.092  …  1.0913). However, there should be no money left after the 14th
r: the common ratio and final payment.
1 1 1 1.0913A  30,000(1  1.09  1.092  …  1.0913)
0
c. Suppose that you want to use the formula to evaluate 3  1       . Indicate
3 9 27
Notice that 1  1.09  1.092  …  1.0913 is a geometric series where
the values you would substitute into the formula in order to find Sn. (Do not actually
a1
1, an
1.0913, n
14 and r
1.09.
calculate the sum.)
1 5 1
(Lesson 11-4)

 or   Using the formula for Sn,

n
5 a1
3 r
3 rn
13 243 a1  a1rn 1  1.0914 1  1.0914
1  1.09  1.092  …  1.0913


.
6 1r 1  1.09 0.09
d. Suppose that you want to use the formula to evaluate the sum
8(2)n  1. Indicate 30,000 1.0914  1
n
1 3. Show that when you solve for A you get A
 
13 .
0.09  1.09 
the values you would substitute into the formula in order to find Sn. (Do not actually
1.0914
calculate the sum.) 1.0913A  30,000 
0 results in stated expression for A.
 1 0.09 
n
6 a1
8 r
2 rn
(2)6 or 64
Therefore, to provide $30,000 for 14 years where the annual interest rate is 9%,
Lesson 11-4

30,000 1.0914  1
you need  
13 dollars.
0.09  1.09 
Helping You Remember
4. Use a calculator to find the value of A in problem 3. $254,607
2. This lesson includes three formulas for the sum of the first n terms of a geometric series.
All of these formulas have the same denominator and have the restriction r  1. How can In general, if you wish to provide P dollars for each of n years at an annual
this restriction help you to remember the denominator in the formulas? rate of r%, you need A dollars where
Sample answer: If r
1, then r  1
0. Because division by 0 is n1 r r 2 r n1
A  P 1  1    1    …  1  
0.
undefined, a formula with r  1 in the denominator will not apply 1  10r0    100   100
 100
  
when r
1. You can solve this equation for A, given P, n, and r.

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Answers
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11-5 Study Guide and Intervention 11-5 Study Guide and Intervention (continued)

Infinite Geometric Series Infinite Geometric Series

Infinite Geometric Series A geometric series that does not end is called an infinite Repeating Decimals A repeating decimal represents a fraction. To find the fraction,
geometric series. Some infinite geometric series have sums, but others do not because the write the decimal as an infinite geometric series and use the formula for the sum.
partial sums increase without approaching a limiting value.
Example Write each repeating decimal as a fraction.

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
a1
Sum of an Infinite S
 for  1  r  1.
1r
Geometric Series a. 0.4
2 b. 0.52
4

If | r | 1, the infinite geometric series does not have a sum.
Write the repeating decimal as a sum. Let S
0.52
4
.
S
0.5242424… Write as a repeating decimal.
Example 0.4
2
0.42424242…
Find the sum of each infinite geometric series, if it exists. Multiply each side by 1000.
42 42 42 1000S
524.242424…

      …
1 n1 100 10,000 1,000,000 10S
5.242424… Mulitply each side by 10.
a. 75  15  3  … b.
48  
n
1
  3 42 1
In this series a1
 and r
 . 990S
519 Subtract the third equation
First, find the value of r to determine if 100 100
In this infinite geometric series, a1
48 from the second equation.
the sum exists. a1
75 and a2
15, so a1 519 173
1 S
 Sum formula S
 or  Simplify.
15 1 and r
  . 1r 990 330
r
 or  . Since   1, the sum 3 42
75 5  15   173
1 a 100 Thus, 0.52
4

exists. Now use the formula for the sum S
 Sum formula  42 1 330
1r
1 a1
 , r

100 100
of an infinite geometric series. 1  
100
48 1
a1
 1
a1
48, r
 
3 42
S
 Sum formula 
1r 1  
 3 100

 Subtract.
75 48 99
1 

 a1
75, r

5

 or 36 Simplify. 100
1 4
Answers

1    42 14
5 3
 or  Simplify.
75 99 33

A14

 or 93.75 Simplify. 1 n1
4 Thus 48  
36. 14

5 n
1
3

  Thus 0.4
2

.
33
The sum of the series is 93.75.
Exercises
Exercises Write each repeating decimal as a fraction.
Find the sum of each infinite geometric series, if it exists. 2 8 10 29
1. 0.2
  2. 0.8
  3. 0.3
0  4. 0.8
7 
(Lesson 11-5)

5 5 25 1
9 9 33 33
1. a1
7, r
 2. 1      … 3. a1
4, r

8 4 16 2
2
18  does not exist 8 10 6 25 2
3 5. 0.1
0  6. 0.5
4  7. 0.7
5  8. 0.1
8 
99 11 33 11
2 5 25 2 1 1
4.       … 5. 15  10  6   … 6. 18  9  4   2   …
9 27 162 3 2 4
1 62 8 4 1
1 45 12 9. 0.6
2  10. 0.7
2  11. 0.07
2
  12. 0.04
5
 
3 99 11 55 22
1 1 1
7.       … 8. 1000  800  640  … 9. 6  12  24  48  …
10 20 40 1 23 46 9
1 13. 0.06
  14. 0.01
3
8
  15. 0.0
13
8
  16. 0.08
1
 
 5000 does not exist 15 1665 3333 110
5
n1 k1 s1
10.
50   54  11.
22    21  12.
24   127  27 24 49 19
n
1 k
1 s
1 17. 0.24
5
  18. 0.43
6
  19. 0.54
  20. 0.86
3
 
2 3 110 55 90 22
250
Lesson 11-5

14  57 
3 5

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11-5 Skills Practice 11-5 Practice (Average)

Infinite Geometric Series Infinite Geometric Series

Find the sum of each infinite geometric series, if it exists. Find the sum of each infinite geometric series, if it exists.
1 2 25 2 1
1. a1
1, r
 2 2. a1
5, r
   1. a1
35, r
 49 2. a1
26, r
 52
2 5 7 7 2
3 6

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
3. a1
98, r
  56 4. a1
42, r
 does not exist
4 5
1
3. a1
8, r
2 does not exist 4. a1
6, r

2
12 3 1
5. a1
112, r
  70 6. a1
500, r
 625
5 5
1 27
1 7. a1
135, r
  90 8. 18  6  2  … 
5. 4  2  1    … 8 6. 540  180  60  20  … 405 2 2
2
8
9. 2  6  18  … does not exist 10. 6  4    … 18
3
7. 5  10  20  … does not exist 8. 336  84  21  … 268.8 4 2 100
11.     1  … does not exist 12. 10  1  0.1  … 
25 5 9

1 81 13. 100  20  4  … 125 14. 270  135  67.5  … 180

9. 125  25  5  … 156.25 10. 9  1    … 
9 10
7 7 7 7
15. 0.5  0.25  0.125  … 1 16.       … 
10 100 1000 9
3 9 27 1 1 1 1 8 1 1 1
11.       … does not exist 12.       …  17. 0.8  0.08  0.008  …  18.       … does not exist
4 4 4 3 9 27 2 9 12 6 3
Answers

9 27 21 30
19. 3      …  20. 0.3  0.003  0.00003  … 
25 7 49 4 101

A15
13. 5  2  0.8  …  14. 9  6  4  … 27
3 1 2
21. 0.06  0.006  0.0006  …  22.   2  6  … does not exist
15 3
n1 n1 9 n1 2 n1 8
20  23.
3   14  4 24.
  
