Q23.Explain S-R flip-flop in details.

An S-R flip-flop (Set-Reset flip-flop) is one of the simplest types of bistable multivibrators
(circuits that have two stable states). It is a basic memory element used in sequential logic
circuits to store one bit of data—either 0 or 1.

SR Flip-Flop Inputs and Outputs

The SR flip-flop has:

• Two inputs:
o S (Set): Used to set the output to 1
o R (Reset): Used to reset the output to 0
• Two outputs:
o Q: The main output
o Q̅: The complement of the main output (Q̅ = NOT Q)

(A) Using NOR Gates (Active HIGH inputs) : Built using two cross-coupled NOR
gates

(B) Using NAND Gates (Active LOW inputs): Uses cross-coupled NAND gates, but
here inputs are active low (S̅, R̅)

S R Q (Next State) Description

0 0 No change Hold (Memory)
0 1 0 Reset
1 0 1 Set
1 1 Invalid Indeterminate state

Applications of SR Flip-Flop
• Basic memory storage (1-bit)
• Control systems
• Debouncing switches
Q24) .Draw and explain the operation of SR LATCH?

An SR latch is a basic digital circuit made using logic gates (usually NOR or NAND) that
can store 1 bit of information. It has two inputs:

• S (Set)
• R (Reset)

And two outputs:

• Q (Main output)
• Q̅ (Opposite of Q

S R Q (Next State) Q̅ Description

0 0 No change (hold) Same Memory state
0 1 0 1 Reset
1 0 1 0 Set
1 1 Invalid Invalid Not allowed

Operation:

1. S = 0, R = 0 → No change
a. The latch remembers its last state.
2. S = 1, R = 0 → Set state
a. Output Q = 1, Q̅ = 0
3. S = 0, R = 1 → Reset state
a. Output Q = 0, Q̅ = 1
4. S = 1, R = 1 → Invalid
a. Both Q and Q̅ = 0, which is not valid, because Q and Q̅ should always be
opposites.

Applications: Simple memory storage (1-bit) , Switch debouncing

circuits ,Control circuits ,Part of bigger memory units like registers and RAM.
Q25) Explain Master –slave flip-flop?

Definition: A Master–Slave flip-flop is a clocked flip-flop made of two flip-

flops connected in series:

• One is called the Master

• The other is the Slave

It is used to avoid timing problems (like race conditions) and ensures the
output changes only at the edge of the clock signal.

Basic Working Principle:

• The Master flip-flop works when the clock is HIGH

• The Slave flip-flop works when the clock is LOW
• This arrangement ensures data is transferred in a controlled way only
once per clock cycle

Why Use Master–Slave Flip-Flop?

• It removes the problem of race-around in JK flip-flop

• Ensures stable and predictable output
• Used in synchronous sequential circuits

Applications:

• Registers
• Counters
• Timing circuits
• State machines
Q26) .Write the differences between latches and flip flops?

Feature Latch Flip-Flop

Level-triggered Edge-triggered (works
1. Clock
(works when input is on clock edge – rising
Dependency
active) or falling)
Doesn’t need a clock
Needs a clock signal
2. Control Signal signal (uses Enable or
to work
control line)
Faster (responds Slower (waits for clock
3. Speed
immediately to input) edge)
Less control over More precise control
4. Timing Control
when data changes using the clock
5. Complexity Simple design More complex design
SR Flip-Flop, D Flip-
6. Example SR Latch, D Latch
Flop, JK Flip-Flop
Used in simple Used in synchronous
7. Usage memory or control systems like CPUs,
circuits counters
Q27) Define Flip-flop and various types of flip flops?
Definition of Flip-Flop: A flip-flop is a digital memory circuit used to
store one bit (0 or 1) of data. It is a bistable device, which means it has
two stable states and can switch between them based on input signals.

• Flip-flops are used in sequential circuits, memory units, registers,

and counters.

Type Full Name Description

Sets or resets the output based on S
Set-Reset
1. SR Flip-Flop and R inputs. Has an invalid state when
Flip-Flop
S=R=1.
Data or Delay Has a single input (D). Output follows
2. D Flip-Flop
Flip-Flop input at clock edge. No invalid state.
Named after Improvement of SR flip-flop. No invalid
3. JK Flip-Flop
Jack Kilby state. Can toggle when J = K = 1.
Toggles the output when input T = 1.
Toggle Flip-
4. T Flip-Flop Made from a JK flip-flop by connecting J
Flop
= K.
Combination Works in two stages: Master (on clock
5. Master–Slave
of two flip- high) and Slave (on clock low). Avoids
Flip-Flop
flops race condition.
Q28) .Write difference between Combinational & Sequential
circuits?
Feature Combinational Circuit Sequential Circuit
Output depends on current
Output depends only
1. Definition inputs + past inputs
on current inputs
(memory)
Has memory to store
2. Memory No memory
previous state
3. Feedback No feedback from Has feedback from output
Path output to input to input
Generally slower due to
4. Speed Generally faster
memory elements
Adders, Subtractors, Flip-flops, Counters, Shift
5. Examples
Multiplexers, Decoders Registers, Clocks
6. Timing Works instantly with Works with clock signal (in
Control input changes synchronous type)
7. Circuit Only logic gates (AND, Logic gates + memory
Components OR, NOT) elements (like flip-flops)
Q28) Explain about Shift Registers?

Definition: A Shift Register is a sequential logic circuit made of flip-flops that

is used to store and move binary data. It shifts data (bits) in one direction (left
or right) on each clock pulse.