3  34  
15.
10 
n
1
 12  16.
6  
n
1
 13  2 n
1 n
1 21
n1 50
n1 n1 25.
18   23  54 26.
5(0.1)n  1 
17.
15  25 18.
   2 n
1 n
1 11
 52   43  13 
(Lesson 11-5)

n
1 n
1

Write each repeating decimal as a fraction.

Write each repeating decimal as a fraction. 2 1 43 3
27. 0.6
  28. 0.0
9  29. 0.4
3  30. 0.2
7 
3 11 99 11
4 8
19. 0.4
  20. 0.8
  9 28 110 50
9 9 31. 0.2
43
  32. 0.8
4  33. 0.9
90
  34. 0.1
50
 
37 33 111 333
3 67 35. PENDULUMS On its first swing, a pendulum travels 8 feet. On each successive swing,
21. 0.2
7  22. 0.6
7 
11 99 4
the pendulum travels  the distance of its previous swing. What is the total distance
5
6 125 traveled by the pendulum when it stops swinging? 40 ft
23. 0.5
4  24. 0.3
75
 
11 333 9
36. ELASTICITY A ball dropped from a height of 10 feet bounces back  of that distance.
10
9
641 57 With each successive bounce, the ball continues to reach  of its previous height. What is
10
25. 0.6
41
  26. 0.1
71
 
999 333 the total vertical distance (both up and down) traveled by the ball when it stops bouncing?
Lesson 11-5

(Hint: Add the total distance the ball falls to the total distance it rises.) 190 ft

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11-5 Reading to Learn Mathematics 11-5 Enrichment

Infinite Geometric Series
Pre-Activity How does an infinite geometric series apply to a bouncing ball? Convergence and Divergence
Read the introduction to Lesson 11-5 at the top of page 599 in your textbook. Convergence and divergence are terms that relate to the existence of a sum of
Note the following powers of 0.6: 0.61
0.6; 0.62
0.36; 0.63
0.216; an infinite series. If a sum exists, the series is convergent. If not, the series is

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
0.64
0.1296; 0.65
0.07776; 0.66
0.046656; 0.67
0.0279936. If a ball 3 3
divergent. Consider the series 12  3      … . This is a geometric
is dropped from a height of 10 feet and bounces back to 60% of its previous 4 16 a
1 1
height on each bounce, after how many bounces will it bounce back to a series with r
. The sum is given by the formula S
 . Thus, the sum
4 1r
3
height of less than 1 foot? 5 bounces is 12  or 16. This series is convergent since a sum exists. Notice that the
4
first two terms have a sum of 15. As more terms are added, the sum comes
Reading the Lesson closer (or converges) to 16.
a1
1. Consider the formula S
 . Recall that a geometric series has a sum if and only if 1  r  1. Thus, a
1r
a. What is the formula used to find? the sum of an infinite geometric series geometric series is convergent if r is between 1 and 1, and divergent if r has
another value. An infinite arithmetic series cannot have a sum unless all of
b. What do each of the following represent? the terms are equal to zero.
S: the sum
Example Determine whether each series is convergent or divergent.
a1: the first term
a. 2  5  8  11  … divergent
r: the common ratio
b. 2  4  (8)  16  … divergent
c. For what values of r does an infinite geometric sequence have a sum? 1  r  1
Answers

c. 16  8  4  2  … convergent
d. Rewrite your answer for part d as an absolute value inequality. | r |  1

A16
2. For each of the following geometric series, give the values of a1 and r. Then state
Determine whether each series is convergent or divergent. If the
whether the sum of the series exists. (Do not actually find the sum.)
series is convergent, find the sum.
2 1
2 2 2  
a.       …
3 9 27
a1
3 r
3 1. 5  10  15  20  … 2. 16  8  4  2  …
Does the sum exist? yes divergent convergent; 32
1
1 1
(Lesson 11-5)

2 
b. 2  1      …
2 4
a1
r
2 3. 1  0.1  0.01  0.001  … 4. 4  2  0  2  …
Does the sum exist? yes
convergent; 1.11 divergent
c. 3i a1
3 r
3 1 1 1

5. 2  4  8  16  … 6. 1        …
i
1 5 25 125
Does the sum exist? no 5
divergent convergent; 
6
Helping You Remember 1 1 1
7. 4  2.4  1.44  0.864  … 8.       1  …
8 4 2
3. One good way to remember something is to relate it to something you already know. How
a (1  rn)
convergent; 10 divergent
1
can you use the formula Sn
 that you learned in Lesson 11-4 for finding the
1r 5 10 20 40 3
9.         … 10. 48  12  3    …
sum of a geometric series to help you remember the formula for finding the sum of an 3 9 27 81 4
infinite geometric series? Sample answer: If 1  r  1, then as n gets large, convergent; 1 convergent; 64
r n approaches 0, so 1  r n approaches 1. Therefore, Sn approaches
a1  1 a1 1 1 1 1
Lesson 11-5

 , or  . Bonus: Is 1          … convergent or divergent? divergent

1r 1r 2 3 4 5

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11-6 Study Guide and Intervention 11-6 Study Guide and Intervention (continued)

Recursion and Special Sequences Recursion and Special Sequences

Special Sequences In a recursive formula, each succeeding term is formulated from Iteration Combining composition of functions with the concept of recursion leads to the
one or more previous terms. A recursive formula for a sequence has two parts: process of iteration. Iteration is the process of composing a function with itself repeatedly.
1. the value(s) of the first term(s), and
2. an equation that shows how to find each term from the term(s) before it.
Example Find the first three iterates of f(x)
4x  5 for an

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
initial value of x0
2.

Lesson 11-6
Example To find the first iterate, find the value of the function for x0
2
Find the first five terms of the sequence in which a1
6, a2
10,
x1
f(x0) Iterate the function.
and an
2an  2 for n 3.

f(2) x0
2
a1
6
4(2)  5 or 3 Simplify.
a2
10
To find the second iteration, find the value of the function for x1
3.
a3
2a1
2(6)
12
x2
f(x1) Iterate the function.
a4
2a2
2(10)
20
f(3) x1
3
a5
2a3
2(12)
24
4(3)  5 or 7 Simplify.
The first five terms of the sequence are 6, 10, 12, 20, 24. To find the third iteration, find the value of the function for x2
7.
x3
f(x2) Iterate the function.

Exercises
f(7) x2
7

4(7)  5 or 23 Simplify.

Find the first five terms of each sequence. The first three iterates are 3, 7, and 23.
Answers

1. a1
1, a2
1, an
2(an  1  an  2), n 3 1, 1, 4, 10, 28 Exercises

A17
1 1 2 3 5 Find the first three iterates of each function for the given initial value.
2. a1
1, an
 n 2 1,  ,  ,  , 
1  an  1 , 2 3 5 8
1. f(x)
x  1; x0
4 2. f(x)
x2  3x; x0
1 3. f(x)
x2  2x  1; x0
2

3. a1
3, an
an  1  2(n  2), n 2 3, 3, 5, 9, 15 3, 2, 1 2, 10, 70 1, 4, 25

4. f(x)
4x  6; x0
5 5. f(x)
6x  2; x0
3 6. f(x)
100  4x; x0
5

4. a1
5, an
an  1  2, n 2 5, 7, 9, 11, 13
(Lesson 11-6)

26, 110, 446 16, 94, 562 120, 380, 1620

5. a1
1, an
(n  1)an  1, n 2 1, 1, 2, 6, 24 7. f(x)
3x  1; x0
47 8. f(x)
x3  5x2; x0
1 9. f(x)
10x  25; x0
2

140, 419, 1256 4, 144, 3,089,664 5, 75, 775

6. a1
7, an
4an  1  1, n 2 7, 27, 107, 427, 1707
x1
10. f(x)
4x2  9; x0
1 11. f(x)
2x2  5; x0
4 12. f(x)
 ; x0
1
x2
7. a1
3, a2
4, an
2an  2  3an  1, n 3 3, 4, 18, 62, 222 1
5, 91, 33,115 37, 2743, 15,048,103 0,   , 1
2
1 3
2 0.5, 4.5, 10.5, 18.5, 28.5 13. f(x)
 (x  11); x0
3 14. f(x)
 ; x0
9 15. f(x)
x  4x2; x0
1
8. a1
0.5, an
an  1  2n, n 2 x
1 1
7, 9, 10  , 9,  3, 39, 6123
an  2 3 3
9. a1
8, a2
10, an
 ,n 3 8, 10, 0.8, 12.5, 0.064 1
an  1 16. f(x)
x   ; x0
2 17. f(x)
x3  5x2  8x  10; 18. f(x)
x3  x2; x0
2
x
x0
1
an  1 50 50 50
10. a1
100, an
 , n
n
2 100, 50,  ,  ,  2.5, 2.9, about 3.245 6, 454, 94,610,886 12, 1872,
3 12 60
6,563,711,232

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11-6 Skills Practice 11-6 Practice (Average)

Recursion and Special Sequences Recursion and Special Sequences

Find the first five terms of each sequence. Find the first five terms of each sequence.

1. a1
4, an  1
an  7 2. a1
2, an  1
an  3 1. a1
3, an  1
an  5 2. a1
7, an  1
an  8
4, 11, 18, 25, 32 2, 1, 4, 7, 10 3, 8, 13, 18, 23 7, 1, 9, 17, 25

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
3. a1
3, an  1
3an  2 4. a1
8, an  1
10  an

Lesson 11-6
3. a1
5, an  1
2an 4. a1
4, an  1
6  an 3, 7, 19, 55, 163 8, 18, 8, 18, 8
5, 10, 20, 40, 80 4, 10, 4, 10, 4 5. a1
4, an  1
n  an 6. a1
3, an  1
3an
4, 3, 5, 2, 6 3, 9, 27,81, 243
5. a1
1, an  1
an  n 6. a1
1, an  1
n  an 7. a1
4, an  1
3an  4 8. a1
2, an  1
4an  5
1, 2, 4, 7, 11 1, 2, 0, 3, 1 4, 8, 28, 80, 244 2, 13, 47, 193, 767
9. a1
3, a2
1, an  1
an  an  1 10. a1
1, a2
5, an  1
4an  1  an
7. a1
6, an  1
an  n  1 8. a1
8, an  1
an  n  2 3, 1, 2, 3, 1 1, 5, 9, 29, 65
6, 4, 1, 3, 8 8, 5, 1, 4, 10 11. a1
2, a2
3, an  1
5an  8an  1 12. a1
2, a2
1, an  1
2an  6an  1
2, 3, 31, 131, 407 2, 1, 14, 34, 152
9. a1
3, an  1
2an  7 10. a1
4, an  1
2an  5
Find the first three iterates of each function for the given initial value.
3, 1, 9, 25, 57 4, 13, 21, 47, 89
13. f(x)
3x  4, x0
1 1, 7, 25 14. f(x)
10x  2, x0
1 8, 78, 778
Answers

15. f(x)
8  3x, x0
1 11, 41, 131 16. f(x)
8  x, x0
3 11, 3, 11
11. a1
0, a2
1, an  1
an  an  1 12. a1
1, a2
1, an  1
an  an  1

A18
0, 1, 1, 2, 3 1, 1, 0, 1, 1 17. f(x)
4x  5, x0
1 1, 9, 41 18. f(x)
5(x  3), x0
2 5, 40, 215
19. f(x)
8x  9, x0
1 1, 1, 1 20. f(x)
4x2, x0
1 4; 64; 16,384
13. a1
3, a2
5, an  1
4an  an  1 14. a1
3, a2
2, an  1
an  1  an 21. f(x)
x2  1, x0
3 8, 63, 3968 22. f(x)
2x2; x0
5 50; 5000; 50,000,000
3, 5, 23, 97, 411 3, 2, 5, 7, 12
23. INFLATION Iterating the function c(x)
1.05x gives the future cost of an item at a
constant 5% inflation rate. Find the cost of a $2000 ring in five years at 5% inflation.
(Lesson 11-6)

$2552.56
Find the first three iterates of each function for the given initial value. FRACTALS For Exercises 24–27, use the 3 in.
following information.
15. f(x)
2x  1, x0
3 5, 9, 17 16. f(x)
5x  3, x0
2 7, 32, 157
Replacing each side of the square shown with the
combination of segments below it gives the figure
17. f(x)
3x  4, x0
1 1, 7, 25 18. f(x)
4x  7, x0
5 13, 45, 173 to its right.
24. What is the perimeter of the original square? 1 in.
12 in. 1 in. 1 in.
19. f(x)
x  3, x0
10 13, 10, 13 20. f(x)
3x  6, x0
6 12, 42, 120 25. What is the perimeter of the new shape? 20 in.
1 in. 1 in.

26. If you repeat the process by replacing each side of the new shape by a proportional
21. f(x)
3x  4, x0
2 2, 10, 26 22. f(x)
6x  5, x0
1 1, 1, 1 combination of 5 segments, what will the perimeter of the third shape be? 1
33  in.
3
23. f(x)
7x  1, x0
4 24. f(x)
x2  3x, x0
5 27. What function f(x) can you iterate to find the perimeter of each successive shape if you
5
27, 188, 1315 10, 70, 4690 continue this process? f(x)
 x
3

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11-6 Reading to Learn Mathematics 11-6 Enrichment

Recursion and Special Sequences
Pre-Activity How is the Fibonacci sequence illustrated in nature? Continued Fractions
Read the introduction to Lesson 11-6 at the top of page 606 in your textbook. The fraction below is an example of a continued fraction. Note that each
What are the next three numbers in the sequence that gives the number of fraction in the continued fraction has a numerator of 1.

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
shoots corresponding to each month? 8, 13, 21 1
2  
1
3  

Lesson 11-6
–
41
5
Reading the Lesson
Example 1 Evaluate the continued Example 2 Change  into a 25
1. Consider the sequence in which a1
4 and an
2an  1  5. 11
fraction above. Start at the bottom and continued fraction.
a. Explain why this is a recursive formula. Sample answer: Each term is found work your way up. Follow the steps.
from the value of the previous term. 1 20 1 21 25 22 3 3
Step 1: 4  
  
 Step 1: 
  
2  
5 5 5 5 11 11 11 11
b. Explain in your own words how to find the first four terms of this sequence. (Do not 1 5
Step 2: 
 3 1
actually find any terms after the first.) Sample answer: The first term is 4. To 21 21 Step 2: 

11 11
 
find the second term, double the first term and add 5. To find the third 5 3
term, double the second term and add 5. To find the fourth term, 5 63 5 68 11 9 2 2
Step 3: 3  
  
 Step 3: 
  
3  
double the third term and add 5. 21 21 21 21 3 3 3 3
1 21 2 1
c. What happens to the terms of this sequence as n increases? Sample answer: Step 4: 
68


68
Step 4: 

3
 3 
They keep getting larger and larger. 21 2
21 21 3 2 1 1
Answers

Step 5: 2  
2 Step 5: 
  