Basic Components:

• Made using flip-flops (usually D flip-flops)

• All flip-flops are connected in series
• Controlled by a clock signal
• Each clock pulse shifts the data one position

Type Description
1. SISO (Serial-In Serial-Out) Data enters and exits one bit at a time
Data enters serially, output appears all at
2. SIPO (Serial-In Parallel-Out)
once in parallel
Data is loaded in parallel, then shifted out
3. PISO (Parallel-In Serial-Out)
serially
4. PIPO (Parallel-In Parallel- Data is loaded and output in parallel (no
Out) shifting needed)
5. Bidirectional Can shift data left or right
6. Universal Shift Register Can perform all of the above operations

Applications of Shift Registers:

• Data storage
• Data transfer (serial-to-parallel or parallel-to-serial conversion)
• Delay elements
• Counters
• LED patterns or control circuits
Q29) Explain about Ring counter?

Definition: A Ring Counter is a type of sequential counter made using flip-flops,

where the output of the last flip-flop is connected back to the input of the first. It
circulates a single ‘1’ or ‘0’ through the flip-flops in a ring-like fashion.

Structure:

• Made from a shift register

• Only one flip-flop is set to ‘1’, all others are ‘0’
• That ‘1’ moves (shifts) to the next flip-flop with each clock pulse

Applications:

• Sequencing operations in digital systems

• LED light chasers
• Timing circuits
• Finite state machines

Advantages:

• Simple design
• Easy to decode the output
• No extra logic needed for decoding states

Limitations:

• Uses more flip-flops to represent fewer states (e.g., 4 flip-flops = 4 states)

• Not efficient for large counting sequences

Conclusion: A Ring Counter is a circular shift register where a single bit rotates
through flip-flops. It is useful in simple timing and control circuits where a known
fixed sequence is needed
Q30) Explain about ripple counter?

Definition: A Ripple Counter is a type of asynchronous counter made up of flip-flops

connected in series, where the output of one flip-flop acts as the clock input for the
next flip-flop. It is called a "ripple" counter because the change in state ripples
through the flip-flops, one after another.

Working Principle:

• All flip-flops are not clocked at the same time

• The first flip-flop is triggered by an external clock
• The next flip-flops are triggered by the output of the previous flip-flop
• Each flip-flop toggles its state on receiving a triggering pulse

Types of Ripple Counters:

Type Description
Up Counter Counts in increasing order (0, 1, 2, ...)
Down Counter Counts in decreasing order (..., 3, 2, 1, 0)
Up/Down Counter Can count both up and down (direction control)

Applications:

• Digital clocks
• Frequency counters
• Timers
• Event counting

Conclusion:

A Ripple Counter is an asynchronous counter where flip-flops are triggered one after
another. It is simple but has delays, so it's good for basic counting tasks but not high-
speed systems.
Q31) Explain about Johnson counter?

Definition: A Johnson Counter, also called a Twisted Ring Counter, is a type

of sequential shift register counter where the inverted output of the last
flip-flop is fed back to the input of the first flip-flop.

It is used to generate a specific sequence of binary patterns, and it's more

efficient than a regular ring counter.

Structure:

• Made of D flip-flops connected in a chain.

• The Q̅ (inverted output) of the last flip-flop is connected to the D input
of the first flip-flop.
• All flip-flops are driven by the same clock.

Applications:

• Sequence generators
• Digital timing circuits
• LED chasers
• Pattern detection
• Divide-by-n counters

Conclusion:

A Johnson Counter is a special shift register counter that creates a

predictable sequence of binary outputs. It's useful in sequencers, control
systems, and timing applications, especially where more states are needed
with fewer flip-flops.
Q32 Explain UP –down Counter ?

Definition: An Up–Down Counter is a sequential circuit that can count both

in increasing (up) and decreasing (down) order.
It counts upward (0 → 1 → 2 → ...) when the control signal is high, and
downward (... → 2 → 1 → 0) when the control signal is low.

Working Principle:

• Made using flip-flops (usually T or JK flip-flops)

• Includes a control input (UP/DOWN)
o If UP/DOWN = 1 → Counter counts up
o If UP/DOWN = 0 → Counter counts down
• Clock pulses trigger the counting
• Each flip-flop divides the frequency of the previous one

Applications:

• Digital clocks and timers

• Digital event counters
• Elevators (floor counting up/down)
• Robotics and automation

Advantages:

• Counts in both directions

• Can be used in reversible systems
• Efficient use of flip-flops
Q33) Write the differences between synchronous and asynchronous
counters?

Synchronous Asynchronous Counter

Feature
Counter (Ripple Counter)
Only the first flip-flop is
All flip-flops are
triggered by the clock;
1. Clock Input triggered by the
others triggered by
same clock
previous flip-flop outputs
All flip-flops change Flip-flops change state
2. Timing state one after another (ripple
simultaneously effect)
Faster because of
Slower due to cumulative
3. Speed simultaneous
delays from ripple effect
switching
More complex design
Simpler design, easier to
4. Complexity due to simultaneous
implement
clocking
Higher propagation delay,
5. Propagation Less propagation
increases with number of
Delay delay
flip-flops
Used in high-speed Used in low-speed
6. Usage
applications applications
Usually higher due to
7. Power Lower compared to
simultaneous
Consumption synchronous counters
switching
Binary synchronous
8. Example Ripple counters
counters