1  

2. Consider the function f(x)
3x  1 with an initial value of x0
2. 68 68 2 2 2 2
Stop, because the numerator is 1.

A19
25 1
a. What does it mean to iterate this function? Thus,  can be written as 2  
11 1
to compose the function with itself repeatedly 3  
–
11
2
b. Fill in the blanks to find the first three iterates. The blanks that follow the letter x
are for subscripts. Evaluate each continued fraction.
x1
f(x 0 )
f( 2 )
3( 2 )  1
6 1
5 1 17 1 9
1. 1  1  2. 0  
1

1 24 6   56
1
(Lesson 11-6)

x2
f(x 1 )
f( 5 )
3( 5 )  1
14 1 –
41
2  1 2
3–
x3
f(x 2 )
f( 14 )
3( 14 )  1
41 3

1 496 1 100
c. As this process continues, what happens to the values of the iterates? 3. 2  2  4. 5  
1
5 
1 2065 7   711
Sample answer: They keep getting larger and larger. 4  
1 1 9 —
6   11
1
8—
10
Helping You Remember
Change each fraction into a continued fraction.
3. Use a dictionary to find the meanings of the words recurrent and iterate. How can the 75 29 13
meanings of these words help you to remember the meaning of the mathematical terms 5.  6.  7. 
31 8 19
recursive and iteration? How are these ideas related? Sample answer: Recurrent 1 1 1
means happening repeatedly, while iterate means to repeat a process or 2
1
3
1
0
1
operation. A recursive formula is used repeatedly to find the value of one 2 1 1 1
term of a sequence based on the previous term. Iteration means to 1 1 2  
2 1 1 6
compose a function with it self repeatedly. Both ideas have to do with 1 1  
1 1 2
repetition—doing the same thing over and over again. 1  
2

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11-7 Study Guide and Intervention 11-7 Study Guide and Intervention (continued)

The Binomial Theorem The Binomial Theorem

Pascal’s Triangle Pascal’s triangle is the pattern of coefficients of powers of binomials The Binomial Theorem
displayed in triangular form. Each row begins and ends with 1 and each coefficient is the
sum of the two coefficients above it in the previous row. Binomial If n is a nonnegative integer, then
Theorem n n(n  1) n(n  1)(n  2)
(a  b)n
1anb 0   an  1b1   an  2b2   an  3b3  … 1a0bn
1 12 123

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
(a  b)0 1
(a  b)1 1 1
Another useful form of the Binomial Theorem uses factorial notation and sigma notation.
(a  b)2 1 2 1
Pascal’s Triangle
(a  b)3 1 3 3 1 Factorial If n is a positive integer, then n!
n(n  1)(n  2)  …  2  1.
(a  b)4 1 4 6 4 1
(a  b)5 1 5 10 10 5 1 Binomial n! n 0 n! n! n! 0 n
(a  b)n
 a b   an  1b1   an  2b 2  …   a b
Theorem, n!0! (n  1)!1! (n  2)!2! 0!n!
n
Factorial n!


 an  kb k
Example Form k
0
(n  k)!k !
Use Pascal’s triangle to find the number of possible sequences
consisting of 3 as and 2 bs.
11!

Lesson 11-7
The coefficient 10 of the a3b2-term in the expansion of (a  b)5 gives the number of Example 1 Evaluate  .
sequences that result in three as and two bs. 8!
11! 11  10  9  8  7  6  5  4  3  2  1


8! 87654321
Exercises
11  10  9
990
Expand each power using Pascal’s triangle.
Example 2 Expand (a  3b)4.
4
Answers

1. (a  5)4 a4  20a 3  150a 2  500a  625 4!

(a  3b)4

 a4  k(3b)k
k
0
(4  k)!k!

A20
4! 4! 4! 4! 4!

 a4   a3(3b)1   a2(3b)2   a(3b)3   (3b)4
2. (x  2y)6 x 6  12x 5y  60x 4y 2  160x 3y 3  240x 2y 4  192xy 5  64y 6 4!0! 3!1! 2!2! 1!3! 0!4!

a4  12a3b  54a2b2  108ab3  81b4

3. ( j  3k)5 j 5  15j 4k  90j 3k 2  270j 2k 3  405jk 4  243k 5 Exercises

Evaluate each expression.
9! 10!
(Lesson 11-7)

4. (2s  t)7 128s7  448s 6t  672s 5t 2  560s 4t 3  280s 3t 4  84s 2t 5  14st 6  t 7 1. 5! 120 2.  36 3.  210
7!2! 6!4!
Expand each power.

5. (2p  3q)6 64p 6  576p 5q  2160p4q 2  4320p 3q 3  4860p 2q 4  2916pq 5  729q 6 4. (a  3)6 a6  18a5  135a4  540a 3  1215a 2  1458a  729

5. (r  2s)7 r 7  14r 6s  84r 5s 2  280r 4s3  560r 3s4  672r 2s5  448rs 6  128s7
b 4 3 1 1
6. a   a4  2a3b   a2b2   ab3   b4
 2  2 2 16 6. (4x  y)4 256x 4  256x 3y  96x 2y 2  16xy 3  y 4
m 5 5 1
7. 2   32  40m  20m 2  5m3   m4   m5
 2  8 32
7. Ray tosses a coin 15 times. How many different sequences of tosses could result in 4
heads and 11 tails? 1365 Find the indicated term of each expansion.
8. third term of (3x  y)5 270x 3y 2 9. fifth term of (a  1)7 35a 3

8. There are 9 true/false questions on a quiz. If twice as many of the statements are true as 10. fourth term of ( j  2k)8 448j 5k 3 11. sixth term of (10  3t)7 510,300t 5
false, how many different sequences of true/false answers are possible? 84 2 9
12. second term of m    3  6m8 13. seventh term of (5x  2)11 92,400,000x 5

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11-7 Skills Practice 11-7 Practice (Average)

The Binomial Theorem The Binomial Theorem

Evaluate each expression. Evaluate each expression.
9! 20!
1. 8! 40,320 2. 10! 3,628,800 1. 7! 5040 2. 11! 39,916,800 3.  3024 4.  380
5! 18!
8! 8! 12! 41!
5.  28 6.  56 7.  924 8.  10,660

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
15! 6!2! 5!3! 6!6! 3!38!
3. 12! 479,001,600 4.  210
13!

6! 10!
Expand each power.
5.  120 6.  45
3! 2!8! 9. (n  v)5 n 5  5n 4v  10n 3v 2  10n 2v 3  5nv 4  v 5
9! 20! 10. (x  y)4 x 4  4x 3y  6x 2y 2 4xy 3  y 4
7.  84 8.  15,504
3!6! 15!5!
11. (x  y)6 x 6  6x 5y  15x 4y 2  20x 3y 3  15x 2y 4  6xy 5  y 6
12. (r  3)5 r 5  15r 4  90r 3  270r 2  405r  243
Expand each power.

Lesson 11-7
13. (m  5)5 m 5  25m4  250m 3  1250m 2  3125m  3125
9. (x  y)3 10. (a  b)5
x3  3x 2y  3xy 2  y3 a5  5a 4b  10a 3b 2  10a 2b 3  5ab4  b5 14. (x  4)4 x 4  16x 3  96x 2  256x  256

15. (3x  y)4 81x 4  108x 3y  54x 2y 2  12xy 3  y 4

12. (m  1)4 11. (g  h)4
16. (2m  y)4 16m 4  32m 3y  24m 2y 2  8my 3  y 4
m4  4m 3  6m 2  4m  1 g 4  4g 3h  6g 2h 2  4gh 3  h4
Answers

17. (w  3z)3 w 3  9w 2z  27wz 2  27z 3

13. (r  4)3 14. (a  5)4

A21
18. (2d  3)6 64d 6  576d 5  2160d 4  4320d 3  4860d 2  2916d  729
r 3  12r 2  48r  64 a 4  20a 3  150a 2  500a  625 19. (x  2y)5 x 5  10x 4y  40x 3y 2  80x 2y 3  80xy 4  32y 5

20. (2x  y)5 32x 5  80x 4y  80x 3y 2  40x 2y 3  10xy 4  y 5

15. ( y  7)3 16. (d  2)5
y 3  21y 2  147y  343 d 5  10d 4  40d 3  80d 2  80d  32 21. (a  3b)4 a 4  12a 3b  54a 2b 2  108ab 3  81b4

22. (3  2z)4 16z 4  96z 3  216z 2  216z  81

(Lesson 11-7)

17. (x  1)4 18. (2a  b)4

23. (3m  4n)3 27m 3  108m 2n  144mn 2  64n 3
x 4  4x 3  6x 2  4x  1 16a 4  32a 3b  24a 2b 2  8ab3  b4
24. (5x  2y)4 625x 4  1000x 3y  600x 2y 2  160xy 3  16y 4

19. (c  4d)3 20. (2a  3)3

Find the indicated term of each expansion.
c 3  12c 2d  48cd 2  64d 3 8a3  36a 2  54a  27
25. seventh term of (a  b)10 210a 4b 6 26. sixth term of (m  n)10 252m 5n 5
27. ninth term of (r  s)14 3003r 6s 8 28. tenth term of (2x  y)12 1760x 3y 9
Find the indicated term of each expansion.
29. fourth term of (x  3y)6 540x 3y 3 30. fifth term of (2x  1)9 4032x 5
21. fourth term of (m  n)10 120m7n 3 22. seventh term of (x  y)8 28x 2y 6
31. GEOMETRY How many line segments can be drawn between ten points, no three of
23. third term of (b  6)5 360b 3 24. sixth term of (s  2)9 4032s4 which are collinear, if you use exactly two of the ten points to draw each segment? 45

32. PROBABILITY If you toss a coin 4 times, how many different sequences of tosses will
25. fifth term of (2a  3)6 4860a 2 26. second term of (3x  y)7 5103x 6y give exactly 3 heads and 1 tail or exactly 1 head and 3 tails? 8

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11-7 Reading to Learn Mathematics 11-7 Enrichment

The Binomial Theorem
Pre-Activity How does a power of a binomial describe the numbers of boys and Patterns in Pascal’s Triangle
girls in a family?
You have learned that the coefficients in the expansion of (x  y)n yield a
Read the introduction to Lesson 11-7 at the top of page 612 in your textbook. number pyramid called Pascal’s triangle.

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
• If a family has four children, list the sequences of births of girls and boys
Row 1 1
that result in three girls and one boy. BGGG GBGG GGBG GGGB
Row 2 1 1
• Describe a way to figure out how many such sequences there are without Row 3 1 2 1
listing them. Sample answer: The boy could be the first, Row 4 1 3 4 1
second, third, or fourth child, so there are four sequences Row 5 1 4 61 4
with three girls and one boy. Row 6 1 5 10 10 5 1
Row 7 1 6 15 20 15 6 1

Reading the Lesson As many rows can be added to the bottom of the pyramid as you please.

Lesson 11-7
1. Consider the expansion of (w  z)5. This activity explores some of the interesting properties of this famous
number pyramid.
a. How many terms does this expansion have? 6

b. In the second term of the expansion, what is the exponent of w? 4 1. Pick a row of Pascal’s triangle.

What is the exponent of z? 1 a. What is the sum of all the numbers in all the rows above the row
you picked? See students’ work.
What is the coefficient of the second term? 5
Answers

b. What is the sum of all the numbers in the row you picked? See students’ work.
c. In the fourth term of the expansion, what is the exponent of w? 2

A22
c. How are your answers for parts a and b related? The answer for
What is the exponent of z? 3 Part b is 1 more than the answer for Part a.
What is the coefficient of the fourth term? 10
d. Repeat parts a through c for at least three more rows of Pascal’s
d. What is the last term of this expansion? z 5 triangle. What generalization seems to be true?
It appears that the sum of the numbers in any row is 1 more
2. a. State the definition of a factorial in your own words. (Do not use mathematical than the sum of the numbers in all of the rows above it.
symbols in your definition.) Sample answer: The factorial of any positive
(Lesson 11-7)

integer is the product of that integer and all the smaller integers down e. See if you can prove your generalization.
to one. The factorial of zero is one. Sum of numbers in row n
2n  1; 20  21  22  …  2n  2, which,
by the formula for the sum of a geometric series, is 2n  1  1.
b. Write out the product that you would use to calculate 10!. (Do not actually calculate
the product.) 10  9  8  7  6  5  4  3  2  1 2. Pick any row of Pascal’s triangle that comes after the first.
c. Write an expression involving factorials that could be used to find the coefficient of the a. Starting at the left end of the row, add the first number, the third
6! number, the fifth number, and so on. State the sum. See students’ work.
third term of the expansion of (m  n)6. (Do not actually calculate the coefficient.) 
4!2!
b. In the same row, add the second number, the fourth number, and so on.
Helping You Remember State the sum. See students’ work.

3. Without using Pascal’s triangle or factorials, what is an easy way to remember the first c. How do the sums in parts a and b compare? The sums are equal.
two and last two coefficients for the terms of the binomial expansion of (a  b)n?
Sample answer: The first and last coefficients are always 1. The second d. Repeat parts a through c for at least three other rows of Pascal’s
and next-to-last coefficients are always n, the power to which the triangle. What generalization seems to be true?
binomial is being raised. In any row of Pascal’s triangle after the first, the sum of the odd
numbered terms is equal to the sum of the even numbered terms.

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11-8 Study Guide and Intervention 11-8 Study Guide and Intervention (continued)

Proof and Mathematical Induction Proof by Mathematical Induction

Mathematical Induction Mathematical induction is a method of proof used to prove Counterexamples To show that a formula or other generalization is not true, find a
statements about positive integers. counterexample. Often this is done by substituting values for a variable.

Step 1 Show that the statement is true for some integer n. Example 1 Find a counterexample for the formula 2n2  2n  3
2n  2  1.

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
Mathematical Step 2 Assume that the statement is true for some positive integer k where k n.
Induction Proof This assumption is called the inductive hypothesis. Check the first few positive integers.
Step 3 Show that the statement is true for the next integer k  1.
n Left Side of Formula Right Side of Formula
1 2(1)2  2(1)  3
2  2 3 or 7 21  2  1
23  1 or 7 true
Example Prove that 5  11  17  …  (6n  1)
3n2  2n.
2 2(2)2  2(2)  3
8  4  3 or 15 22  2  1
24  1 or 15 true
Step 1 When n
1, the left side of the given equation is 6(1)  1
5. The right side is
3(1)2  2(1)
5. Thus the equation is true for n
1. 3 2(3)2  2(3)  3
18  6  3 or 27 23  2  1
25  1 or 31 false

Step 2 Assume that 5  11  17  …  (6k  1)
3k2  2k for some positive integer k. The value n
3 provides a counterexample for the formula.
Step 3 Show that the equation is true for n
k  1. First, add [6(k  1)  1] to each side.
5  11  17  …  (6k  1)  [6(k  1)  1]
3k2  2k  [6(k  1)  1]
Example 2 Find a counterexample for the statement x2  4 is either prime

3k2  2k  6k  5 Add. or divisible by 4.

3k2  6k  3  2k  2 Rewrite.
2

3(k  2k  1)  2(k  1) Factor. n x2  4 True? n x2  4 True?
2

3(k  1)  2(k  1) Factor. 1 1  4 or 5 Prime 6 36  4 or 40 Div. by 4
The last expression above is the right side of the equation to be proved, where n has been 2 4  4 or 8 Div. by 4 7 49  4 or 53 Prime
replaced by k  1. Thus the equation is true for n
k  1.
Answers

3 9  4 or 13 Prime 8 64  4 or 68 Div. by 4

Lesson 11-8
This proves that 5  11  17  …  (6n  1)
3n2  2n for all positive integers n.
4 16  4 or 20 Div. by 4 9 81  4 or 85 Neither

A23
Exercises 5 25  4 or 29 Prime

The value n
9 provides a counterexample.

Prove that each statement is true for all positive integers.
1. 3  7  11  …  (4n  1)
2n2  n. Exercises
Step 1 The statement is true for n
1 since 4(1)  1
3 and 2(1)2  1
3.
Step 2 Assume that 3  7  11  …  (4k  1)
2k 2  k for some Find a counterexample for each statement. Sample answers are given.
positive integer k.
(Lesson 11-8)

1. 1  5  9  …  (4n  3)
4n  3 n
2
Step 3 Adding the (k  1)st term to each side from step 2, we get
3  7  11  …  (4k  1)  [4(k  1)  1]
2k 2  k  [4(k  1)  1]. 2. 100  110  120  …  (10n  90)
5n2  95 n
2
Simplifying the right side of the equation gives 2(k  1)2  (k  1), which is 2n
the statement to be proved. 3. 900  300  100  …  100(33  n)
900   n
3
n1
1
2. 500  100  20  …  4  54  n
625 1   . 4. x2  x  1 is prime. n
4
 5n 
Step 1 The statement is true for n
1, since 4  54  1
4  53
500 and 5. 2n  1 is a prime number. n
4
1 4
625 1  1
 (625)
500.
 5  5 6. 7n  5 is a prime number. n
2
1
Step 2 Assume that 500  100  20  …  4  54  k
625 1  k for
5   1 3 n 1
some positive integer k. 7.   1    …  
n   n
3
2 2 2 2
Step 3 Adding the (k  1)st term to each side from step 2 and simplifying 8. 5n2  1 is divisible by 3. n
3
gives 500  100  20  …  4  54  k  4  53  k

1 1 9. n2  3n  1 is prime for n 2. n
9
625 1  k  4  53  k
625 1  
  k  1 , which is the statement
 
5 5
to be proved. 10. 4n2  1 is divisible by either 3 or 5. n
6

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11-8 Skills Practice 11-8 Practice (Average)

Proof and Mathematical Induction Proof and Mathematical Induction

Prove that each statement is true for all positive integers. Prove that each statement is true for all positive integers.

1. 1  3  5  …  (2n  1)
n2 1. 1  2  4  8  …  2n  1
2n  1
Step 1: When n
1, 2n  1
2(1)  1
1
12.
So, the equation is true Step 1: When n
1, then 2n  1
21  1
20
1
21  1.

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
for n
1. So, the equation is true for n
1.
Step 2: Assume that 1  2  4  8  …  2k  1
2k  1 for some positive
Step 2: Assume that 1  3  5  …  (2k  1)
k 2 for some positive integer k.
integer k. Step 3: Show that the given equation is true for n
k  1.
Step 3: Show that the given equation is true for n
k  1. 1  2  4  8  …  2k  1  2(k  1)  1
(2k  1)  2(k  1)  1
1  3  5  …  (2k  1)  [2(k  1)  1]
k 2  [2(k  1)  1]
2k  1  2k
2  2k  1
2k  1  1

k 2  2k  1 So, 1  2  4  8  …  2n  1
2n  1 for all positive integers n.

(k  1)2 n(n  1)(2n  1)
2. 1  4  9  …  n2

So, 1  3  5  …  (2n  1)
n 2 for all positive integers n. 6
1(1  1)(2  1  1)
2. 2  4  6  …  2n
n2  n Step 1: When n
1, n 2
12
1

6
; true for n
1.
Step 1: When n
1, 2n
2(1)
2
12
 1. So, the equation is true k(k  1)(2k  1)
Step 2: Assume that 1  4  9  …  k 2
 for some positive
for n
1. 6
integer k.
Step 2: Assume that 2  4  6  …  2k
k 2  k for some positive Step 3: Show that the given equation is true for n
k  1.
integer k. k(k  1)(2k  1)
1  4  9  …  k 2  (k  1)2
  (k  1)2
Step 3: Show that the given equation is true for n
k  1. 6
1)2
Answers

2  4  6  ….  2k  2(k  1)
k 2  k  2(k  1) k(k  1)(2k  1) 6(k  (k  1)[k(2k  1)  6(k  1)]

  

6 6 6

Lesson 11-8

(k 2  2k  1)  (k  1)

A24
(k  1)(2k2  7k  6) (k  1)[(k  2)(2k  3)]

(k  1)2  (k  1)


6 6
So, 2  4  6  …  2n
n 2  n for all positive integers n. (k  1)[(k  1)  1][2(k  1)  1]


3. 6n  1 is divisible by 5. 6
Step 1: When n
1, 6n  1
61  1
5. So, the statement is true for n(n  1)(2n  1)
So, 1  4  9  …  n2
 for all positive integers n.
n
1. 6
Step 2: Assume that 6k  1 is divisible by 5 for some positive integer k. 3. 18n  1 is a multiple of 17.
(Lesson 11-8)

Then there is a whole number r such that 6k  1
5r. Step 1: When n
1, 18n  1
18  1 or 17; true for n
1.
Step 3: Show that the statement is true for n
k  1. Step 2: Assume that 18k  1 is divisible by 17 for some positive integer k. This
6k  1
5r means that there is a whole number r such that 18k  1
17r.
Step 3: Show that the statement is true for n
k  1.
6k
5r  1 18k  1
17r, so 18k
17r  1, and 18(18k )
18(17r  1). This is
6(6k )
6(5r  1) equivalent to 18k  1
306r  18, so 18k  1  1
306r  17, and
6k  1
30r  6 18k  1  1
17(18r  1).
6k  1  1
30r  5 Since r is a whole number, 18r  1 is a whole number, and 18k  1  1 is
6k  1  1
5(6r  1) divisible by 17. The statement is true for n
k  1. So, 18n  1 is divisible by
17 for all positive integers n.
Since r is a whole number, 6r  1 is a whole number, and 6k  1  1 is
divisible by 5. The statement is true for n
k  1. So, 6n  1 is divisible Find a counterexample for each statement.
by 5 for all positive integers n. 4. 1  4  7  …  (3n  2)
n3  n2  1 5. 5n  2n  3 is divisible by 3.
Find a counterexample for each statement. Sample answer: n
3 Sample answer: n
3
n(n  1)(2n  1) n2  3n  2
4. 3n  3n is divisible by 6. 5. 1  4  8  …  2n
 6. 1  3  5  …  (2n  1)
 7. 13  23  33  …  n3
n4  n3  1
6 2
Sample answer: n
2 Sample answer: n
3 Sample answer: n
3 Sample answer: n
3
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NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

11-8 Reading to Learn Mathematics 11-8 Enrichment

Proof and Mathematical Induction
Pre-Activity How does the concept of a ladder help you prove statements about Proof by Induction
numbers?
Mathematical induction is a useful tool when you want to prove that a
Read the introduction to Lesson 11-8 at the top of page 618 in your textbook. statement is true for all natural numbers.

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
What are two ways in which a ladder could be constructed so that you could
not reach every step of the ladder? The three steps in using induction are:
1. Prove that the statement is true for n
1.
Sample answer: 1. The first step could be too far off the
ground for you to climb on it. 2. The steps could be too far 2. Prove that if the statement is true for the natural number n, it must also
apart for you to go up from one step to the next. be true for n  1.
3. Conclude that the statement is true for all natural numbers.

Reading the Lesson

Follow the steps to complete each proof.
1. Fill in the blanks to describe the three steps in a proof by mathematical induction.
Theorem A: The sum of the first n odd natural numbers is equal to n2.
Step 1 Show that the statement is true for the number 1 . 1. Show that the theorem is true for n
1.
Step 2 Assume that the statement is true for some positive integer k.
1
(1)2

This assumption is called the inductive hypothesis .

2. Suppose 1  3  5  …  (2n  1)
n2. Show that
Step 3 Show that the statement is true for the next integer k1 . 1  3  5  …  (2n  1)  (2n  1)
(n  1)2.
Answers

Add 2n  1 to each side of the equation whose truth was assumed:

2. Suppose that you wanted to prove that the following statement is true for all positive

Lesson 11-8
1  3  5  …  (2n  1)  (2n  1)
n 2  (2n  1)
(n  1)2
integers.

A25
3  6  9  …  3n

3n(n  1) 3. Summarize the results of problems 1 and 2.
2
The theorem is true for n
1. If the sum of the first n odd numbers
a. Which of the following statements shows that the statement is true for n
1? ii equals n 2, then it is true that the sum of the first n  1 odd numbers
321 312 312
equals (n  1)2. Therefore, the theorem is true for all natural numbers.
i. 3
 ii. 3
 iii. 3

2 2 2
Theorem B: Show that an  bn is exactly divisible by a  b for n equal to
b. Which of the following is the statement for n
k  1? iv 1, 2, 3, and all natural numbers.
(Lesson 11-8)

3k(k  1) 4. Show that the theorem is true for n
1.

i. 3  6  9  …  3k

2
3k(k  1)
(a1  b1) (a  b)
1
ii. 3  6  9  …  3k  1

2

iii. 3  6  9  …  3k  1
3(k  1)(k  2) 5. The expression an  1  bn  1 can be rewritten as a(an  bn)  bn(a  b).
Verify that this is true.
3(k  1)(k  2)
iv. 3  6  9  …  3(k  1)
 a(an  bn)  bn(a  b)
an  1  abn  abn  bn  1
an  1  bn  1
2

Helping You Remember 6. Suppose a  b is a factor of an  bn. Use the result in problem 5 to show
that a  b must then also be a factor of an  1  bn  1.
3. Many students confuse the roles of n and k in a proof by mathematical induction. What is a a n  1  b n  1
a(an  bn )  b n(a  b); a  b is a factor of both
good way to remember the difference in the ways these variables are used in such a proof? addends on the right side. So, a  b is also a factor of the left side.
Sample answer: The letter n stands for “number” and is used as a variable
to represent any natural number. The letter k is used to represent a 7. Summarize the results of problems 4 through 6.
particular value of n. The theorem is true for n
1. If a  b is a factor of a n  b n, it is also a
factor of a n  1  b n  1. So, the theorem is true for all natural numbers n.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 677 Glencoe Algebra 2 © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 678 Glencoe Algebra 2

Glencoe Algebra 2
Answers
 Chapter 11 Assessment Answer Key
Form 1 Form 2A
Page 679 Page 680 Page 681

1. D 13. A 1. A

A 14. D
2.
2. B

3. A 3. B
15. C

4. D
4. D
16. D

5. B

5. C
17. A
6. C
6. B

18. B
7. B

8. A
7. C
19. D

9. D

8. A
10. B

20. C 9. D

11. C 5

3(2)n1
B: n
1 10. B

12. C
11. B

(continued on the next page)

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill A26 Glencoe Algebra 2
 Chapter 11 Assessment Answer Key
Form 2A (continued) Form 2B
Page 682 Page 683 Page 684

12. C 1. B 13. B

13. B C B
2. 14.

A 3. A
14. A
15.

4. A C
15. D 16.

16. C 5. D

6. A D
17.

D 18. A
17.

18. B D
7.
19. C

19. D
8. B

9. A

Answers
10. B

11. C
20. C 20. B
5 5

8(2)n1
6(3)n1
B: n
1 B: n
1

12. C

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill A27 Glencoe Algebra 2

 Chapter 11 Assessment Answer Key
Form 2C
Page 685 Page 686

1. 3, 2, 7, 12 14. 2

2. 66
15. 75

3.
an
9n  26 16. does not exist

8

17. 33
4. 3, 2, 7, 12

5. 1853

18. 11, 13, 17, 23, 31

6. 175
19. 4, 3, 1, 2, 1

30 20. 6, 41, 1686

7.

21. g  12g  54g

4 3 2
8. 405
 108g  81

22. 405u 4v
8 16
, 
9. 3 9

n1 23. Sample answer:

10.
 
an
12 1
4
n
3

24. 450 ft

11. 810, 270, 90, 30

127
 25. See students’
12. 4 answers.

13. 1820

B: x  5y; 4

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill A28 Glencoe Algebra 2

 Chapter 11 Assessment Answer Key
Form 2D
Page 687 Page 688

1. 9, 5, 1, 3 15. does not exist

2. 43 16. 20

14
an
8n  23 
3. 17. 33

18. 4, 19, 93, 462,

4. 3, 0, 3, 6 2306

5. 2230
19. 13, 5, 8, 13, 5

6. 120
20. 1, 4, 11

7. 15 21. c 5  15c 4  90c 3 

270c 2  405c  243

8. 288 22. 240k 2m 4

16 32
, 
25 125 23. Sample answer:
9. n
3
24. 750 ft
1 n1
10.
 3
an
27 

Answers
14, 28, 56, 112
11. 25. See students’
364

answers.
12. 9

13. 762
B: x  3y; 5

14. 5

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill A29 Glencoe Algebra 2

 Chapter 11 Assessment Answer Key
Form 3
Page 689 Page 690
67
 9
1. 10 15. 8

an
1.4n  7.9 4

2. 3
16.

6, 6, 6, 6

17 17. 5 25 125
3.

11 8 7 401
 , ,  
4. 30 15 10 18. 990
23

5. 2
2 2 1 1 2
, , , , 
19. 5 15 15 25 75
6. 149.6, 149.2, 148.8
11 7
 , , 23, 129, 783
20. 4 2
3 7 39
7. 80,712 , , 
21. 4 4 4
2, 4 12a5
a6   12a4 32a3
     
8. 9 27 22. 5 5 25
48a2 192a 64
    
125 3125 15,625

9. 0.01024
35x 4

n1 23. 8
10.  9
an
6561 2

24. Sample Answer: n
7

11. 6.4, 3.2, 1.6

13,650 25. See students’ answer.

12.

3069

13. 16

14. 16 x
1, y
2 or
B: 2
x
9, y
6
2

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill A30 Glencoe Algebra 2

 Chapter 11 Assessment Answer Key
Page 691, Open-Ended Assessment
Scoring Rubric

Score General Description Specific Criteria

4 Superior • Shows thorough understanding of the concepts of

A correct solution that arithmetic and geometric sequences and series, special
is supported by well- sequences and iteration of functions, binomial expansion,
developed, accurate and proof by induction.
explanations • Uses appropriate strategies to solve problems.
• Computations are correct.
• Written explanations are exemplary.
• Goes beyond requirements of some or all problems.

3 Satisfactory • Shows an understanding of the concepts of arithmetic and

A generally correct solution, geometric sequences and series, special sequences and
but may contain minor flaws iteration of functions, binomial expansion, and proof by
in reasoning or computation induction.
• Uses appropriate strategies to solve problems.
• Computations are mostly correct.
• Written explanations are effective.
• Satisfies all requirements of problems.

2 Nearly Satisfactory • Shows an understanding of most of the concepts of

A partially correct arithmetic and geometric sequences and series, special
interpretation and/or sequences and iteration of functions, binomial expansion,
solution to the problem and proof by induction.
• May not use appropriate strategies to solve problems.
• Computations are mostly correct.
• Written explanations are satisfactory.
• Satisfies the requirements of most of the problems.

1 Nearly Unsatisfactory • Final computation is correct.

A correct solution with no • No written explanations or work is shown to substantiate
supporting evidence or the final computation.
explanation • Satisfies minimal requirements of some of the problems.

0 Unsatisfactory • Shows little or no understanding of most of arithmetic and

An incorrect solution geometric sequences and series, special sequences and
indicating no mathematical iteration of functions, binomial expansion, and proof by
understanding of the induction.
concept or task, or no • Does not use appropriate strategies to solve problems.

Answers
solution is given • Computations are incorrect.
• Written explanations are unsatisfactory.
• Does not satisfy requirements of problems.
• No answer may be given.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill A31 Glencoe Algebra 2

 Chapter 11 Assessment Answer Key
Page 691, Open-Ended Assessment
Sample Answers
In addition to the scoring rubric found on page A31, the following sample answers
may be used as guidance in evaluating open-ended assessment items.

1a. Students should choose Section 11-3 on Geometric Sequences because the numbers of
bacteria at the end of each period form a list, or sequence, in which each term is a
multiple of the previous term.
1b. an
a1  r n1 or, more specifically, an
1000  2n1
1c. By the end of the 5th day, there will have been 20 six-hour periods. Students should
indicate that they would use the formula in part b with n
20.
1d. (Table format may vary, but data will not vary.)
At the end of Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5

Number of bacteria 8000 128,000 2,048,000 32,768,000 524,288,000

2a. Students should explain that the 12th row of Pascal’s triangle gives a numerical factor
for each of the twelve terms of the expansion; that each term contains a power of 2x
beginning with 11 then decreasing by 1 for each subsequent term; and that each term
contains a power of y beginning with 0 then increasing by 1 for each subsequent term.
2b. Students should demonstrate their knowledge of one of the two forms of the Binomial
Theorem, stating the corresponding formula and explaining its use.
2c. Students should choose Pascal’s triangle or the Binomial Theorem, explaining the
choice and showing that the 8th term of the expansion is 5280x4y7.

3. Sample answer: (Format may vary. Column 2 and Answer Key entries will vary.)
Column 1 Column 2 Answer Key
1. arithmetic sequence a. 3  7  11  15  19 1. d
2. arithmetic series b. 5  10  20  40  … 2. a
5
3. geometric sequence c.
5  2n1
n
1
3. g

4. geometric series d. 3, 7, 11, 15, 19 4. c

5. infinite geometric series e. (x  y)3
x 3  3x 2y  3xy 2  y 3 5. b
6. binomial expansion f. n
2 for 3n  1 is prime. 6. e
7. counterexample g. 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 7. f

Students should have at least one expression in Column 2 in sigma notation.

4. Students should indicate that both expressions have six terms and the same common
ratio 3, but that the first expression represents a geometric series with a1
2, while
the second expression represents twice a geometric series with a1
1. Students should
6 6
show that
2  3n1
2  n
1
n
1

1  3n1
728, meaning that doubling each term of a
series before adding yields the same result as doubling the sum of the terms.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill A32 Glencoe Algebra 2

 Chapter 11 Assessment Answer Key
Vocabulary Test/Review Quiz (Lessons 11–1 and 11–2) Quiz (Lessons 11–5 and 11–6)
Page 692 Page 693 Page 694
1. false; common ratio 1. 19, 22, 25, 28 1. 81
2. false; mathematical 2. does not exist
2. 4, 11, 18, 25, 32
induction 15
3.
3. false; series 51 18
3. 
4. 5
4. true an
3n  7 2
4. 
5. 3
5. false; infinite 5
geometric series 5. 1, 6, 11 
128 6. 11
6.
6. false; recursive 7. 3, 5, 9, 15, 23
formula 36
7.
8. 2, 5, 9, 19, 37
7. true 8. 2, 1, 4
9. 11, 51, 251
8. false; iteration 9. 5 1, 5, 43
10.
9. false; term 10. 205

10. true

11. Sample answer:

The Fibonacci
sequence is a
sequence of Quiz (Lessons 11–7 and 11–8)
numbers in which Page 694
the first two terms Quiz (Lessons 11–3 and 11–4)
are each 1, and Page 693
1. x  5x y  10x y 
5 4 3 2
every term after that
is found by adding 10x 2y 3  5xy 4  y 5
the two terms that 1. C
2. m 3  18m 2  108m  216
come immediately
before it. 3. 6
2. 3, 6, 12, 24, 48

Answers
4. 36
12. Sample answer:
5. 81r  216r 
4 3
The missing term or
terms between two 3. 81, 27, 9, 3 216r 2  96r  16
6. x  12x y  60x y 
6 5 4 2
nonconsecutive
terms of a 3906 160x 3y 3  240x 2y 4 
geometric sequence 4.
192xy 5  64y 6
are called geometric
means. 7. 35a 3
8. 2268x 3y 6
5. 1875
9. Sample answer: n
2
10. See students’ answers.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill A33 Glencoe Algebra 2

 Chapter 11 Assessment Answer Key
Mid-Chapter Test Cumulative Review
Page 695 Page 696
C 7
1. 
1. 4

2. (1, 1, 3)

3. 12x 2  7x  12
2. D
4. y

3. C
O x
4. B

5. A
5. y
4(x  3)  1;
2
parabola
6. A 6. y

7. D

8. C
O x

D: x  4, R: y  0
9. 27, 81
an
2n  7 7. asymptote: x
8;
10. hole: x
1
5
11. 18, 14, 10, 6 
8. 7
n1
an
401

9. 8611
12. 2
10. 0.9345
13. 728
11. about 7.4 days
14. 3, 1, 5
12. 7, 4, 1, 2, 5
20, 10, 5, 5, 5
15. 2 4 13. 155
14. 270
16. 2, 5, 8
15. x  12x y  54x y 
4 3 2 2

108xy 3  81y 4

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill A34 Glencoe Algebra 2

 Chapter 11 Assessment Answer Key
Standardized Test Practice
Page 697 Page 698
1. A B C D 10. 11.
1 2 7
/ / / /
. . . . . . . .
0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2. E F G H 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
3. A B C D 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

4. E F G H 12. 13.
2 6 1 / 2 4
/ / / /
. . . . . . . .
0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
5. A B C D 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

6. E F G H

7. A B C D 14. A B C D

15. A B C D

Answers
8. E F G H

16. A B C D

9. A B C D

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill A35 Glencoe Algebra 2